thymine

As its alternate name (5-methyluracil) suggests, thymine may be derived by methylation of uracil at the 5th carbon. In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil in most cases. In DNA, thymine (T) binds to adenine (A) via two hydrogen bonds, thereby stabilizing the nucleic acid structures.

Thymine combined with deoxyribose creates the nucleoside deoxythymidine, which is synonymous with the term thymidine. Thymidine can be phosphorylated with up to three phosphoric acid groups, producing dTMP (deoxythymidine monophosphate), dTDP, or dTTP (for the di- and tri- phosphates, respectively).

One of the common mutations of DNA involves two adjacent thymines or cytosine, which, in presence of ultraviolet light, may form thymine dimers, causing "kinks" in the DNA molecule that inhibit normal function.

Thymine could also be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment. 5-FU can be a metabolic analog of thymine (in DNA synthesis) or uracil (in RNA synthesis). Substitution of this analog inhibits DNA synthesis in actively dividing cells.

Thymine bases are frequently oxidized to hydantoins over time after the death of an organism.{{cite journal

| last1 = Hofreiter

| first1 = Michael

| last2 = Serre

| first2 = David

| last3 = Poinar

| first3 = Henrik N.

|authorlink3 = Hendrik Poinar

| last4 = Kuch

| first4 = Melanie

| last5 = Pääbo

| first5 = Svante

|authorlink5 = Svante Pääbo

| date = 2001-05-01

| title = Ancient DNA

| url =

| journal = Nature Reviews Genetics

| volume = 2

| issue = 5

| pages = 353–359

| doi = 10.1038/35072071

| pmid = 11331901

| s2cid = 205016024

| access-date =

}}

During growth of bacteriophage T4, an imbalance of thymine availability, either a deficiency or an excess of thymine, causes increased mutation.

{{cite journal

| last1 = Bernstein

| first1 = Carol

| last2 = Bernstein

| first2 = Harris

| last3 = Mufti

| first3 = Siraj

| last4 = Strom

| first4 = Barbara

| date = October 1972

| title = Stimulation of mutation in phage T 4 by lesions in gene 32 and by thymidine imbalance

| url =

| journal = Mutat. Res.

| volume = 16

| issue = 2

| pages = 113–119

| doi = 10.1016/0027-5107(72)90171-6

| pmid = 4561494

| access-date =

}}

The mutations caused by thymine deficiency appear to occur only at AT base pair sites in DNA and are often AT to GC transition mutations.

{{cite journal

| last1 = Smith

| first1 = M. Diane

| last2 = Green

| first2 = Ronald R.

| last3 = Ripley

| first3 = Lynn S.

| last4 = Drake

| first4 = John W.

| authorlink4=John W. Drake

| date = July 1973

| title = Thymineless mutagenesis in bacteriophage T4

| journal = Genetics

| volume = 74

| issue = 3

| pages = 393–403

| doi = 10.1093/genetics/74.3.393

| pmc = 1212957

| pmid = 4270369

}}

In the bacterium Escherichia coli, thymine deficiency was also found to cause the same mutation.{{cite journal

| last1 = Deutch

| first1 = Charles E.

| last2 = Pauling

| first2 = Crellin

| date = Sep 1974

| title = Thymineless mutagenesis in Escherichia coli

| journal = J. Bacteriol.

| volume = 119

| issue = 3

| pages = 861–7

| doi = 10.1128/JB.119.3.861-867.1974

| pmc = 245692

| pmid = 4605383

}}

In March 2015, NASA scientists reported that, for the first time, complex DNA and RNA organic compounds of life, including uracil, cytosine and thymine, have been formed in the laboratory under outer space conditions, using starting chemicals, such as pyrimidine, found in meteorites. Pyrimidine, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), another carbon-rich compound, may have been formed in red giants or in interstellar dust and gas clouds, according to the scientists.{{cite web |last=Marlaire |first=Ruth |title=NASA Ames Reproduces the Building Blocks of Life in Laboratory |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-ames-reproduces-the-building-blocks-of-life-in-laboratory |date=2015-03-03 |publisher=NASA |website=www.nasa.gov |access-date=2021-11-15 |archive-date=2015-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305083306/http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-ames-reproduces-the-building-blocks-of-life-in-laboratory/ |url-status=dead }} Thymine has not been found in meteorites, which suggests the first strands of DNA had to look elsewhere to obtain this building block. Thymine likely formed within some meteorite parent bodies, but may not have persisted within these bodies due to an oxidation reaction with hydrogen peroxide.{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/did-the-seeds-of-life-come-from-space/|title=Did the Seeds of Life Come from Space?|last=Tasker|first=Elizabeth|publisher=Scientific American |access-date=2016-11-24|website=blogs.scientificamerican.com|date=2016-11-10|authorlink=Elizabeth J. Tasker}}

Thymine was first prepared by hydrolysis of the corresponding nucleoside obtained from natural sources. Interest in its direct chemical synthesis began in the early 1900s: Emil Fischer published a method starting from urea but a more practical synthesis used methylisothiourea in a condensation reaction with ethyl formyl propionate, followed by hydrolysis of the pyrimidine intermediate:{{cite journal |last1=Wheeler |first1=H.I. |last2=Merriam |first2=H.F. |year=1903 |title=On some condensation products of the pseudothioureas: synthesis of uracil, thymine, and similar compounds. |journal=American Chemical Journal |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=478–492 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t72v2dx94&view=1up&seq=17}}

:File:Thymine synthesis (1903).svg

Many other preparative methods have been developed, including optimised conditions so that urea can be used directly in the reaction shown above, preferably with methyl formyl propionate.{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00706-013-1128-y |title=An environmentally benign approach to the synthesis of thymine via hydroformylation of methyl acrylate |year=2014 |last1=Guo |first1=Xianghai |last2=Shen |first2=Jiaxiang |journal=Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly |volume=145 |issue=4 |pages=657–661 |s2cid=97367180 }}

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Deoxyribose
• Deoxythymidine
• Nucleobase
• Pyrimidine
• Thymineless death
• Uracil

{{div col end}}

{{reflist}}

• [http://gmd.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/Spectrums/51a54b80-5865-40c0-8275-cf90f70d6331.aspx Thymine MS Spectrum]
• [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0848663.html Infoplease Encyclopedia]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100823233329/http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/genetics/dna.html Science Aid: DNA Structure and Replication]

{{Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides}}

Category:Nucleobases

Category:Pyrimidinediones