trompe-l'œil

{{About|the artistic term|the album by Malajube|Trompe-l'oeil (album)|the Westworld episode|Trompe L'Oeil (Westworld)|the mural by Maria Bettina Cogliatti|Trompe-l'œil (mural) }}

{{Short description|Art technique of illusory tridimensionality}}

File:Benvenuto Tisi called Il Garofalo - Treasure Room Fresco - Google Art Project.jpg, Italy, painted in 1503–1506]]

{{langnf|fr|Trompe-l'œil|deceive the eye|paren=left}}; {{IPAc-en|t|r|ɒ|m|p|ˈ|l|ɔɪ}} {{respell|tromp|-|LOY}}; {{IPA|fr|tʁɔ̃p lœj|lang|Fr-Paris--trompe-l’œil.ogg}}) is an artistic term for the highly realistic optical illusion of three-dimensional space and objects on a two-dimensional surface. {{lang|fr|Trompe-l'œil}}, which is most often associated with painting, tricks the viewer into perceiving painted objects or spaces as real. Forced perspective is a related illusion in architecture.

History in painting

File:Pompejanischer Maler um 70 001.jpg

The phrase, which can also be spelled without the hyphen and ligature in English as trompe l'oeil,For example by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20041108051506/http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2002/slideshow/slide-176-1.shtm National Gallery of Art, Washington] originates with the artist Louis-Léopold Boilly, who used it as the title of a painting he exhibited in the Paris Salon of 1800.Taws, Richard (9 May 2019). "At the National Gallery". London Review of Books 40 (9): 26–27. Although the term gained currency only in the early 19th century, the illusionistic technique associated with {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} dates much further back."Illusionism". Grove Art Online. (2003). It was (and is) often employed in murals. Instances from Greek and Roman times are known, for instance in Pompeii. A typical {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} mural might depict a window, door, or hallway, intended to suggest a larger room.

A version of an oft-told ancient Greek story concerns a contest between two renowned painters. Zeuxis (born around 464 BC) produced a still life painting so convincing that birds flew down to peck at the painted grapes. A rival, Parrhasius, asked Zeuxis to judge one of his paintings that was behind a pair of tattered curtains in his study. Parrhasius asked Zeuxis to pull back the curtains, but when Zeuxis tried, he could not, as the curtains were included in Parrhasius's painting—making Parrhasius the winner.{{Cite web |title=Parrhasius |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100307751 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}

File:Colyer, Edwaert - Still Life - Google Art Project.jpg]]

Perspective

A fascination with perspective drawing arose during the Renaissance. But Giotto had begun using perspective at the end of the 13th century with the cycle of Assisi in Saint Francis stories. Many Italian painters of the late Quattrocento, such as Andrea Mantegna (1431–1506) and Melozzo da Forlì (1438–1494), began painting illusionistic ceiling paintings, generally in fresco, that employed perspective and techniques such as foreshortening to create the impression of greater space for the viewer below. This type of {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} illusionism as specifically applied to ceiling paintings is known as di sotto in sù, meaning "from below, upward" in Italian. The elements above the viewer are rendered as if viewed from true vanishing point perspective. Well-known examples are the Camera degli Sposi in Mantua and Antonio da Correggio's (1489–1534) Assumption of the Virgin in the Parma Cathedral.

Similarly, Vittorio Carpaccio (1460–1525) and Jacopo de' Barbari (c. 1440 – before 1516) added small trompe-l'œil features to their paintings, playfully exploring the boundary between image and reality. For example, a painted fly might appear to be sitting on the painting's frame, or a curtain might appear to partly conceal the painting, a piece of paper might appear to be attached to a board, or a person might appear to be climbing out of the painting altogether—all in reference to the contest of Zeuxis and Parrhasius.

Quadratura

File:Flucht vor der Kritik, Pere Borrell del Caso - 9626.jpg, 1874]]

Perspective theories in the 17th century allowed a more fully integrated approach to architectural illusion, which when used by painters to "open up" the space of a wall or ceiling is known as quadratura. Examples include Pietro da Cortona's Allegory of Divine Providence in the Palazzo Barberini and Andrea Pozzo's Apotheosis of St Ignatius on the ceiling of the Roman church of Sant'Ignazio in Campo Marzio.

The Mannerist and Baroque style interiors of Jesuit churches in the 16th and 17th centuries often included such {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} ceiling paintings, which optically "open" the ceiling or dome to the heavens with a depiction of Jesus', Mary's, or a saint's ascension or assumption. An example of a perfect architectural {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} is the illusionistic dome in the Jesuit church, Vienna, by Andrea Pozzo, which is only slightly curved, but gives the impression of true architecture.

{{lang|fr|Trompe-l'œil}} paintings became very popular in Flemish and later in Dutch painting in the 17th century arising from the development of still life painting. The Flemish painter Cornelis Norbertus Gysbrechts created a chantourné painting showing an easel holding a painting. Chantourné literally means 'cutout' and refers to a trompe-l'œil representation designed to stand away from a wall.[http://www.webexhibits.org/arrowintheeye/illusion3.html 'Illusion, Delusion, Collusion, and Perceptual Paradox', in: Michael Kubovy and Christopher Tyler, Psychology of Perspective and Renaissance Art] The Dutch painter Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten was a master of the {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} and theorized on the role of art as the lifelike imitation of nature in his 1678 book, the Introduction to the Academy of Painting, or the Visible World (Inleyding tot de hooge schoole der schilderkonst: anders de zichtbaere werelt, Rotterdam, 1678).Susan Merriam, 'Seventeenth-century Flemish Garland Paintings: Still Life, Vision, and the Devotional Image', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2012[https://books.google.com/books?id=8iL0uoNEJXUC&q=%22illusionism+in+Dutch+and+Flemish+Art%22 Thijs Weststeijn, 'The Visible World: Samuel Van Hoogstraten's Art Theory and the Legitimation of Painting in the Dutch Golden Age'], Amsterdam University Press, 2008

A fanciful form of architectural {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}}, quodlibet, features realistically rendered paintings of such items as paper knives, playing cards, ribbons, and scissors, apparently accidentally left lying around.{{cite book |last=Curl |first=James Stevens |title=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofarch00curl_0 |url-access=registration |year=2006 |type=Paperback |edition=Second |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-860678-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofarch00curl_0/page/880 880] pages}}

{{lang|fr|Trompe-l'œil}} can also be found painted on tables and other items of furniture, on which, for example, a deck of playing cards might appear to be sitting on the table. A particularly impressive example can be seen at Chatsworth House in Derbyshire, where one of the internal doors appears to have a violin and bow suspended from it, in a trompe-l'œil painted around 1723 by Jan van der Vaart.{{cite web |last=van der Vaardt |first=Jan |title=Violin and bow hanging from door |url=http://art.chatsworth.org/image/455206/jan-van-der-vaart-violin-and-bow-hanging-on-a-door |work=Devonshire Collection |publisher=Bridgeman Art Library |access-date=15 April 2012 |location=Chatsworth House UK |format=Painting |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221062549/http://art.chatsworth.org/image/455206/jan-van-der-vaart-violin-and-bow-hanging-on-a-door |url-status=dead }} Another example can be found in the Painted Hall at the Old Royal Naval College, Greenwich, London. This Wren building was painted by Sir James Thornhill, the first British born painter to be knighted and is a classic example of the Baroque style popular in the early 18th century. The American 19th-century still-life painter William Harnett specialized in {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}}.

In the 20th century, from the 1960s on, the American Richard Haas and many others painted large {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} murals on the sides of city buildings. From the beginning of the 1980s when German artist Rainer Maria Latzke began to combine classical fresco art with contemporary content, {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} became increasingly popular for interior murals. The Spanish painter Salvador Dalí utilized the technique for a number of his paintings.{{Google books|af-jY2dC5XYC|Dali and Postmodernism|page=PA74}}

In other art forms

{{lang|fr|Trompe-l'œil}}, in the form of "forced perspective", has long been used in stage-theater set design, so as to create the illusion of a much deeper space than the existing stage. A famous early example is the Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza, with Vincenzo Scamozzi's seven forced-perspective "streets" (1585), which appear to recede into the distance.

File:Fresco with Trompe l'oeuil - Andrea Pozzo -Jesuit Church Vienna.jpg, Vienna, by Andrea Pozzo, 1703]]

{{lang|fr|Trompe-l'œil}} is employed in Donald O'Connor's famous "Running up the wall" scene in the film Singin' in the Rain (1952). During the finale of his "Make 'em Laugh" number he first runs up a real wall. Then he runs towards what appears to be a hallway, but when he runs up this as well we realize that it is a large {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} mural. More recently, Roy Andersson has made use of similar techniques in his feature films.{{cite web|url=http://fourthreefilm.com/2015/06/a-pigeon-sat-on-a-branch-reflecting-on-existence-an-interview-with-cinematographer-istvan-borbas/|title=A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence – An Interview with Cinematographer István Borbás|author=Bateman, Conor|publisher=4:3|date=11 June 2015|access-date=22 July 2015}}

Matte painting is a variant of {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}}, and is used in film production with elements of a scene are painted on glass panels mounted in front of the camera.

Elsa Schiaparelli frequently made use of {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} in her designs, most famously perhaps in her Bowknot Sweater, which some consider to be the first use of {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} in fashion. The Tears Dress, which she did in collaboration with Salvador Dalí, features both appliqué tears on the veil and trompe-l'œil tears on the dress itself.{{Cite web|url=https://spikeartmagazine.com/articles/tears-dress-elsa-schiaparelli-and-salvador-dali|title = "The Tears Dress" by Elsa Schiaparelli and Salvador Dalí|date = 17 April 2018}}

Fictional trompe-l'œil appears in many Looney Tunes, such as the Road Runner cartoons, where, for example, Wile E. Coyote paints a tunnel on a rock wall, and Road Runner then races through the fake tunnel. This is usually followed by the coyote's foolishly trying to run through the tunnel after the road runner, only to smash into the hard rock-face. This sight gag was employed in Who Framed Roger Rabbit.

In Chicago's Near North Side, Richard Haas used a 16-story 1929 apartment hotel converted into a 1981 apartment building for {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} murals in homage to Chicago school architecture. One of the building's sides features the Chicago Board of Trade Building, intended as a reflection of the building located two miles south.{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/288.html |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |title=The City as Artifact |access-date=2007-08-05}}{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/3766.html |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |title=Mural, Homage to the Chicago School, by Richard Haas, 1980 |access-date=2007-08-05}}

Several contemporary artists use chalk on pavement or sidewalk to create {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} works, a technique called street painting or "pavement art". These creations last only until washed away, and therefore must be photographed to be preserved. Practitioners of this form include Julian Beever, Edgar Mueller, Leon Keer, and Kurt Wenner.

The Palazzo Salis of Tirano, Italy, has over centuries and throughout the palace used trompe-l'œil in place of more expensive real masonry, doors, staircases, balconies, and draperies to create an illusion of sumptuousness and opulence.Paull, J. (2015) [http://www.slideshare.net/fullscreen/johnpaull/tiranos-palace-of-trompe-loeil Tirano's Palace of Trompe L'Oeil: A Photographic Exhibition by John Paull] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208185147/http://www.slideshare.net/fullscreen/johnpaull/tiranos-palace-of-trompe-loeil |date=2015-12-08 }} SlideShare.

Trompe-l'œil in the form of illusion architecture and Lüftlmalerei is common on façades in the Alpine region.

Trompe-l'œil, in the form of "illusion painting", is also used in contemporary interior design, where illusionary wall paintings experienced a renaissance since around 1980. Significant artists in this field are the German muralist Rainer Maria Latzke, who invented, in the 1990s, a new method of producing illusion paintings, frescography, and the English artist Graham Rust.

OK Go's music video for "The Writing's on the Wall" uses a number of {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} illusions alongside other optical illusions, captured through a one-shot take.{{Cite web | url = http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/06/17/ok_go_video_illusions_fill_the_writing_s_on_the_wall.html | title = The Writing's on the Wall | first = Phil | last= Plait | date = 2014-06-17 | access-date= 2014-06-18 | publisher = Slate }} Trompe-l'œil illusions have been used as gameplay mechanics in video games such as The Witness and Superliminal.{{cite web | url = https://blog.us.playstation.com/2019/12/10/perception-is-reality-superliminal-coming-to-ps4/ | title = Perception is Reality: Superliminal Coming to PS4 | first = Albert | last =Shih | date = December 10, 2019 | access-date = January 6, 2020 | work = PlayStation Blog }}

Japanese filmmaker and animator Isao Takahata regarded achieving a sense of {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} to be important for his work, stating that an animated world should feel as if it "existed right there" so that "people believe in a fantasy world and characters that no one has seen in reality."{{cite magazine | url = https://www.wired.co.uk/article/isao-takahata-interview | title = Studio Ghibli's Isao Takahata on animating his final film | first = Matt | last = Kamen | date = March 19, 2015 | access-date = April 6, 2018 | magazine = Wired UK | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180407115854/http://www.wired.co.uk/article/isao-takahata-interview | archive-date = 2018-04-07 | url-status = live }}

Tourist attractions employing large-scale illusory art allowing visitors to photograph themselves in fantastic scenes have opened in several Asian countries, such as the Trickeye Museum and Hong Kong 3D Museum.{{Cite web|url=http://cnbc.com/2014/08/28/3d-museums-next-big-thing-for-asia-tourism.html|title = 3-D museums: Next big thing for Asia tourism?|website = CNBC|date = 28 August 2014}}{{Cite news|url=http://straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/3-d-art-wows-visitors|title=3-D art wows visitors | the Straits Times|newspaper=The Straits Times |date=13 June 2014 |last1=Seow |first1=Bei Yi }}

Recently a Trick Art Museum opened in Europe and uses more photographic approaches.{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/espana/catalunya/disfruta/abci-museo-donde-eres-parte-obra-202112151454_noticia.html|title = El museo donde tú eres parte de la obra|website = ABC|date = 15 December 2021}}

Artists

File:Tromp-l'oeil Still-Life 1664 Hoogstraeten.jpg (1627–1678); 1664]]

Image:Haberle A Bachelors Drawer.jpg (1890–1894)]]

Old Masters

19th century and modern masters

Contemporary

Paintings

File:Jan van Eyck 054-096.jpg|The Annunciation Diptych by Jan van Eyck, detail (c. 1433–1435)

File:Christus carthusian.jpg|Portrait of a Carthusian by Petrus Christus (1446). Note the fly near the bottom.

File:Jacopo de' Barbari 001.jpg|Still-Life with Partridge and Gauntlets by Jacopo de' Barbari, 1504. The first still-life trompe-l'œil since antiquity

File:Hungarian - Trompe-l'Oeil Stem of a Maltese Cross - Google Art Project.jpg|Trompe-l'Oeil stem of a Maltese Cross (1561) by Joris Hoefnagel

File:Gerard Houckgeest 002.jpg|Church interior by Gerard Houckgeest (c. 1654)

File:Cornelius Norbertus Gijsbrechts - Trompe l’oeil Studio Wall with a Vanitas Still Life.jpg|Trompe l'oeil Studio Wall with Vanitas Still Life, Cornelis Norbertus Gijsbrechts, 1664

File:Cornelius Norbertus Gijsbrechts - Trompe l'oeil. The Reverse of a Framed Painting - Google Art Project.jpg|The reverse of a framed painting by Cornelis Norbertus Gijsbrechts, 1670

File:Cornelis Biltius - Trompe l'oeil with a bird cage.jpg|Trompe l'oeil with a bird cage, Cornelis Biltius, 1680s

File:Jean-François de Le Motte. Trompe-l'oeil.jpg|{{lang|fr|Trompe-l'oeil}}, Jean-François de Le Motte, 1680–1700

File:Nicola van Houbraken - Self-portrait.jpg|Portrait of François Rivière by Nicola van Houbraken, c. 1700

File:Carl Hofverberg - Trompe l´oeil 1737 - Google Art Project.jpg|Trompe l´oeil 1737 by Carl Hofverberg

File:Jacobus Plasschaert - A 'trompe l'oeil' of a wooden panelling with a painted canvas of a landscape 'capriccio', a pile of prints with a repetition of the painted subject, an almanach, sealed letters.jpg|A 'trompe l'oeil' of a wooden panelling with a painted canvas of a landscape 'capriccio', a pile of prints with a repetition of the painted subject, an almanach, sealed letters and playing cards, Jacobus Plasschaert, 1650s

File:Printed Pages, Trompe lOeil (Nicolaas de Wit) - Gothenburg Museum of Art - GKM 1072.tif|Printed Pages. Trompe l'œil by Nicolaas de Wit, 1740

File:Johann Heinrich Füssli 066.jpg|Trompe l'œil by Henry Fuseli, 1750

File:Antonio Pérez de Aguilar - Cupboard - Google Art Project.jpg|Antonio Pérez de Aguilar, Cupboard, c. 1769, National Gallery of Art

File:Paris louvre boilly trompe l'oeil.jpg|Trompe l'œil dit aux dessins et aux savoyards by Louis-Léopold Boilly, c. 1804–1807

File:William Michael Harnett 001.jpg|The Faithful Colt 1890 by William Michael Harnett

File:Char side vieuw.jpg|Char de la Ville (photographed 2006)—the "sculpture" is a flat cutout

File:Theodor Pištěk, Josef N., (1978).jpg|Theodor Pištěk, Josef N., (1978), Art Library Project

File:Ceiling piece with birds, by Abraham Busschop.jpg|Ceiling piece with birds by Abraham Busschop, 1708

Murals

File:Théâtre Saint-Georges1.jpg|Complete anamorphosis of the frontage of the Saint-Georges Theatre

Image:Mantegna.jpg|Oculus on the ceiling of the Spouses Chamber, castle of San Giorgio in Mantua, Italy, by Andrea Mantegna

File:Brivio.church.cupola.jpg|{{lang|fr|Trompe-l'œil}} cupola in the church of Brivio, Italy

File:Marolles1 (4889175932).jpg|Painted windows, Rue de l'Épée/Zwaardstraat, Brussels

Image:Le_pigeon.jpg|A {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} of a pigeon on a window sill, façade mural, rue Emile Lepeu in the 11th arrondissement of Paris, France

Image:SchwetzingenSchlossgarten.jpg|Mural in Schwetzingen, Germany (the view "through" the wall at the end)

Image:Lyon, Trompe d'oeil at night.jpg|A {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} in Lyon, France

Image:utmural.jpg|Bronze Statues {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} in Mt. Pleasant, Utah

Image:Chateau Thal Entrance to library.jpg|Architectural wall and ceiling {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}}, Entrance to the library of Chateau Thal, by Rainer Maria Latzke

Image:Trompe lóeil Villa Paradou.jpg|Painted trompe-l'œil mosaic, floor in the Villa Paradou in Nice, France, by Rainer Maria Latzke

File:LA founding historical mural.jpg|Los Angeles Plaza Historic District: mural off Alameda Street

File:John Pugh's mural on a façade of Taylor Hall at California State University at Chico can easily cause double-takes LCCN2013631111.tif|Conceptual {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} mural at California State University, Chico titled "Academe", featuring Doric columns and crumbling walls, by John Pugh

Sculptures

Image:Bankfield Museum 035.jpg|19th-century marble bust with apparently transparent veil, Bankfield Museum, Halifax, West Yorkshire.

Image:Bankfield Museum 036.jpg|The same bust seen in profile. The effect is consistent from all angles and from close up.

Image:Magic_carpet_mosaic_fountain.jpg|A modern {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} mosaic fountain at Brighton, in the form of a carpet thrown over marble steps.

Image:La tombe de Rudolf Noureev (Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois) (8351663480).jpg|Tomb of Rudolf Nureyev draped in a mosaic oriental carpet sculpture.

Architecture

Image:Forced perspective gallery by Francesco Borromini.jpg|Architectural {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} in the Palazzo Spada, Rome, by Francesco Borromini

Image:BiellaDuomo.jpg|The interior of the cathedral in Biella (Italy) is considered a masterpiece of {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}}

File:SanSatiroInteriors.jpg|The interior of Santa Maria presso San Satiro, Milan viewed from the nave

File:SanSatiroInteriors3_crop.jpg|The trompe-l'œil choir at Santa Maria presso San Satiro, by Donato Bramante, viewed from the side

File:Chateau_Tanlay_galerie_trompe-l-oeil.jpg|Gallery painted in {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} in the Château de Tanlay, France

File:Interior of Teatro Olimpico (Vicenza)- Scaenae frons close-up - La porta regia.jpg|Detail of the forced perspective stage scenery of the Teatro Olimpico, as viewed through the porta reggia of the scaenae frons, Vicenza, northern Italy

File:Painted Hall.jpg|The Painted Hall at the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich, London, England, designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor. The paintings by Sir James Thornhill comprise architectural trompe-l'œil; for instance, the Corinthian columns look fluted whilst the far wall depicts pilasters and an entablature. In practice none of these elements exist in the third dimension

File:Henry G. Marquand House Conservatory Stained Glass Window.jpg|19th-century stained-glass window made for the Henry Gurdon Marquand's mansion in New York

Use in films

Singin' in the Rain (1952)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Where the Heart Is (1990)
Millennium Actress (2001)
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)
Bewitched (2005)
Westworld (Season 1, Episode 7) (2016)

Notes

External links

{{cite journal |last1=Wade |first1=Nicholas J |last2=Hughes |first2=Patrick |title=Fooling the Eyes: Trompe L'Oeil and Reverse Perspective |journal=Perception |date=September 1999 |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1115–1119 |doi=10.1068/p281115 |pmid=10694961 |s2cid=690634 }}
{{cite journal |last1=Kaufmann |first1=Thomas DaCosta |last2=Kaufmann |first2=Virginia Roehrig |title=The Sanctification of Nature: Observations on the Origins of Trompe l'oeil in Netherlandish Book Painting of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries |journal=The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal |date=1991 |volume=19 |pages=43–64 |jstor=4166611 }}
{{cite journal |last1=Nanay |first1=Bence |title=Trompe l'oeil and the Dorsal/Ventral Account of Picture Perception |journal=Review of Philosophy and Psychology |date=March 2015 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=181–197 |doi=10.1007/s13164-014-0219-y |hdl=10067/1232140151162165141 |s2cid=256075115 |hdl-access=free }}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20051203041258/http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2002/slideshow/slide-176-1.shtm Deceptions and Illusions], National Gallery of Art exhibition on {{lang|fr|Trompe-l'œil}} paintings
[http://www.uh.edu/~englmi/BorgesBaroqueIllusionism/ Trompe l'œil Tricks: Borges' Baroque Illusionism], essay by Lois Parkinson Zamora comparing {{lang|fr|trompe-l'œil}} to the literature of Borges
[http://www.italian-frescos.com/trompe-l%E2%80%99oeil-su-misura/?lang=en Custom trompe l'œil Paintings], Fresco Blog
[http://murals.trompe-l-oeil.info murals.trompe-l-oeil.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212005022/http://murals.trompe-l-oeil.info/ |date=2011-12-12 }}, More than 10 000 pictures and 1200 Outdoor murals of France and Europe
[http://archeologue.over-blog.com/article-6969508.html Paris: Trompe-l'œil, surréalisme urbain?], Avenue George V. Text and photography by Catherine-Alice Palagret
[https://vistas.ace.fordham.edu/themes/art-world-images-07/ "The Mechanics of the Art World", Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820.]
[https://www.magic-world.es/de/ Trick Art Museum: Magic World Museum Barcelona ]