thiruvasagam

Manikkavasagar's Thiruvasagam and Thirukovayar are compiled as the eighth Thirumurai and is full of visionary experience, divine love and urgent striving for truth.Subramaniyaswami 2003, p. 494 Though he is not counted as one of the 63 Shaiva nayanars, he is counted as one of the Nalvars ("The Four") consisting of himself and the first three nayanars namely Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar. He was born in an Pandithar saivite temple priest guild in Tiruvatavur near Madurai. His father was an adivsor to the Pandya king and he followed his father's footsteps in becoming the king's minister.Jones 2007, p. 276 His period is 3rd century CE. Manikkavasagar was the king's prime minister and renounced his post in search of divinity. The king bestowed his minister to buy horses, but he was taken to divinity by the vision of Siva with his saints. The minister spent his entire sum of money in building the temple at Thiruperunturai, considered an architectural marvel among Hindu temples. From the time, the saint poet wandered to various temples and devoted hymns on Siva. His conversion is attributed to Sivagnana bodham, an saivite work by Meykandar.Macnicol 1915, pp. 171-172 He was an orthodox saivite and represents bhakti at its highest form in his age.Macnicol 1915, p. 176

Tirupperunturai ({{langx|ta|திருபெருந்துறை}}), also known as Avudayar Koil, is a Shiva temple where Thiruvasagam is believed to have been originated. Manikkavasagar is said to have converted the king to Shaivism and built the temple with money that had been intended for war-horses.Das 1991, p. 574

File:Gopuram of Avudayar Koil.jpg

{{Thirumurai}}

Most of the portions in Thiruvasagam is first sung in Thillai Nataraja Temple at Chidambaram. It is considered one of the profound works of Tamil literature and it discusses every phase of spiritual path from doubt and anguish to perfect understanding in Shiva, from earthly experience to teacher-disciple relationship and ultimately freedom from rebirth.Subramuniyaswami 2003, p. 840 There are 658 poems in the work and along with 400 poems in Tirukovayar by the same author make it the 8th volume of Tirumarai - the 12 volume Shaiva canon. The author finds both theistic and pantheistic ideas corresponding to medieval India, but identifies God with the universe. Manickavasagar often finds himself unworthy of Shiva being his saviour. "கடையவனேனைக் கருணையினால் கலந்து, ஆண்டுகொண்ட விடையவனே ". It is said that this made Shiva feel sorry for Vasagar and bless him. As a devotional literature, it finds alternatives between joy and sorrow.

{{Main|Tiruvempavai}}

{{See also|Triyampawai ceremony}}

"Tiruvempavai" - the early morning wake up songs sung for Shiva on Tamil month Margali are part of Tiruvasakam. Tiruvempavai songs were composed in Annamalaiyar Temple.{{cite web|url=http://www.saivism.net/prayers/thiruvempai.asp|title=Thiruvempavai, A Penance Observed By Unmarried Girls|first=P. R.|last=Ramachander}}

In Thailand, an annual Giant Swing ceremony known as Triyampavai-Tripavai was held in major cities until 1935, when it was abolished for safety reasons.{{cite book |author=M. E. Manickavasagom Pillai |title=Dravidian Influence in Thai Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soFCAAAAYAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Tamil University |page=69 }} The name of the ceremony was derived from the names of Tiruvempavai and Tiruppavai (a Vaishnavite hymn by Andal). It is known that Tiruvempavai verses — poet pratu sivalai ("opening the portals of Shiva's home") — were recited at this ceremony, as well as the coronation ceremony of the Thai king.{{cite book |author=Upendra Thakur |title=Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m42TldA_OvAC&pg=PA27 |year=1986 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-207-9 |pages=27–28 }} According to T.P. Meenakshisundaram, the name of the festival indicates that Thiruppavai might have been recited as well.{{cite book |title=Consider Our Vow: Translation of Tiruppāvai and Tiruvempāvai Into English |author=Norman Cutler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fMOAAAAMAAJ |year=1979 |publisher=Muttu Patippakam |page=13 }}

Raja Raja Chola I (985-1013 CE) embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of Tevaram in his court.Culter 1987, p. 50 He sought the help of Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a priest in a temple.Cort 1998, p. 178 It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram. The brahmanas (Dikshitars) in the temple opposed the mission, but Rajaraja intervened by consecrating the images of the saint-poets through the streets of Chidambaram.Vasudevan 2003, pp. 109-110 Rajaraja thus became known as Tirumurai Kanda Cholan meaning one who saved the Tirumurai. Thus far Shiva temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the Nayanar saints were also placed inside the temple. Nambi arranged the hymns of three saint poets Sambandar, Appar and Sundarar as the first seven books, Manickavasagar's Tirukovayar Thiruvasagam as the 8th book, the 28 hymns of nine other saints as the 9th book, the Tirumandiram of Tirumular as the 10th book, 40 hymns by 12 other poets as the 10th book, Tirutotanar Tiruvanthathi - the sacred anthathi of the labours of the 63 nayanar saints and added his own hymns as the 11th book.Zvelebil 1974, p. 191 The first seven books were later called as Tevaram, and the whole Shaiva canon, to which was added, as the 12th book, Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam (1135 CE) is wholly known as Tirumurai, the holy book.

Thiruvasagam songs are a collection of dynamic grammar (யாப்பு). The following யாப்பு are used in 51 pathigams.

வெண்பா

• கலிவெண்பா
• நேரிசை வெண்பா

ஆசிரியப்பா

• நிலைமண்டில ஆசிரியப்பா
• இணைக்குறள் ஆசிரியப்பா

கலிப்பா

• கொச்சகக் கலிப்பா
• தரவு கொச்சகக் கலிப்பா
• நாலடித் தரவு கொச்சகக் கலிப்பா
• ஆறடித்தரவுக் கொச்சகக் கலிப்பா

விருத்தம்

• கலிவிருத்தம்
• ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்
• அறுசீர் ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்
• எழுசீர் ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்
• அறுசீர்க் கழிநெடிலடி ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்
• எழுசீர்க் கழிநெடிலடி ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்
• எண்சீர் கழிநெடிலடி ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்
• பன்னிரு சீர்க்கழிநெடிலடி ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்

மற்றவை

• கலித்தாழிசை
• கட்டளைக் கலித்துறை
• கலவைப் பாட்டு

File:The Hindu Saint Manikkavacakar LACMA AC1997.16.1 (1 of 12).jpg

There is a famous saying {{cquote|" திருவாசகத்துக்கு உருகார் ஒரு வாசகத்திற்கும் உருகார்"}}

translating to "One who is not melted by Thiruvasagam cannot be melted by any vasagam (saying)".Macdonell 1994, p. 219 George Uglow Pope, an Anglican Christian missionary, was born on 24 April 1820 on Prince Edward Island in Canada. He became interested in Tamil and learned the language during a six-month ship voyage to India. His magnum opus, an English translation of Thiruvasagam, appeared in 1900. Pope found a close affinity to the utterances of sincere devotion in such verses as 'Longing for devotion alone', 'Without thy presence I pine', 'Deadness of soul', 'God all in all', 'I am thine, save me', 'His love demands my all'.Macnicol 1915, pp. 173 He also compared Manickavasgar to the likes of St. Paul and St. Francis of Assisi.

G.U.Pope translated Thiruvasagam.

Victory to the foot of the King, who soothed my soul's unrest and made me His !

Victory to the jewelled foot of Pinnagan, who severs continuity of birth !

Victory to the flower-foot of Him Who is far from those without !

Victory to the anklets of the King, rejoicing 'mid those that fold adoring hands !

Victory to the anklets of the glorious One, who uplifts those that bow the head ! (10)

{{cite web|url=http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0094.html|title=tiruvasagam - English translation of Rev.G.U. Pope -part I|first=K.|last=Kalyanasundaram}}

And in places G.U.Pope mentions the difficulty about translating these Tamil poems to the proper meaning in English.He states,

"Lines 66-95 are well nigh untranslateable, for they contain a subtle and intricate allegory, by means of which the grace of the manifested Shivan, who is praised under the title of the 'Cloud' is set forth. The idea is that the Infinite sea of rapturous supreme felicity is Civan, but - as the Cloud in the monsoon season sucks up water from the sea, and rises in black masses that cover the sky, while all the phenomena of the wonderful outburst of the beneficient, but also fearful, monsoon are exhibited - so does the Supreme manifest Himself as the Guru, the Object of Love, and Give of grace to His worshippers..."

In 1921, an English translation of the hymns by Sambandhar, Apparswami, Sundaramurthi was done by Francis Kingsbury and GE Phillips, both of United Theological College, Bangalore (Edited by Fred Goodwill) and published in a book as Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints, by the Oxford University Press.{{cite book|last1=Kingsbury|first1=F|title=Hymns of the Tamil Saivite Saints (1921)|date=1921|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=132|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/guruguha/MusicResearchLibrary/Books-English/BkE-KingsburyF&PhillipsGE-Hymns-of-Tamil-Saivite-Saints-1921-0103.pdf|access-date=8 July 2014}}

Noted Tamil film music composer Ilayaraja had composed Thiruvasagam in Symphony from the verses of Manikkavasagar's Thiruvasakam as a tribute to the saint and the Tamil itself. All songs are orchestral renditions of the verses of Thiruvasagam.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Ramalinga Swamigal (1823-1874 CE) is believed to have taken inspiration from Thiruvasagam for his devotional work.K.R. 2003, pp. 261-262

Portions of Thiruvasagam are also read out by the Chief Brahmin Priest of Thailand during the coronation ceremony of a new Thai King. The ancestors of the Brahmins of the Thai Royal Household are thought to have emigrated from Rameswaram to Thailand centuries back.{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Where-Thai-brahms-chant-Tamil-hymns/articleshow/55314354.cms|title=Where Thai-brahms chant Tamil hymns|date=8 November 2016|first=Neeraja|last=Ramesh|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-05}}

|File:Temple Tangore 1.jpg

| Sivakami and Natajar

|Thillai Nataraja temple dedicated to Nataraja – Shiva as the lord of dance. The temple is considered the centre of Shaivism. Chidambaram, the name of the city and the temple literally means "atmosphere of wisdom" or "clothed in thought", the temple architecture symbolizes the connection between the arts and spirituality, creative activity and the divine.{{cite book|author1=Donald Frederick Lach|author2=Edwin J. Van Kley|title=South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPPiumz4vx0C |year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-46754-2|pages=1002–1003}} The temple wall carvings display all the 108 karanas from the Natya Shastra by Bharata Muni, and these postures form a foundation of Bharatanatyam, a classical Indian dance.{{cite book|author1= Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA107|year= 2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|page=107}} The temple is one of the five elemental lingas in the Shaivism pilgrimage tradition, and considered the subtlest of all Shiva temples (Kovil) in Hinduism.{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=147}} It is also a site for performance arts, including the annual Natyanjali dance festival on Maha Shivaratri.{{cite book|author=Tracy Pintchman|title=Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lOc8ZoLV0wC&pg=PA194 |year=2007|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803934-1|pages=194–195}}

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|2

| Sattainathar Temple, Sirkazhi

| Sirkazhi, Nagapattinam district
Tamil Nadu
{{coord|11|14|16.96|N|79|44|21.45|E|}}

|File:Sattainathar temple (20).jpg

| Periyanayagi and Sattainathar

|The temple has three levels with Bhramapureeswarar shrine in the lower level, Periyanakar with Periyanayaki on a Thoni in the second level and Sattainathar/Vatukanathar in the third level. Three different forms of Shiva are worshipped here, the Shivalingam (Bhrammapureeswarar), a colossal image of Uma Maheswarar (Toniappar) at the medium level, and Bhairavar (Sattanathar) at the upper level. The temple is associated with the legend of child Sambandar who is believed to have been fed by Parvati on the banks of the temple tank. The child later went on to compose Tevaram, a Shaiva canonic literature on Shiva and became one of the most revered Shaiva poets in South India.{{cite web|url=http://tamilartsacademy.com/articles/article08.xml|title=A New Pandya Record and the Dates of Nayanmars and Alvars|publisher=Tamil Arts Academy|author=R. Nagasamy|access-date=2007-07-09}}

|-

|3

| Annamalaiyar Temple

| Tiruvannamalai, Tiruvannamalai district
Tamil Nadu
{{coord|12|13|54.76|N|79|03|59.83|E|}}

|File:Thiruvannamalai temple.jpg

| Unnamalaiyamman and Annamalaiyar

|It is significant to the Hindu sect of Shaivism as one of the temples associated with the five elements, the Pancha Bhoota Stalas, and specifically the element of fire, or Agni. Shiva is worshiped as Arunachalesvara or Annamalaiyar, and is represented by the lingam, with his idol referred to as Agni lingam. His consort Parvati is depicted as Unnamalai Amman.{{Citation |last1=Singh|page=418 |first1=Sarina |first2=Lindsay |last2=Brown |first3=Mark |last3=Elliott |first4=Paul |last4=Harding |first5=Abigail |last5=Hole |first6=Patrick |last6=Horton |title=Lonely Planet India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KnLFpjEHpUC&q=tiruvannamalai&pg=PA418 |year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet |location=Australia |isbn=978-1-74179-151-8}} The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Shaiva canonical work, the Tevaram, written by Tamil saint poets known as the nayanars and classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam. The 3rd century CE, Shaiva saint poet Manikkavasagar composed the Tiruvempaavai here.{{Citation |first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil |title=Tamil literature, Volume 2, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&q=tiruvempavai&pg=PA105 |year=1975 |publisher=E.J. Brill, Leiden |location=Netherlands |isbn=90-04-04190-7|page=105}}

|-

|4

| Vedagiriswarar temple

| Thirukalukundram, Chengalpattu district
Tamil Nadu
{{coord|12|36|35.77|N|80|03|32.94|E}}

|File:Tirukalukundram4.jpg

| Thirupurasundari and Vedagiriswarar

|The word Thirukazhukundram comes from the Tamil words Thiru (Respectful), Kazhugu (Vulture/Eagle), Kundram (mount). It was known as "Thirukazhugukundram" in ancient times, which over time became Thirukazhukundram. The town is also known as Pakshi Theertham (Bird's Holy Lake) because of a pair of birds -Most likely Egyptian vultures- that are believed to have visited the site for centuries. These birds are traditionally fed by the temple priests and arrive before noon to feed on offerings made from rice, wheat, ghee and sugar.{{cite journal|author=Neelakantan, KK |year=1977| title= The sacred birds of Thirukkalukundram|journal= Newsletter for Birdwatchers| volume=17| issue=4| page=6}}{{cite journal|title= The Neophron Vultures of Thirukkalukundram|author=Siromoney, Gift|year=1977|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers|volume=17|issue=6|pages=1–4|url=https://archive.org/stream/IndologicalEssays2/IndologySiromoney1#page/n107/mode/1up/}}

|-

|5

| Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur

| Thiruvarur, Thiruvarur district
Tamil Nadu
{{coord|10|46|33.99|N|79|37|58.80|E|}}

|File:Thyagarajar temple, Tiruvarur (1).jpg

| Kamalambal and Thygarajar

|The main idol of worship is Tyagarajar, depicted as a Somaskanda form. The temple complex covers 30 acres, and is one of the largest in India. It houses nine gateway towers known as gopurams. The temple has the largest chariot in Asia and the annual Chariot festival is celebrated during the month of April. The temple has nine gopurams, 80 vimanas, twelve temple walls, 13 halls, fifteen large temple water bodies, three gardens, and three large precincts.{{cite book|title=108 Thennaga Shivasthalangal|language=ta|publisher=Giri Trading Agency Private Limited|isbn=978-81-7950-707-0|last=R.|first=Ponnammal|pages=40–51}}

|-

|6

| Mangalanathaswamy temple

| Uthirakosamangai, Ramanathapuram district
Tamil Nadu
{{coord|09|18|57.14|N|78|44|15.04|E|}}

|File:Uthirakosamangai entrance vihmana.JPG

| Mangalambigai and Mangaleswarar

|Manickavasagar, the 9th century Tamil saivite saint poet has revered Mangalanathar and the temple in his verses in Thiruvasakam, compiled as the Eighth Tirumurai. Arunagirinathar, a 15th-century Tamil poet has composed Tamil hymns glorifying Murugan in the temple. There is a {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall ancient maragatha Nataraja idol carved out of emerald inside the temple.{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/03/stories/2007010310060300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112833/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/03/stories/2007010310060300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-24|date=2007-01-03|access-date=2013-03-31|work=The Hindu|title=Devotees throng temple at Uthirakosamangai }} A hall of Saharasralingam has thousand lingams enshrined in it. At the entrance of the main precinct, the temple features exquisite stone carvings of Yali (mythological dragon), depicted with a rolling stone ball inside its mouth.

|-

|7

| Tirupperunturai

| Avudaiyarkoil, Pudukkottai district
Tamil Nadu
{{coord|10|04|33.26|N|79|02|35.17|E|}}

|File:Aavidiyar Kovil..JPG

| Athmanadaswamy temple

|One of the sacred books of Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta, Manikkavasagar's Tiruvacakam, originated from this shrine. Manikkavasagar is said to have converted the king to the religion of Shiva and built the temple with money that had been intended for war-horses.{{cite book |title=A History of Indian Literature |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |author2=Akademi, Sahitya |year=1991 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-7201-006-0 |pages=574 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&q=Tirupperunturai&pg=PA574 |access-date=2008-06-01}} Athmanathar temple is a testimony to the temple architectural skills of ancient Tamil Sculptors and engineers. The temple covers an area of over {{convert|10|acre|m2}} with three enclosures and faces south, constructed so that the setting sun strikes the sanctum even though it is cloistered within three circumambulatory paths. The presiding deity is formless (Atmanatar); there is no Shivalingam but only a pedestal {Avudayar} located in the sanctum, hence the name Avudayar Koil.{{cite book |title=The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India |last=Smith |first=David |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-52865-8 |pages=230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC&q=Tirupperunturai&pg=PA230 |access-date=2008-06-01}} The God faces South in this temple- in Dakshinamurthy or Guru form. His consort is worshipped as Siva Yoga Nayaki(Yogambal) in iconless form. There is no Nandi bull icon as is conventional in almost all Shiva temples. There is deep spiritual significance in this. Hinduism allows deity worship for the novice. As one's devotion matures, one begins to contemplate the truth of formlessness of the Brahman. The temple has been designed to illustrate this theology. This one of the rarest Shaivite shrine in whole of India to portray the supreme truth symbolically. Since the soul (atma) has no form, the deity is called Athmanathar.Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu There are five lamps in the sanctum indicating the five time scales and 27 lamps indicating the 27 stars.{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|page=18}}

|}

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{{refend}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081211152857/http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/thivacha.html Transliteration & G. U. Pope's translation of Thiruvasagam]
• [http://www.shaivam.org/adsamaya.htm Shaivam.org]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080925211302/http://www.raaja.com/thiruvasagam.html Composer Ilaiyaraaja's rendering]
• [http://www.finndian.com/cd-review-ilaiyaraaja A detailed review of the oratorio of Thiruvasagam by Ilaiyaraja]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090614055738/http://www.nandhi.com/manickavasagar.htm Ecstasy of Spirit: Recital by Siddhar Maha Siva Swamy & benediction]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94bRYdz08jc&list=PLrDHFXR22SMFonGp1s-w6ASr2HEq3EzAF Tiruvempavai explanation meaning]

Category:Hymns

Category:Shaiva texts

Category:Shaivism

Category:Tamil-language literature

Category:Bhakti movement