tourettism

{{short description|Tics in the absence of Tourette syndrome}}

Tourettism refers to the presence of Tourette-like symptoms in the absence of Tourette syndrome, as the result of other diseases or conditions, known as "secondary causes".

Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited neurological condition of multiple motor and at least one vocal tic. Although Tourette syndrome is the most common cause of tic disorders,{{cite journal | author = Jankovic J, Mejia NI | year = 2006 | title = Tics associated with other disorders | journal = Adv Neurol | volume = 99 | pages = 61–8 | pmid = 16536352 }} other sporadic, genetic, and neurodegenerative disorders may also exhibit tics.{{cite journal | url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbp/v27n1/23707.pdf | pmid=15867978 | volume=27 | issue=1 | title=Secondary tics and tourettism | date=March 2005 | author=Mejia NI, Jankovic J | journal=Rev Bras Psiquiatr | pages=11–7 | doi=10.1590/s1516-44462005000100006 | url-status=bot: unknown | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628191850/http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbp/v27n1/23707.pdf | archive-date=2007-06-28 | doi-access=free }}Evidente, GH. [http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2000/10_00/evidente_tic.htm "Is it a tic or Tourette's? Clues for differentiating simple from more complex tic disorders."] PostGraduate Medicine Online. October 2000 108:5. Available at [https://web.archive.org/web/20060314105258/http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2000/10_00/evidente_tic.htm archive.org]

Conditions that may manifest tics or stereotyped movements include developmental disorders; autism spectrum disorders{{cite journal |vauthors=Ringman JM, Jankovic J |title=Occurrence of tics in Asperger's syndrome and autistic disorder |journal=J. Child Neurol. |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=394–400 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10868783 |doi=10.1177/088307380001500608 |type= Case report}} and stereotypic movement disorder;{{cite web |author= Freeman RD |url= http://www.tourette-confusion.blogspot.com/ |title= Tourette's syndrome: minimizing confusion |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060411182519/http://www.tourette-confusion.blogspot.com/ |archive-date=April 11, 2006 |publisher= Roger Freeman, MD, blog |access-date= February 8, 2006}} Sydenham's chorea; idiopathic dystonia; and genetic conditions such as Huntington's disease, neuroacanthocytosis, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Wilson's disease, and tuberous sclerosis. Other possibilities include chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, XYY syndrome and fragile X syndrome. Acquired causes of tics include drug-induced tics, head trauma, encephalitis, stroke, and carbon monoxide poisoning. The symptoms of Lesch–Nyhan syndrome may also be confused with Tourette syndrome.{{cite journal |vauthors=Rapin I |title=Autism spectrum disorders: relevance to Tourette syndrome |journal=Adv Neurol |volume=85 |pages=89–101 |date=2001 |pmid=11530449 |type= Review}}