thought broadcasting

Various interpretations of thought broadcasting exist in the literature, but three primary definitions have been recognized. Under the first definition, thought broadcasting occurs when an individual hears their own thoughts spoken aloud. This definition suggests an auditory hallucination is experienced by the individual. It was first noted in Kraepelin's book, Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. The second definition involves an individual sensing their thoughts silently escaping from their mind, without necessarily being audible to others. This contrasts with thought withdrawal, a similar phenomenon, as thoughts passively dissipate outwards rather than being actively removed. The third and final definition posits that thought broadcasting happens when others think in union with the individual, without the need for the thoughts to be audible. It was first described by Schneider in 1959 and is considered to be the most important definition.{{Cite journal |last1=Pawar |first1=Ajaykumar V. |last2=Spence |first2=Sean A. |date=October 2003 |title=Defining thought broadcast: Semi-structured literature review |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=183 |issue=4 |pages=287–291 |doi=10.1192/bjp.183.4.287 |pmid=14519605 |s2cid=2284544 |issn=0007-1250|doi-access=free }}{{Cite book |last1=Casey |first1=Patricia R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHdQTZNkA9YC&dq=Thought+broadcasting&pg=PA38 |title=Fish's Clinical Psychopathology: Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry |last2=Kelly |first2=Brendan |date=2007 |publisher=RCPsych Publications |isbn=978-1-904671-32-9 |language=en}}

File:Bryan Charnley Self Portrait 13.jpg's self portrait, he expresses his fear about individuals accessing into his thoughts through telepathy. The cracked eggs symbolizes his mind devoid of its contents, while the birds taking flight represent his thoughts.{{Cite web |title=Self Portrait Series 13th June 1991 Copyright © 2017 Bryan Charnley – Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 clearance. – Bryan Charnley |url=https://www.bryancharnley.info/self-portraits-2/charnley_self_portrait_series_13/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |language=en-US}}]]

Thought broadcasting is the persistent, distressing belief that one's thoughts are accessible by others, that continues even when evidence to the contrary is presented.{{Cite web |title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913101645/https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/10055838172 |archive-date=2023-09-13 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=icd.who.int |publisher=World Health Organization |quote=The experience that one's thoughts are accessible by others so that others know what one is thinking. |url-status=bot: unknown }}{{Cite book |last=Jaspers |first=Karl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-YcTLX8m7MC&dq=General+psychopathology&pg=PA416 |title=General Psychopathology |date=1997-11-27 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-5815-4 |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last1=Garety |first1=P. A. |last2=Hemsley |first2=D. R. |date=1987-07-01 |title=Characteristics of delusional experience |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380955 |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences |language=en |volume=236 |issue=5 |pages=294–298 |doi=10.1007/BF00380955 |pmid=3653151 |s2cid=33309933 |issn=1433-8491}} This condition is frequent among individuals with schizophrenia and is considered a positive symptom; however, it can also manifest during manic episodes of bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, brief psychotic disorder and schizoaffective disorder.{{Cite journal |last1=Dȩbowska |first1=Grazyna |last2=Grazwa |first2=Anna |last3=Kucharska-Pietura |first3=Katarzyna |date=1998-09-01 |title=Insight in paranoid schizophrenia—Its relationship to psychopathology and premorbid adjustment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X98900323 |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=255–260 |doi=10.1016/S0010-440X(98)90032-3 |pmid=9777276 |issn=0010-440X |quote=We have shown that thought broadcasting delusions are typical of paranoid schizophrenia...}}{{Cite book |last1=Gamble |first1=Catherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNuVFzfcIJ0C&dq=Thought+broadcasting&pg=PA91 |title=Working With Serious Mental Illness: A Manual for Clinical Practice |last2=Brennan |first2=Geoff |date=2006-01-06 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7020-2716-1 |language=en |quote=These experiences [possession of thought] are usually indicative of a psychotic illness...}}{{Cite journal |last1=Gonzalez-Pinto |first1=A. |last2=Os |first2=J. |last3=Peralta |first3=V. |last4=Perez de Heredia |first4=J. L. |last5=Mosquera |first5=F. |last6=Aldama |first6=A. |last7=Gonzalez |first7=C. |last8=Gutierrez |first8=M. |last9=Mico |first9=J. A. |date=April 2004 |title=The role of age in the development of Schneiderian symptoms in patients with a first psychotic episode |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1600-0447.2003.00272.x |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=264–268 |doi=10.1046/j.1600-0447.2003.00272.x |pmid=15008799 |s2cid=39188800 |issn=0001-690X}}{{Cite journal |last1=Raguram |first1=R. |last2=Kapur |first2=R.L. |date=1985 |title=A Study of First Rank Symptoms of Schneider in Functional Psychoses |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=111–118 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=3011141 |pmid=21927084 |quote=For example, the probability of patients with thought broadcast to be allocated to the three different diagnostic classes were as follows : 0.97 probability for schizophrenia, 0.02 for manic psychosis and 0.01 for depressive psychosis (WHO, 1973).}} Thought broadcasting is rare and there are no significant differences in occurrence between sexes.{{Cite journal |last1=López-Silva |first1=Pablo |last2=Harrow |first2=Martin |last3=Jobe |first3=Thomas H. |last4=Tufano |first4=Michele |last5=Harrow |first5=Helen |last6=Rosen |first6=Cherise |date=2022-08-06 |title='Are these my thoughts?': A 20-year prospective study of thought insertion, thought withdrawal, thought broadcasting, and their relationship to auditory verbal hallucinations |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=265 |pages=46–57 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2022.07.005 |issn=0920-9964 |pmid=35945121 |s2cid=251369942 |quote=...when controlling for diagnosis, sex, and race we show that the diagnostic group and race are not key factors in explaining the occurrence of thought insertion, thought withdrawal, thought broadcasting...|doi-access=free }}{{Cite book |last=Sigström |first=Robert |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/39531 |title=Psychiatric symptoms and disorders in old age: prevalence, course and diagnostic thresholds |date=2015-09-04 |publisher=Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg |isbn=978-91-628-9479-5 |quote=Schneiderian first-rank symptoms (such as thought broadcasting and thought echo) are very rare...}} This type of delusion is also regarded as one of the most severe, due to its significant effect on mental well-being.{{Cite journal |last1=López-Silva |first1=Pablo |last2=Harrow |first2=Martin |last3=Jobe |first3=Thomas H. |last4=Tufano |first4=Michele |last5=Harrow |first5=Helen |last6=Rosen |first6=Cherise |date=2022-08-06 |title='Are these my thoughts?': A 20-year prospective study of thought insertion, thought withdrawal, thought broadcasting, and their relationship to auditory verbal hallucinations |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=265 |pages=46–57 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2022.07.005 |issn=0920-9964 |pmid=35945121 |s2cid=251369942 |quote=...thought broadcasting are usually regarded as some of the most severe types of delusions due to their phenomenological features, and impact on mental health.|doi-access=free }} Within the population of individuals with schizophrenia, thought broadcasting has a prevalence of approximately 6%, according to one study.{{Cite journal |last=Marneros |first=Andreas |date=April 1984 |title=Frequency of occurrence of Schneider's first rank symptoms in schizophrenia |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00432888 |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences |language=en |volume=234 |issue=1 |pages=78–82 |doi=10.1007/BF00432888 |pmid=6489400 |s2cid=7420162 |issn=0175-758X |quote=Thought broadcasting was recorded in 76 patients (6%)}} This type of delusion rarely occurs in isolation; it frequently coexists with other symptoms, including auditory verbal hallucinations, somatic hallucinations, delusions of control, delusion of guilt, sexual delusions, and depersonalization.{{Cite journal |last1=López-Silva |first1=Pablo |last2=Harrow |first2=Martin |last3=Jobe |first3=Thomas H. |last4=Tufano |first4=Michele |last5=Harrow |first5=Helen |last6=Rosen |first6=Cherise |date=2022-08-06 |title='Are these my thoughts?': A 20-year prospective study of thought insertion, thought withdrawal, thought broadcasting, and their relationship to auditory verbal hallucinations |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=265 |pages=46–57 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2022.07.005 |issn=0920-9964 |pmid=35945121 |s2cid=251369942 |quote=The symptom constellation of thought broadcasting included auditory verbal hallucinations, somatic hallucinations, delusions of thought dissemination (mind-reading), fantastic delusions, sexual delusions, and depersonalization.|doi-access=free }}

Thought broadcasting is often paired with lower functioning, quality of life, magical thinking and lack of insight and judgment. It can also contribute to symptoms of depression and anxiety.{{Cite journal |last1=Dȩbowska |first1=Grazyna |last2=Grazwa |first2=Anna |last3=Kucharska-Pietura |first3=Katarzyna |date=1998-09-01 |title=Insight in paranoid schizophrenia—Its relationship to psychopathology and premorbid adjustment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X98900323 |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=255–260 |doi=10.1016/S0010-440X(98)90032-3 |pmid=9777276 |issn=0010-440X |quote=In particular, we found that thought-broadcasting delusions correlated with...lack of judgment and insight...}}For example, if a person believes that whenever they go in public, that their thoughts are being broadcast, it may cause the person to become socially withdrawn out of fear of others' hearing embarrassing thoughts. Thought broadcasting recurrently leads to changes in mental privacy, location, and agency. It can also blur ego boundary.{{Cite journal |last1=López-Silva |first1=Pablo |last2=Harrow |first2=Martin |last3=Jobe |first3=Thomas H. |last4=Tufano |first4=Michele |last5=Harrow |first5=Helen |last6=Rosen |first6=Cherise |date=2022-08-06 |title='Are these my thoughts?': A 20-year prospective study of thought insertion, thought withdrawal, thought broadcasting, and their relationship to auditory verbal hallucinations |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=265 |pages=46–57 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2022.07.005 |issn=0920-9964 |pmid=35945121 |s2cid=251369942 |quote=delusions...show fundamental changes in the way in which thoughts are experienced during psychosis...including alterations in their paradigmatic phenomenal character, sense of ego boundaries, mental privacy, mental location, and mental agency.|doi-access=free }} It can be considered a manifestation of autonetic agnosia, that is, a deficit in the ability to identify self-generated mental events, along with thought insertion and others.{{Citation |last1=Larøi |first1=Frank |title=The neuropsychology of insight in psychiatric and neurological disorders |date=August 2004|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/24352/chapter/187205095 |work=Insight and Psychosis |pages=119–156 |editor-last=Amador |editor-first=Xavier F. |access-date=15 September 2023|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/med/9780198525684.003.0007 |isbn=978-0-19-852568-4 |last2=Barr |first2=William B. |last3=Keefe |first3=Richard S. E. |editor2-last=David |editor2-first=Anthony S.|quote=These symptoms are referred to as manifestations of autonoetic agnosia, meaning literally “the inability to identify self-generated mental events”. These symptoms include poor insight, hallucinations, and various forms of delusions, such as thought insertion, thought withdrawal, thought broadcasting...}}

This type of delusion influences both speech production and speech perception. Over time, thought broadcasting can shape how one thinks. If someone says a word or phrase similar to what the patient may have been thinking, it could catalyze the delusion, especially if it happens fairly frequently.{{Cite journal |last1=Hoffman |first1=R. E. |last2=McGlashan |first2=T. H. |date=1993 |title=Parallel distributed processing and the emergence of schizophrenic symptoms |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=119–140 |doi=10.1093/schbul/19.1.119 |issn=0586-7614 |pmid=8451607|doi-access=free }}

There is a very high comorbidity between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia.{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Lavanya P. |last2=Reddy |first2=Y. C. Janardhan |date=January 2019 |title=Obsessive–compulsive disorder comorbid with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S140–S148 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_527_18 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=6343407 |pmid=30745688 |quote=Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms (OCS) are known to be highly comorbid with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. |doi-access=free }} This may result from obsessive-compulsive symptoms that initially present or worsen with the use of atypical antipsychotics, a common treatment modality for schizophrenia.{{Cite journal |last1=Sareen |first1=Jitender |last2=Kirshner |first2=Alla |last3=Lander |first3=Mark |last4=Kjernisted |first4=Kevin D. |last5=Eleff |first5=Michael K. |last6=Reiss |first6=Jeffrey P. |date=October 2004 |title=Do antipsychotics ameliorate or exacerbate Obsessive Compulsive Disorder symptoms?: A systematic review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016503270400151X |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |language=en |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=167–174 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2004.03.011 |pmid=15488245 |quote=Reports of OCD induction or exacerbation were limited to individuals with a primary psychotic disorder taking atypical antipsychotics. It is possible that psychotic individuals who develop OCD symptoms on atypical antipsychotics have an underlying biologic predisposition to the co-occurrence of OCD and schizophrenia}} Intrusive thoughts—involuntary and unwanted thoughts, ideas, and images—constitute a central symptom of OCD.{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2013}} When these intrusive thoughts are coupled with thought broadcasting, it causes a special concern that these could be apprehended by others, resulting in increased anxiety and shame, leading to social isolation—a safety behavior. The relief given by isolation then reinforces the belief that the individual needs to stay away from others.{{Cite journal |last1=Kopelovich |first1=Sarah L. |last2=Wood |first2=Keith |last3=Cotes |first3=Robert O. |last4=Goldsmith |first4=David R. |date=July 2020 |title=Integration of Clozapine-associated Harm Obsessions into Cognitive Behavioral Conceptualization and Treatment Planning for Thought Broadcasting: A Case Study |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Practice |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=329–336 |doi=10.1097/PRA.0000000000000470 |issn=1538-1145 |pmc=8191597 |pmid=32692132 |quote=Harm obsessions subsequently functioned as triggering events for TB beliefs. The client’s belief that others could hear his obsessive violent thoughts triggered further intense anxiety and shame, which led to extreme isolation. Isolation functioned as a safety behavior and reinforced the belief that he needed to stay away from others due to the potential danger he posed. Relief from distress served to negatively reinforce continued isolative behavior.}}{{Cite journal |last1=Iyassu |first1=Robel |last2=Jolley |first2=Suzanne |last3=Bebbington |first3=Paul |last4=Dunn |first4=Graham |last5=Emsley |first5=Richard |last6=Freeman |first6=Daniel |last7=Fowler |first7=David |last8=Hardy |first8=Amy |last9=Waller |first9=Helen |last10=Kuipers |first10=Elizabeth |last11=Garety |first11=Philippa |date=2014 |title=Psychological characteristics of religious delusions |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |volume=49 |issue=7 |pages=1051–1061 |doi=10.1007/s00127-013-0811-y |issn=0933-7954 |pmc=4173112 |pmid=24379014 |quote=Bizarre behaviour may also act to alienate the person and reduce opportunities for social support and potential disconfirmation through social contact; or form a safety behaviour, preventing testing out of concerns.}}

Auditory hallucinations are often depicted as malicious voices that possess knowledge about the person's private and shameful thoughts or actions, which the individual would prefer to keep hidden. In these situations, thought broadcasting arises as an inability to conceal one's own thoughts.{{Cite journal |last1=Gilbert |first1=P. |last2=Birchwood |first2=M. |last3=Gilbert |first3=J. |last4=Trower |first4=P. |last5=Hay |first5=J. |last6=Murray |first6=B. |last7=Meaden |first7=A. |last8=Olsen |first8=K. |last9=Miles |first9=J. N. V. |date=August 2001 |title=An exploration of evolved mental mechanisms for dominant and subordinate behaviour in relation to auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and critical thoughts in depression |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/abs/an-exploration-of-evolved-mental-mechanisms-for-dominant-and-subordinate-behaviour-in-relation-to-auditory-hallucinations-in-schizophrenia-and-critical-thoughts-in-depression/40902D51B2344C17B5A04219CE2F9725 |journal=Psychological Medicine |language=en |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1117–1127 |doi=10.1017/S0033291701004093 |pmid=11513379 |s2cid=20123651 |issn=1469-8978 |quote=In about 70% of people with psychosis who hear voices, the voice(s) is commonly experienced as male and malevolent, as derogating and shaming, who typically issues commands is often experienced as powerful and omnipotent and ‘knowing’ i.e. knows of (can detect) shameful things and violations that the person would like to keep hidden. Indeed, attacking voices and experiences of thought broadcasting are often experienced as an inability to keep ‘ from view’ (deception) one’s own thoughts/experiences.}} This type of delusion is also believed to be linked with problems in self-other control, that is, when an individual adjusts the representation of oneself and others in social interactions.For example, when empathizing with others, one's own mental and emotional state are temporarily put aside. Conversely, representations of others are suppressed when performing actions to avoid imitation.{{Cite journal |last1=Simonsen |first1=Arndis |last2=Mahnkeke |first2=Mia Ilsø |last3=Fusaroli |first3=Riccardo |last4=Wolf |first4=Thomas |last5=Roepstorff |first5=Andreas |last6=Michael |first6=John |last7=Frith |first7=Chris D |last8=Bliksted |first8=Vibeke |date=2020-01-01 |title=Distinguishing Oneself From Others: Spontaneous Perspective-Taking in First-Episode Schizophrenia and its relation to Mentalizing and Psychotic Symptoms |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin Open |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaa053 |issn=2632-7899 |quote=Characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia, such as thought broadcasting...suggest a failure in distinguishing between oneself and others.|doi-access=free |hdl=1893/31882 |hdl-access=free }}

Methamphetamine abuse can induce psychosis, including thought broadcasting.{{Cite journal |last=Ujike |first=Hiroshi |date=2002-06-01 |title=Stimulant-induced psychosis and schizophrenia: The role of sensitization |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-002-0024-7 |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=177–184 |doi=10.1007/s11920-002-0024-7 |pmid=12003679 |s2cid=36416403 |issn=1535-1645 |quote=The first several injections of methamphetamine induce hyperarousal and euphoria, but abuse may induce psychotic states consisting of paranoid delusions with auditory hallucination, bizarre ideas, thought broadcasting...}} One theory suggests that when the two hemispheres of the brain are not effectively integrated, the left hemisphere may fail to identify the source of feelings and thoughts originating in the right hemisphere. As a result, individuals may experience the mistaken belief that these thoughts and emotions are either being inserted into (thought insertion), removed from (thought withdrawal), or transmitted out of their own head (thought broadcasting).{{Cite journal |last=Nasrallah |first=Henry A. |date=1985-05-01 |title=The unintegrated right cerebral hemispheric consciousness as alien intruder: A possible mechanism for schneiderian delusions in schizophrenia |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X%2885%2990072-0 |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=273–282 |doi=10.1016/0010-440X(85)90072-0 |pmid=3995938 |issn=0010-440X |quote=The left hemispheric consciousness is no longer inhibited from being aware that thoughts, feelings, and intentions are being imposed on it from an external source (the right hemisphere). The schizophrenic patient expresses (with his or her verbal left hemisphere) that thoughts are being inserted into, withdrawn from, or transmitted out of his or her head...}}

Individuals with thought broadcasting have a lower acceptance of treatment.{{Cite journal |last1=Dȩbowska |first1=Grazyna |last2=Grazwa |first2=Anna |last3=Kucharska-Pietura |first3=Katarzyna |date=1998-09-01 |title=Insight in paranoid schizophrenia—Its relationship to psychopathology and premorbid adjustment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X98900323 |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=255–260 |doi=10.1016/S0010-440X(98)90032-3 |pmid=9777276 |issn=0010-440X |quote=In particular, we found that thought-broadcasting delusions correlated with lower treatment acceptance...}} Both antipsychotic medication and psychotherapy, specially cognitive behavioral therapy, may be useful. In one case study, cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy helped reduce significantly the conviction of thought broadcasting.{{cite journal |last1=Kopelovich |first1=Sarah |last2=Wood |first2=Keith |last3=Goldsmith |first3=David |date=July 26, 2021 |title=Integration of Clozapine-associated Harm Obsessions into Cognitive Behavioral Conceptualization and Treatment Planning for Thought Broadcasting: A Case Study |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Practice |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=329–336 |doi=10.1097/PRA.0000000000000470 |pmc=8191597 |pmid=32692132 |quote=The client endorsed considerable relief and receptivity to ERP and cognitive therapy in the context of CBT targeting psychotic and mood symptoms, including reduced distress associated with intrusive thoughts...and reduced conviction related to TB beliefs (from 95% to 25% by session 6 of ERP and 0% by the end of CBT)}} In another case study, where an individuals with schizophrenia also exhibited comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS), treating these symptoms helped to reduce thought broadcasting.{{Cite journal |last1=KOPELOVICH |first1=SARAH L. |last2=WOOD |first2=KEITH |last3=COTES |first3=ROBERT O. |last4=GOLDSMITH |first4=DAVID R. |date=July 2020 |title=Integration of Clozapine-associated Harm Obsessions into Cognitive Behavioral Conceptualization and Treatment Planning for Thought Broadcasting: A Case Study |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Practice |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=329–336 |doi=10.1097/PRA.0000000000000470 |issn=1527-4160 |pmc=8191597 |pmid=32692132 |quote=The treatment of OCS resulted in the complete resolution of thought broadcasting.}} This delusion does not significantly affect the prognosis for patients with psychosis,{{Cite journal |last1=Magrangeas |first1=Thibault Thierry |last2=Kolliakou |first2=Anna |last3=Sanyal |first3=Jyoti |last4=Patel |first4=Rashmi |last5=Stewart |first5=Robert |date=2022-08-02 |title=Investigating the relationship between thought interference, somatic passivity and outcomes in patients with psychosis: a natural language processing approach using a clinical records search platform in south London |journal=BMJ Open |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=e057433 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057433 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=9351333 |pmid=35918110 |quote=...thought broadcast does not have a significant effect on outcome.}} though is observed more often in schizophrenia with poor prognosis.{{Cite journal |last=McCabe |first=Michael S. |date=1976-03-01 |title=Symptom differences in reactive psychoses and schizophrenia with poor prognosis |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X%2876%2990004-3 |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=301–307 |doi=10.1016/0010-440X(76)90004-3 |pmid=1253591 |issn=0010-440X |quote=Taylor reported that the [first-rank] symptoms occur most commonly in [schizophrenic] patients with poor prognosis...}}

Thought broadcasting was initially described by Emil Kraepelin in his 1913 work, Psychiatrie. In the mid-1900s, Kurt Schneider classified thought broadcasting as typical of schizophrenia, encompassing it as a first-rank symptom along with 7 others. From then, the delusion has been incorporated into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) diagnostic criteria. The DSM-5 outlines eleven categories of delusions, among which thought broadcasting is included. The ICD-11 characterizes it as in experiences of influence, passivity, and control, along with thought insertion and withdrawal. The DSM-5 specifies thought broadcasting as a belief that one's thoughts are transmitted and consequently perceived by others. It also classifies it as bizarre—a delusion of implausible and incomprehensible nature.{{Citation |last=Bitter |first=István |title=Delusional Disorder |date=2014 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_246-2 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology |pages=1–5 |editor-last=Stolerman |editor-first=Ian P. |access-date=2023-08-25 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_246-2 |isbn=978-3-642-27772-6 |editor2-last=Price |editor2-first=Lawrence H.}} In contrast, the ICD-11 provides a broader description, stating that an individual's thoughts are accessible to others, enabling them to know the content of those thoughts. Furthermore, it includes thought broadcasting as one of the core symptoms for diagnosing schizophrenia.{{Cite book |last=Wenzel |first=Amy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8M6aDgAAQBAJ |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology |date=2017-03-16 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-5063-5322-7 |language=en |quote=...the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases system includes thought broadcasting in a relatively short list of the "most important" phenomena or the diagnosis of schziphrenia.}}

• {{annotated link|Thought withdrawal}}
• {{annotated link|Thought insertion}}
• {{annotated link|Imaginary audience}}
• Telepathy

{{reflist|group=note}}

{{Reflist}}

• [https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/thought-broadcasting-when-your-thoughts-are-no-longer-your-own Thought Broadcasting: When Your Thoughts Are No Longer Your Own], Discover Magazine, by Eric Taipale, Feb 12, 2022

{{Delusion}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thought Broadcasting}}

Category:Delusional disorders