tilia

Tilia species are mostly large, deciduous trees, reaching typically {{Convert|20|to|40|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} tall, with oblique-cordate (heart-shaped) leaves {{Convert|6|to|20|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} across. As with elms, the exact number of species is uncertain, as many of the species can hybridise readily, both in the wild and in cultivation. They are hermaphroditic, having perfect flowers with both male and female parts, pollinated by insects.

The Tilia{{'s}} sturdy trunk stands like a pillar and the branches divide and subdivide into numerous ramifications on which the twigs are fine and thick. In summer, these are profusely clothed with large leaves and the result is a dense head of abundant foliage.{{cite book |last=Keeler |first=Harriet L. |url=https://archive.org/details/ournativetreesa02keelgoog |title=Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1900 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ournativetreesa02keelgoog/page/n51 24]–31}}

The leaves of all Tilia species are heart-shaped, and most are asymmetrical. The tiny, pea-like fruit hangs attached to a ribbon-like, greenish-yellow bract whose apparent purpose is to launch the ripened seed clusters just a little beyond the parent tree. The flowers of the European and American Tilia species are similar, except the American ones bear a petal-like scale among their stamens and the European varieties are devoid of these appendages. All of the Tilia species may be propagated by cuttings and grafting, as well as by seed. They grow rapidly in rich soil, but are subject to the attack of many insects. Tilia is notoriously difficult to propagate from seed unless collected fresh in fall. If allowed to dry, the seeds go into a deep dormancy and take 18 months to germinate.

File:Tilia x europea-2.JPG|Trunk and leaves

File:Tilia x cordata leaf underside.JPG|Leaf of common lime (Tilia × europaea) showing venation

File:Tilia x cordata flower veination.JPG|The venation within a Tilia bract

File:Lime tree.jpg|Tilia flowers

File:Tilia cordata Owoce lipy 656.jpg|Tilia fruit

File:Memmelsdorf Schloss Seehof Lindenallee-20231101-RM-115618.jpg|alt=Double row of trees with yellow leaves|Fall color

File:15 year old lime-tree, Haute-Savoie, France.jpg|A 15-year-old lime-tree, Haute-Savoie, France

File:Linde - Stockausschlag.jpg|Tilia after coppicing, Vogelsberg Mountains

File:Linde bei Frankenbrunn.jpg]]

File:Ancient lime tree - geograph.org.uk - 75721.jpg, England]]

File:Avenue of lime trees at Turville Heath - geograph.org.uk - 39077.jpg

File:Burg Münzenberg - Linde und westlicher Bergfried.jpg]]

This list comprises the most widely accepted species, hybrids, and cultivars.

{{Div col}}

• Tilia americana L. – American basswood, American linden
• Tilia amurensis – Amur lime, Amur linden
• Tilia caroliniana – Carolina basswood
• Tilia chinensis – Chinese linden
• Tilia chingiana Hu & W.C.Cheng
• Tilia cordata Mill. – Small-leaved lime, little-leaf linden or greenspire linden
• Tilia dasystyla Steven
• Tilia henryana Szyszyl. – Henry's lime, Henry's linden
• Tilia hupehensis – Hubei lime
• Tilia insularis
• Tilia intonsa
• Tilia japonica – Japanese lime, shina (when used as a laminate)
• †Tilia johnsoni Wolfe & Wehr Eocene; Washington and British Columbia
• Tilia kiusiana
• Tilia mandshurica – Manchurian lime
• Tilia maximowicziana
• Tilia miqueliana
• Tilia mongolica Maxim. – Mongolian lime, Mongolian linden
• Tilia nasczokinii – Nasczokin's lime, Nasczokin's linden
• Tilia nobilis – noble lime
• Tilia officinarum
• Tilia oliveri – Oliver's lime
• Tilia paucicostata
• Tilia platyphyllos Scop. – large-leaved lime
• Tilia rubra – Red stem lime (syn. T. platyphyllos var. rubra)
• Tilia tomentosa Moench – silver lime, silver linden
• Tilia tuan Szyszyl.

{{div col end}}

• Tilia × euchlora (T. dasystyla × T. cordata)
• Tilia × europaea – Common lime (T. cordata × T. platyphyllos; syn. T. × vulgaris)
• Tilia × petiolaris (T. tomentosa × T. ?)
• Tilia 'Flavescens' – Glenleven linden (T. americana × T. cordata)
• Tilia 'Moltkei' (T. americana × T. petiolaris)
• Tilia 'Orbicularis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
• Tilia 'Spectabilis' (hybrid, unknown origin)

The Latin tilia is cognate to Greek πτελέᾱ, ptelea, "elm tree", τιλίαι, tiliai, "black poplar" (Hes.), ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European word *ptel-ei̯ā with a meaning of "broad" (feminine); perhaps "broad-leaved" or similar.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

The genus is generally called "lime" or "linden" in BritainBrown, Lesley (ed.). 2002. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, vol. 1, A–M. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 1600. and "linden", "lime", or "basswood" in North America.

"Lime" is an altered form of Middle English lind, in the 16th century also line, from Old English feminine lind or linde, Proto-Germanic *lindō (cf. Dutch{{Cite web |title=Linde |url=https://www.vandale.nl/gratis-woordenboek/nederlands/betekenis/linden |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Van Dale |language=nl}}/German Linde, plural Linden), cognate to Latin lentus "flexible" and Sanskrit latā "liana". Within Germanic languages, English "lithe" and Dutch{{Cite web |date=2015-08-21 |title=Vergeten woorden – L |url=https://taaldacht.nl/vergeten-woorden-l/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Taaldacht |language=nl}}/German lind for "lenient, yielding" are from the same root.

"Linden" was originally the adjective, "made from linwood or lime-wood" (equivalent to "wooden" or "oaken"); from the late 16th century, "linden" was also used as a noun, probably influenced by translations of German romance, as an adoption of Linden, the plural of Linde in Dutch and German.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Neither the name nor the tree is related to Citrus genus species and hybrids that go by the same name, such as Key limes (Citrus × aurantifolia). Another common name used in North America is basswood, derived from bast, the name for the inner bark (see Uses, below). Teil is an old name for the lime tree.

File:Bombus terrestris queen - Tilia cordata - Keila.jpg on Tilia cordata]]

File:Eriophyes tiliae tiliae.JPGs, caused by the mite Eriophyes tiliae]]

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Aphids are attracted by the rich supply of sap, and are in turn often "farmed" by ants for the production of the sap, which the ants collect for their own use, and the result can often be a dripping of excess sap onto the lower branches and leaves, and anything else below. Cars left under the trees can quickly become coated with a film of the syrup ("honeydew") thus dropped from higher up. The ant/aphid "farming" process does not appear to cause any serious damage to the trees.

The linden is recommended as an ornamental tree when a mass of foliage or a deep shade is desired. It produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers and is an important honey plant for beekeepers, giving rise to a pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey. In European and North American herbal medicine, the flowers are also used for herbal teas and tinctures. The flowers are used for herbal tea in the winter in the Balkans. In China, dried Tilia flowers are also used to make tea.

In English landscape gardens, avenues of linden trees were fashionable, especially during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Many country houses have a surviving "lime avenue" or "lime walk", the example at Hatfield House was planted between 1700 and 1730.{{cite web |url=https://www.chilternsaonb.org/ccbmaps/810/137/gaddesden-lime-avenue.html |title=Gaddesden lime avenue |author= |website=www.chilternsaonb.org |publisher=Chilterns Conservation Board |access-date=22 December 2021}} The fashion was derived from the earlier practice of planting lindens in lines as shade trees in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and northern France. Most of the trees used in British gardens were cultivars propagated by layering in the Netherlands.{{cite journal |last1=Wolff |first1=Kirsten |last2=Logan |first2=Samuel |date=2019 |title=Tilia cultivars in historic lime avenues and parks in the UK, Estonia and other European countries |url=https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/257286/91BC6ECA-D577-43DE-B557-0F8A7D7790AA.pdf |journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening |volume=43 |issue= |page=126346 |doi= 10.1016/j.ufug.2019.05.008|bibcode=2019UFUG...4326346W |s2cid=190901271 |access-date=22 December 2021}}

File:Riemenschneider Hl Georg.jpg by Tilman Riemenschneider, c. 1490]]

Linden trees produce soft and easily worked timber, which has very little grain and a density of 560 kg/m³.{{cite web |url=http://www.nichetimbers.co.uk/european-hardwood/lime/ |title=Lime timber |work=Niche Timbers |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 August 2009 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521040920/http://www.nichetimbers.co.uk/european-hardwood/lime/ |url-status=dead }} It was often used by Germanic tribes for constructing shields. It is a popular wood for model building and for intricate carving. Especially in Germany, it was the classic wood for sculpture from the Middle Ages onwards and is the material for the elaborate altarpieces of Veit Stoss, Tilman Riemenschneider, and many others. In England, it was the favoured medium of the sculptor Grinling Gibbons{{cite web |url=http://www.hrp.org.uk/HamptonCourtPalace/GrinlingGibbons |title=Hampton Court Palace: Grinling Gibbons |publisher=Hrp.org.uk |access-date=July 6, 2012}} (1648–1721). The wood is used in marionette- and puppet-making and -carving. Having a fine, light grain and being comparatively light in weight, it has been used for centuries for this purpose; despite the availability of modern alternatives, it remains one of the main materials used {{as of | 2015 | lc = on}}. In China, it was also widely used in carving or furniture, interior decorating, handicrafts, etc.

Ease of working and good acoustic properties also make limewood popular for electric and bass guitar bodies and for wind instruments such as recorders. Percussion manufacturers sometimes use Tilia as a material for drum shells, both to enhance their sound and for their aesthetics.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}}

Linden wood is also the material of choice for window blinds and shutters. Real-wood blinds are often made from this lightweight but strong and stable wood, which is well suited to natural and stained finishes.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}}

In China, 冻蘑/"dongmo" grows well on decomposing logs of Tilia trees in the old-growth forest;{{ Cite web |url = http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/5534/20201221/100715913472648.html |title = 椴树：名蜜之源 与佛结缘 |author = 刘玉波 |date = 2020-12-21 |publisher = www.forestry.gov.cn |language = zh |accessdate = 2023-01-11 }} therefore, people use logs of Tilia trees to cultivate S. edulis and even black fungus or shiitake mushrooms with excellent results. Currently, "椴木黑木耳/Tilia-logs-black fungus" or "椴木香菇/Tilia-logs-shiitake mushrooms" has become a term for a method of cultivating black fungus and shiitake mushrooms and "椴木/Tilia-logs" no longer exclusively refers to Tilia tree wood but also to other woods suitable for black fungus or shiitake mushrooms cultivation.{{ Cite web |url = https://www.my478.com/html/20190615/222148.html |title = 椴木黑木耳和黑木耳的区别，椴木栽培黑木耳技术 |date = 2019-06-15 |publisher = 农业种植网 |language = zh |accessdate = 2023-01-17 }}

In Russian, "linden-made" (липовый, lipoviy) is a term for forgery, due to the popularity of the material for making forged seals in the past centuries.{{cite web |url=http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/19060/ |title=За что обидели липу? |date=January 2011 |accessdate=2013-11-07 |archive-date=2014-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025145411/http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/19060}}

Known in the trade as basswood, particularly in North America, its name originates from the inner fibrous bark of the tree, known as bast. A strong{{cite book|last=Kallio|first=Edwin|title=American Basswood... an American Wood|year=1973|publisher=US Forest Service|page=5|author2=Richard M. Godman }} fibre is obtained from the tree by peeling off the bark and soaking it in water for a month, after which the inner fibres can be easily separated. Bast obtained from the inside of the bark of the Tilia japonica tree has been used by the Ainu people of Japan to weave their traditional clothing, the attus. Excavations in Britain have shown that lime tree fibre was preferred for clothing there during the Bronze Age.{{Cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.353.6296.210|doi = 10.1126/science.353.6296.210|title = A time capsule from Bronze Age Britain|year = 2016|last1 = Stokstad|first1 = Erik|journal = Science|volume = 353|issue = 6296|pages = 210–211|pmid = 27418485|bibcode = 2016Sci...353..210S|url-access = subscription}} The Manchu people in the mountains of Northeast China made ropes, baskets, raincoats, large fishing nets, and guide lines for gunpowder from the bast.{{ Cite web |url = https://www.chinanews.com.cn/qxcz/news/2010/04-30/2257641 |title = 东北满族人的树皮蓑衣 |author = 关云德 |date = 2010-04-30 |publisher = www.chinanews.com.cn |language = zh |accessdate = 2023-01-11 }} Similar fibres obtained from other plants are also called bast: see Bast fibre.

Tilia is a high-quality wild honey plant. In China, "椴树蜜/Tilia honey" is produced in the northeast region. White in color, it is called "white honey" or "snow honey". Heilongjiang is well-known throughout the country for producing high-quality "Tilia honey": Heilongjiang not only has lush Tilia trees, but also a rare and excellent bee species - "东北黑蜂/Northeast Black Bee" to collect honey（Raohe County is the location of the national "东北黑蜂自然保护区/Northeast Black Bee Nature Reserve". It is the only nature reserve for bees in Asia.{{ Cite web |url = http://www.raohe.gov.cn/tprh/dbhf/dbhf.htm |title = 饶河地域文化之四：东北黑蜂 |publisher = /www.raohe.gov.cn |language = zh |accessdate = 2023-01-11 }}).{{ Cite web |url = https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20200513A0EDT300 |title = 独特的东北黑蜂和椴树蜜 |publisher = new.qq.com |language = zh |accessdate = 2023-01-11 }} "Tilia honey" mainly comes from Tilia amurensis and Tilia mandshurica. "Tilia honey" and southern "longan honey" and "lychee honey" are called "China's three famous honeys". "Tilia honey", "rape honey" and "black acacia honey" are the three most productive honeys in China.{{ Cite web |url = https://iar.caas.cn/xwdt/yw/1503491918b64855b293b1d0c72fc400.htm |title = 研究发现油菜蜜、洋槐蜜和椴树蜜中标志性成分|author =乔江涛 |publisher = Institute of Apicultural Research, CAAS |language = zh |accessdate = 2023-01-11 }}

The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and mucilaginous. Linden flower tea has a pleasing taste, due to the aromatic volatile oil found in the flowers. Phytochemicals in the Tilia flowers include flavonoids and tannins with astringent properties.Bradley P., ed. (1992). British Herbal Compendium. Vol. 1: 142–144. British Herbal Medicine Association, Dorset (Great Britain)

The nectar contains a major secondary metabolite with the trivial name tiliaside (1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,3-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate]-6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranose) which is transformed in the gut of bumblebees to the aglycone (i.e., the gentiobiose group is cleaved) which is bioactive against a common and debilitating gut parasite of bumblebees, Crithidia bombi. This naturally occurring compound may support bees to manage the burden of disease - one of the major contributors to pollinator decline.{{cite journal |last1=Koch H, Welcome V, Kendal-Smith A, Thursfield L, Farrell IW, Langat MK, Brown MJF, Stevenson PC |title=Host and gut microbiome modulate the antiparasitic activity of nectar metabolites in a bumblebee pollinator. |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B |date=2022 |volume=377 |issue=1853 |page=20210164 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2021.0162 |pmid=35491601 |pmc=9058528 }}

A beverage made from dried linden leaves and flowers is brewed and consumed as a folk medicine and relaxant in many Eastern European countries.{{Cite journal|title=Linden tea from Serbia – an insight into the phenolic profile, radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669020305550|journal=Industrial Crops and Products|date=2020-10-15|issn=0926-6690|pages=112639|volume=154|doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112639|first1=Tamara|last1=Pavlović|first2=Ivica|last2=Dimkić|first3=Snežana|last3=Andrić|first4=Dušanka|last4=Milojković-Opsenica|first5=Slaviša|last5=Stanković|first6=Peđa|last6=Janaćković|first7=Milan|last7=Gavrilović|first8=Petar|last8=Ristivojević|url-access=subscription}} Usually, the double-flowered species are used to make perfumes.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} The leaf buds and young leaves are also edible raw.{{cite web |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Tilia+cordata |title=Tilia cordata Small Leaved Lime, Littleleaf linden |website=PFAF Plant Database}}{{cite web |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+americana |title=Tilia americana American Basswood, Carolina basswood, Basswood, AmericanBasswood, American Linden |website=PFAF Plant Database}}

Tilia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on Tilia.

{{Main|Lime tree in culture}}

File:Tilia johnsoni 01.jpg leaf fossil, 49 Ma, Washington state]]

In Europe, some linden trees reached considerable ages. A coppice of T. cordata in Westonbirt Arboretum in Gloucestershire is estimated to be 2,000 years old.{{cite web |last=Podlewska |first=Katrina |date=March 4, 2013 |title=Celebrating Westonbirt's 2000 Year Old Lime |url=https://www.fowa.org.uk/blog/2013/03/04/celebrating-westonbirts-2000-year-old-lime-by-katrina-podlewska-communications-manager/314 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |work=Friends of Westonbirt Arboretum}} In the courtyard of the Imperial Castle at Nuremberg is a Tilia, which by tradition recounted in 1900, was planted by the Empress Cunigunde, the wife of Henry II of Germany circa 1000. The Tilia of Neuenstadt am Kocher in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, was estimated at 1000 years old when it fell. The Alte Linde tree of Naters, Switzerland, is mentioned in a document in 1357 and described by the writer at that time as already magnam (large). A plaque at its foot mentions that in 1155, a linden tree was already on this spot. The Najevnik linden tree ({{langx|sl|Najevska lipa}}), a 700-year-old T. cordata, is the thickest tree in Slovenia.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Najevska lipa |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/263-najevska-lipa |access-date=28 August 2013 |editor1-last=Šmid Hribar |editor1-first=Mateja |language=sl |trans-title=Najevnik Linden Tree |first1=Mateja |last1=Šmid Hribar |editor2-first=Gregor |editor2-last=Golež |editor3-first=Dan |editor3-last=Podjed |editor4-first=Drago |editor4-last=Kladnik |editor5-first=Bojan |editor5-last=Erhartič |editor6-first=Primož |editor6-last=Pavlin |editor7-first=Jerele |editor7-last=Ines}} Next to the 英華殿/Yinghua Temple in the Forbidden City in Beijing, there are two Tilia trees planted by Empress Dowager Li, the biological mother of Wanli Emperor about five hundred years ago.{{Cite web |author=苏怡 |title=英華殿 |url=https://www.dpm.org.cn/explore/building/236568.html?hl=%E8%8B%B1%E8%8F%AF%E6%AE%BF |accessdate=2023-01-12 |publisher=The Palace Museum |language=zh}}

• The excellence of the honey of the far-famed Hyblaean Mountains{{cite encyclopedia |title=Honey |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.libraryindex.com/encyclopedia/pages/cpxldaulh1/honey-bees-flowers-sugar.html |access-date=November 22, 2011 |edition=9th |quote=...honey most esteemed by the ancients was that of Mount Hybla in Sicily...}} was due to the linden trees that covered its sides and crowned its summit.
• Lime fossils have been found in the Tertiary formations of Grinnell Land, Canada, at 82°N latitude, and in Svalbard, Norway. Sapporta believed he had found there the common ancestor of the Tilia species of Europe and America.

File:AmericanBasswood.JPG|Tilia americana

File:Tilia-cordata2.JPG|Tilia cordata

File:Tilia henryana.jpg|Tilia henryana

File:Tilia monticola JPG1FeA.jpg|Tilia heterophylla (syn. T. monticola)

File:Tilia insularis 3.jpg|Tilia insularis

File:Tilia japonica.JPG|Tilia japonica

File:Tilia maximowicziana 1.JPG|Tilia maximowicziana

File:Tilia miqueliana3.jpg|Tilia miqueliana

File:Tilia mongolica0.jpg|Tilia mongolica

File:Tilia oliveri JPG1Fe.jpg|Tilia oliveri

File:20140508Tilia platyphyllos3.jpg|Tilia platyphyllos

File:Tilia-tomentosa.JPG|Tilia tomentosa

• International World War Peace Tree, a Tilia tree that stands as a sign of Germany's armistice with the United States
• Matryoshka doll, made from linden trees
• St Lawrence Lime, a former lime tree in Canterbury, England
• Tanzlinde (Effeltrich)

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book|last1=Pigott|first1=Donald|author-link=Donald Pigott|title=Lime-trees and basswood : a biological monograph of the genus Tilia|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521840545|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkM5L3O4vYC}}

{{refend}}

{{Americana Poster|Linden|year=1920}}

{{Commonscat|Tilia|Tilia}}

• {{cite web |last=Eichhorn |first=Markus |title=Lime Trees and Bees |url=http://www.test-tube.org.uk/trees/video_lime.htm |work=Test Tube |publisher=Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham |date=January 2012}}

{{Woodworking}}

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Category:Malvaceae genera

Category:Medicinal plants

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus