trona

The word entered English by way of either Swedish ({{lang|sv|trona}}) or Spanish ({{lang|es|trona}}), with both possible sources having the same meaning as in English: the mineral natron from North Africa. Both the Spanish and Swedish{{cite web | url=https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=T_2555-0096.Xb77-0001 | title=Trona-salt | SAOB }} terms derive from the Arabic trōn, which in turn derives from Arabic natron and Hebrew {{lang|he|נתרן|rtl=yes}} (natruna), which comes from ancient Greek {{lang|grc|νιτρον}} (nitron), derived ultimately from ancient Egyptian ntry (or ''nitry'’).{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

File:Trona from Trona.jpg near the town of Trona, California]] Trona is found at Owens Lake and Searles Lake, California; the Green River Formation of Wyoming and Utah; the Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana and in the Nile Valley in Egypt.C. Michael Hogan (2008) [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 Makgadikgadi], The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham The trona near Green River, Wyoming, is the largest known deposit in the world and lies in layered evaporite deposits below ground, where the trona was deposited in a lake during the Paleogene Period.Wyoming Mining Association (2017). [https://www.wyomingmining.org/minerals/trona/ Wyoming Mining Association: Trona Mining] Wyoming Mining Association. Retrieved on 2017-10-25. Trona has also been mined at Lake Magadi in the Kenyan Rift Valley for nearly 100 years. The northern part of Lake Natron is covered by a 1.5 m thick trona bed,Manega, P.C., Bieda, S., 1987. Modern sediments of Lake Natron, Tanzania. Sciences Geologiques. Bulletin 40, 83–95. and occurs in 'salt' pans in the Etosha National Park in Namibia.Eckardt, F. D., Drake, N., Goudie, A. S., White, K., & Viles, H. (2001). The role of playas in pedogenic gypsum crust formation in the Central Namib Desert: a theoretical model. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 26(11), 1177–1193. The Beypazari region in the Ankara Province of Turkey has some 33 trona beds in two fault-bound lensoid bodies in and above oil shales of the Lower Hirka Formation (16 in the lower and 17 in the upper body).Helvaci, C., 1998. The Beypazari trona deposit, Ankara Province, Turkey. In: Dyni, J.R., Jones, R. W. (Eds.), Proceedings of the first international soda-ash conference; Volume II, v. 40: Laramie, WY, Public Information Circular – Geological Survey of Wyoming, pp. 67–103. The Wucheng basin trona mine, Henan Province China has some 36 trona beds (693–974 m deep), the lower 15 beds are 0.5–1.5 m thick, thickest 2.38 m; the upper 21 beds are 1–3 m thick, with a maximum of 4.56 m hosted and underlain by dolomitic oil shales of the Wulidui Formation.Zhang, Youxun, 1985. Geology of the Wucheng trona deposit in Henan, China. In: Schreiber, B.C., Warner, H.L. (Eds.), Sixth international symposium on salt, 1, pp. 67–73.

Trona has also been found in magmatic environments.{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00410-002-0401-6 | doi=10.1007/s00410-002-0401-6 | title=PH changes in peralkaline late-magmatic fluids | date=2002 | last1=Markl | first1=Gregor | last2=Baumgartner | first2=Lukas | journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology | volume=144 | issue=3 | pages=331–346 | bibcode=2002CoMP..144..331M | s2cid=128954565 | url-access=subscription }} Research has shown that trona can be formed by autometasomatic reactions of late-magmatic fluids or melts (or supercritical fluid-melt mixtures), with earlier crystallized rocks within the same plutonic complex, or by large-scale vapor unmixing in the very final stages of magmatism.

File:Trona crystal structure.jpg indicated by the solid gray line. ]]

The crystal structure of trona was first determined by Brown et al. (1949).{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1107/S0365110X4900045X | doi=10.1107/S0365110X4900045X | title=The crystal structure of sodium sesquicarbonate | date=1949 | last1=Brown | first1=C. J. | last2=Peiser | first2=H. S. | last3=Turner-Jones | first3=A. | journal=Acta Crystallographica | volume=2 | issue=3 | pages=167–174 | bibcode=1949AcCry...2..167B | url-access=subscription }} The structure consists of units of 3 edge-sharing sodium polyhedra (a central octahedron flanked by septahedra), cross-linked by carbonate groups and hydrogen bonds. Bacon and Curry (1956)Bacon, G.E., and Curry, N.A. (1956) A neutron-diffraction study of sodium sesquicarbonate. Acta Crystallographica, 9, 82–85. refined the structure determination using two-dimensional single-crystal neutron diffraction, and suggested that the hydrogen atom in the symmetric (HC₂O₆)³⁻ anion is disordered. The environment of the disordered H atom was later investigated by Choi and Mighell (1982){{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1107/S0567740882010164 | doi=10.1107/S0567740882010164 | title=Neutron diffraction study of sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate | date=1982 | last1=Choi | first1=C. S. | last2=Mighell | first2=A. D. | journal=Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry | volume=38 | issue=11 | pages=2874–2876 | bibcode=1982AcCrB..38.2874C | url-access=subscription }} at 300 K with three-dimensional single-crystal neutron diffraction: they concluded that the H atom is dynamically disordered between two equivalent sites, separated from one another by 0.211(9) Å. The dynamically disordered H atom was reinvestigated at low temperature by O'Bannon et al. 2014 and they concluded that it does not order at temperatures as low as 100K.{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2014-4919 | doi=10.2138/am-2014-4919 | title=Trona at extreme conditions: A pollutant-sequestering material at high pressures and low temperatures | date=2014 | last1=O'Bannon | first1=E. | last2=Beavers | first2=C. M. | last3=Williams | first3=Q. | journal=American Mineralogist | volume=99 | issue=10 | pages=1973–1984 | bibcode=2014AmMin..99.1973O | s2cid=101336393 | url-access=subscription }}

• Trona is a common source of soda ash, which is a significant economic commodity because of its applications in manufacturing glass, chemicals, paper, detergents, and textiles.
• It is used to condition water.
• It is used to remove sulfur from both flue gases and lignite coals.Kong Y., and Wood M.D. (2010) Dry injection of trona for SO3 control. Power, 154, 114–118.{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2010.518220 | doi=10.1080/15567036.2010.518220 | title=The Removal of Sulfur from Dursunbey and İskilip Lignites in Turkey, Using Natural Trona: 1. The Effect of the Thermal Method | date=2013 | last1=Sütcü | first1=H. | last2=Eker | first2=Y. | journal=Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects | volume=35 | pages=83–91 | s2cid=98118578 | url-access=subscription }}
• It is a product of carbon sequestration of flue gases.{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.061 | doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.061 | title=Carbon dioxide capture capacity of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution | date=2013 | last1=Yoo | first1=Miran | last2=Han | first2=Sang-Jun | last3=Wee | first3=Jung-Ho | journal=Journal of Environmental Management | volume=114 | pages=512–519 | pmid=23183145 | bibcode=2013JEnvM.114..512Y | url-access=subscription }}
• It is also used as a food additive.{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00107-4 | doi=10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00107-4 | title=East African magadi (Trona): Fluoride concentration and mineralogical composition | date=1999 | last1=Nielsen | first1=Joan M. | journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences | volume=29 | issue=2 | pages=423–428 | bibcode=1999JAfES..29..423N | url-access=subscription }}

• Rio Tinto – Owens Lake
• Magadi Soda Company
• Searles Valley Minerals Inc.
• Solvay{{cite web|title=2015 Wyoming Mines State Inspector Annual Report|url=http://www.wyomingworkforce.org/_docs/mines/ar/2015.pdf|accessdate=2017-10-25|ref=wy-2015annualreport|date=2016-03-25|page=58}}
• Tata Chemicals
• Genesis Alkali formerly Tronox Alkali formerly FMC Corporation
• General Chemical
• Ciner Wyoming formerly OCI Chemical Corp.
• ANSAC
• Eti Soda, Turkey
• Kazan Soda Elektrik, Turkey
• Church & Dwight – Green River Mine{{Cite web |title=The Trona Industry in Sweetwater County {{!}} Green River, WY |url=https://www.cityofgreenriver.org/246/The-Trona-Industry-in-Sweetwater-County |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.cityofgreenriver.org}}{{Cite web |title=Church and Dwight {{!}} Consumer Goods {{!}} Home and Personal Care Products |url=https://churchdwight.com/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=churchdwight.com}}
• Intrepid Potash{{Cite web |title=Locations |url=https://www.intrepidpotash.com/locations/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Intrepid Potash |language=en}}
• Simplot{{Cite web |title=The J.R. Simplot Company – Bringing Earth's Resources to Life |url=https://www.simplot.com/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.simplot.com |language=en}}

• Natron
• Nahcolite
• Shortite
• Sodium sesquicarbonate
• Thermonatrite

{{reflist}}

Category:Sodium minerals

Category:Carbonate minerals

Category:Monoclinic minerals

Category:Minerals in space group 15

Category:Evaporite

Category:Luminescent minerals

Category:Green River Formation

Category:Dihydrate minerals