third Josef Hoop cabinet
{{Short description|Governing body of Liechtenstein (1938–1944)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|cabinet_name=Third Josef Hoop cabinet
|cabinet_type=Government
|jurisdiction=Liechtenstein
|flag=Flag of Liechtenstein (1937–1982).svg
|flag_border=true
|incumbent=
|image=Josef Hoop.jpg
|caption=
|date_formed={{End date|1938|03|30|df=y}}
|date_dissolved={{End date|1944|11|09|df=y}}
|government_head=Josef Hoop
|government_head_history=
|deputy_government_head=Alois Vogt
|state_head=Franz I
Franz Joseph II
|members_number=
|former_members_number=
|total_number=5
|legislature_status=Coalition
{{Composition bar|15|15|{{party color|Progressive Citizens' Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|opposition_cabinet=
|opposition_party=
|opposition_leader=
|election=1939
|last_election=
|legislature_term=
|budget=
|advice_and_consent1=
|advice_and_consent2=
|incoming_formation=
|outgoing_formation=
|predecessor=Second Josef Hoop cabinet
|successor=Fourth Josef Hoop cabinet}}
{{Politics of Liechtenstein}}
{{Josef Hoop sidebar}}
The third Josef Hoop cabinet was the governing body of Liechtenstein from 30 March 1938 to 9 November 1944. It was appointed by Franz Joseph II and chaired by Josef Hoop. The cabinet was formed as a coalition government following the Anschluss of Austria in 1938, and it oversaw the majority of World War II before being succeeded in 1944.
History
{{See also|Ellhorn|1939 Liechtenstein putsch|Liechtenstein in World War II}}
In the wake of the Anschluss of Austria under the initiative of Franz Joseph, the Progressive Citizens' Party and Patriotic Union started negotiations for the formation of a coalition government.{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Märzkrise |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/M%C3%A4rzkrise?marker=1938 |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein |language=de}} The coalition was put into effect on 30 March 1938.{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Märzkrise |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/M%C3%A4rzkrise?marker=1938 |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein |language=de}}{{Cite web |last=Marxer |first=Wilfred |date=31 December 2011 |title=Koalition |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Koalition |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein |language=de}} As a result, the second Josef Hoop cabinet was succeeded, now containing several members of both parties.{{Sfn|Vogt|1987}}
The following day, Franz I made Franz Joseph his regent and then moved to a family-owned estate in Feldberg, Czechoslovakia. He later died on 25 July while at one of his family's castles, Castle Feldberg, with Franz Joseph formally succeeding him.{{Cite news |date=1 April 1938 |title=Prince Franz to Return to Estate |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49180180/daily-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420235228/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49180180/daily-news/ |archive-date=20 April 2020 |work=Daily News |page=216 |via=Newspapers.com}}{{Cite news |date=26 July 1938 |title=Oldest Former Ruler Succumbs |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49178617/kenosha-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420233456/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49178617/kenosha-news/ |archive-date=20 April 2020 |work=Kenosha News |page=1 |via=Newspapers.com}} Although Franz stated that he had given the regency to Franz Joseph due to his old age, it was speculated that he did not wish to remain in control of the principality if Nazi Germany were to invade, primarily because his wife Elsa was of Jewish relation.{{Cite news |date=1 May 1938 |title=Prince Franz of the 'Postage Stamp State' Retires |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49181566/st-louis-post-dispatch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421002324/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49181566/st-louis-post-dispatch/ |archive-date=21 April 2020 |work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |page=76 |via=Newspapers.com}}{{Cite news |date=1 April 1938 |title=NAZIS IN CABINET IN LIECHTENSTEIN; Prince Franz Joseph, the New Ruler, Names Them Though Pledging Independence HITLER MOVEMENT GAINS Its Growing Strength Was One Reason for Abdication of Franz 1, Old Sovereign |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/04/01/archives/nazis-in-cabinet-in-liechtenstein-prince-franz-joseph-the-new-ruler.html |access-date=16 May 2023 |work=The New York Times}}
Starting from 1938, the cabinet was faced with the challenge of pressure to transfer the Ellhorn mountain to Switzerland. Though Hoop was supportive of the transfer, he argued that the country should be fairly compensated for the loss of territory, such as the transfer of Swiss land elsewhere or greater banking cooperation between the two countries. The proposition faced resistance from the residents in Balzers, and was not approved by Franz Joseph II.{{Cite news |last=Meier |first=Günther |date=11 December 2023 |title=Die Angst vor feindlichen Truppen: Wie die «Loreley des Alpenrheins» den Besitzer wechselte |url=https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/die-angst-vor-feindlichen-truppen-wie-die-loreley-des-alpenrheins-den-besitzer-wechselte-ld.1769481 |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=Neue Zürcher Zeitung |language=de}}{{Sfn|Geiger|1997|p=300–311}} Also facing unofficial objections from Nazi Germany, Hoop was forced to end the negotiations with Switzerland.{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Ellhorn |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Ellhorn |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein |language=de}}
A compromise in the coalition agreement was to introduce a proportional representation to the country, despite it being rejected via referendum three years prior.{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Parties in Liechtenstein 1921-1943 |url=https://www.fuerstundvolk.li/fuv/fuv.do?site=421174076f221000996d610c1957690b |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=Prince and People: Liechtenstein Civics |language=de}}{{Sfn|Nohlen|Stöver|2010|p=1172}} It was introduced unanimously on 18 January 1939.{{Cite web |title=Gesetz vom 18. Januar 1939 - über die Einführung des Verhältniswahlrechtes |url=https://www.gesetze.li/lilexprod/lgpage2.jsp?formname=showlaw&lgblid=1939004000&version=0&search_loc=text&lgblid_von=1939004000&sel_lawtype=chrono&rechts_gebiet=0&menu=0&tablesel=0&observe_date=26.02.2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202041112/https://www.gesetze.li/lilexprod/lgpage2.jsp?formname=showlaw&lgblid=1939004000&version=0&search_loc=text&lgblid_von=1939004000&sel_lawtype=chrono&rechts_gebiet=0&menu=0&tablesel=0&observe_date=26.02.2016#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=Liechtensteinische Landesverwaltung |language=de}} On 11 March 1939 Franz Joseph, in agreement with both parties, disbanded the Landtag and called for early elections.{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Stille Wahl |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Stille_Wahl?marker=Wahl |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein |language=de}} The 1939 Liechtenstein general election was not made public due to the country being under threat from Nazi Germany. It became known as the "silent election" as no voting actually took place; instead, the Progressive Citizen's Party and Patriotic Union used it to assign roughly an equal number of seats to each other in order to prevent the German National Movement in Liechtenstein (VBDL) from gaining any seats in the Landtag.{{Sfn|Nohlen|Stöver|2010|p=1159 & 1179}} As a result, the Hoop cabinet was now made out of several members of both parties.{{Sfn|Vogt|1987}} The government was placed under threat when the VBDL attempted a coup in March 1939, first trying to provoke a intervention from Nazi Germany by burning swastikas, followed by declaring Liechtenstein's annexation into Germany. The leaders were almost immediately arrested and the planned German invasion failed to materialise.{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Anschlussputsch |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Anschlussputsch |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein |language=de}}{{Cite news |date=27 April 1939 |title=Liechtenstein Jails Nazi For Attempt at Uprising |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/04/27/91573866.html |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=The New York Times}}
During World War II, Liechtenstein remained neutral.{{Cite web |last=Marxer |first=Roland |date=31 December 2011 |title=Neutralität |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Neutralität |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein |language=de}} Hoop's government considered non-binding, non-provocative diplomacy to be appropriate towards Nazi Germany, supplemented by courtesy gestures. In 1940, during a lecture in Stuttgart, Hoop showed respect for the German armies.{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Geiger |date=31 December 2011 |title=Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959) |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein |language=de}} At the same time, the country tied itself as closely as possible to Switzerland during the war in hopes of retaining the country's neutrality.{{Cite news |last=Streitwireless |first=Clarence |date=10 April 1938 |title=GUARANTEE SOUGHT BY LIECHTENSTEIN; Principality Wants to Join Switzerland if Powers Fail to Back Independencece GERMAN INVASION FEARED |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/04/10/archives/guarantee-sought-by-liechtenstein-principality-wants-to-join.html |access-date=16 May 2023 |work=The New York Times}} It achieved the de-facto inclusion of Liechtenstein in the Swiss national supply.
At the request of Franz Joseph II on 9 November 1944, the cabinet was dissolved and succeeded by the Fourth Josef Hoop cabinet.{{Cite news |date=11 November 1944 |title=Neuwahl der Regierung |url=https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000476564_1944/687/LOG_0131/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327153001/https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000476564_1944/687/LOG_0131/ |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=Liechtensteiner Volksblatt |pages=1}}
Members
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="width: 0.5em" | ! style="width: 11.5em" |Picture !Name !Term !Party |
| colspan="6" style="background:#CCD2D9" |Prime Minister |
|---|
| style="background:{{party color|Progressive Citizens' Party}} |
| style="text-align:left" |30 March 1938 – 9 November 1944 |
| colspan="6" style="background:#CCD2D9" |Deputy Prime Minister |
| style="background:{{party color|Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)}} |
| style="text-align:left" |30 March 1938 – 9 November 1944 |
| colspan="6" style="background:#CCD2D9" |Government councillors |
| style="background:{{party color|Progressive Citizens' Party}} |
| style="text-align:left" |30 March 1938 – 9 November 1944 |
| style="background:{{party color|Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)}} |
|style="text-align:left" |30 March 1938 – 27 December 1940 |
| style="background:{{party color|Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)}} |
| |style="text-align:left" |13 August 1941 – 9 November 1944 |
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{Cite book |last=Geiger |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Geiger |year=1997 |url= |title=Liechtenstein in den Dreissigerjahren 1928–1939 |edition=1st |location=Zürich |publisher=Liechtenstein Institute |isbn=3-906393-28-3 |language=de}}
- {{Cite book |last1=Nohlen |first1=Dieter |author-link=Dieter Nohlen |last2=Stöver |first2=Philip |date=2010 |title=Elections in Europe: A data handbook |publisher=Nomos |isbn=978-3-8329-5609-7 |language=}}
- {{Cite book |last=Vogt |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Vogt (historian) |date=1987 |title=125 Jahre Landtag |location=Vaduz |publisher=Landtag of the Principality of Liechtenstein |language=de}}
{{Cabinets of Liechtenstein}}
Category:1938 establishments in Liechtenstein
Category:Cabinets established in 1938
Category:Cabinets disestablished in 1944
Category:Cabinets of Liechtenstein
Category:World War II coalition governments
Category:1944 disestablishments in Liechtenstein