tsugaru-jamisen

While it is clear that the {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}} originated from China through Okinawa in the 16th century CE, the specific developers of {{transliteration|ja|tsugaru-jamisen}} are not known with certainty, largely because written records of its development were not kept nor was it ever formally recognized by the Japanese government.{{sfn|Peluse|2005|pp=60–62}} What is known is that {{transliteration|ja|tsugaru-jamisen}} originated from a small peninsula due west of present-day Aomori Prefecture called Tsugaru.{{sfn|Peluse|2005|p=59}} In addition, some researchers have conjectured on the style's origins based on available evidence. There is some consensus that the style was developed by homeless and blind individuals called {{transliteration|ja|bosama}}.{{sfn|Peluse|2005|p=61}}

One scholar, Daijō Kazuo, proposed that the genre originated from a {{transliteration|ja|bosama}} named Nitabō on the basis of interviews of musicians and their families.{{sfn|Peluse|2005|pp=61–62}} According to his research, Nitabō acquired and modified a {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}} in 1877 for which he adopted a different playing style.{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=110}} Nitabō rounded off the plectrum of the instrument such that it was shaped like a rice paddle. In addition, he adopted a playing style with the {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}} held upright, included the area around the bridge as the playing area, and incorporated beating and slapping the strings in contrast to exclusive use of the plectrum.{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=110}} However, other scholars, such as Gerald Groemer, argue that due to a lack of documentation, the account advanced by Kazuo may not be entirely accurate.{{sfn|Peluse|2005|p=62}}

Nitabō had multiple blind students, such as Kinobo and Chōsakubo, who contributed to the development of the style. Nitabō's last student, Shirakawa Gunpachirō, performed outside of the Tsugaru region as a part of a folk performance troupe. Gunpachirō also performed in professional settings, such as in concert halls in Tokyo.{{sfn|Peluse|2005|p=62}} As a result of his successes, {{transliteration|ja|tsugaru-jamisen}} became popular in the 1920s, but its popularity waned with the onset of the Second Sino-Japanese War later in the decade.{{sfn|Peluse|2005|p=62}}

During 1955–1965, many performers of the genre moved to urban centers in Japan such as Tokyo.{{sfn|Groemer|1999|p=72}} This migration was part of a larger movement due to a boom in the traditional arts in Japan.{{sfn|Peluse|2005|p=62}} {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-jamisen}} enjoyed another bout of popularity when Gunpachirō performed with {{transliteration|ja|enka}} star Michiya Mihashi at the Nihon Theater in Tokyo in 1959. As a result of this mass exposure to the genre, younger practitioners of the genre began to emerge.{{sfn|Peluse|2005|pp=62–63}} Takahashi Chikuzan, who was also a {{transliteration|ja|bosama}}, was also a highly regarded practitioner of the genre and began touring Japan in 1964.{{sfn|Peluse|2005|p=63}}

File:Yoshida Brothers at Webster Hall, in November 2012 (by May S. Young).jpg performing in concert at Webster Hall in November 2012]]

{{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-jamisen}} is played on a larger {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}} called {{nihongo||太棹|futozao}} with a thicker neck and thicker strings than those used for most other styles.{{sfn|Dodd|Richmond|2011|loc=Hirosaki}}{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=88}} {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-jamisen}} is easy to recognize by its percussive quality (the plectrum striking the body of the instrument on each stroke) and the lilt of the rhythms performed. Unlike most other Japanese music, some {{transliteration|ja|tsugaru-jamisen}} pieces are in triple time,{{sfn|Groemer|1999|pp=117, 135}}{{sfn|Ogawa|Yoshitomi|1999|p=125}} though the three beats are not accentuated in the manner of Western music.

{{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-shamisen}} has a large and steadily growing repertory. Interviews with noted performers such as Takahashi Chikuzan{{sfn|Halliwell|2001|p=158}} and Yamada Chisato and recordings issued by stars of the past allow one to produce the following table. Most of the titles given below exist in two versions: in song form (a vocal line with {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}} and {{transliteration|ja|taiko}} drum accompaniment) and as a solo {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}} piece (see sixth group below). Recently, younger performers have been attempting to combine {{transliteration|ja|tsugaru-shamisen}} playing styles or motives with jazz, rock, and other forms of more commercial music. With the exception of arrangements classified as {{transliteration|ja|shin min'yō}}, these pieces are usually considered to be traditional.

• A. {{nihongo3|quasi-narrative songs||Kudoki bushi}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Suzuki Mondo}}, now rarely played
• {{transliteration|ja|Jonkara kudoki}}, now rarely played
• B. {{nihongo3|"Three {{transliteration|ja|tsugaru}} songs"||Tsugaru (no) mitsumono}}{{sfn|Guo|2005|p=88}}
• :ja:津軽じょんから節
• {{nihongo3|"new song"||shin bushi}}
• {{nihongo3|"middle song"||naka bushi}}
• {{nihongo3|"old song"||kyū bushi}}
• {{nihongo3|"new old song"||shin kyū bushi}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru yosare bushi}}
• {{nihongo3|"new song"||shin bushi}}
• {{nihongo3|"old song"||kyū bushi}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru ohara bushi}}
• {{nihongo3|"new song"||shin bushi}}
• {{nihongo3|"old song"||kyū bushi}}
• C. {{nihongo3|"Five Tsugaru Songs"—the "Three Tsugaru Songs" above, plus the following two||Tsugaru (no) itsutsumono}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru aiya bushi}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru san-sagari}}
• D. {{nihongo3|"old folk songs"||Kyū min'yō}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Yasaburō bushi}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru jinku}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Dodarebachi}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Ajigasawa jinku}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Tosa no sunayama}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru ondo}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Torajōsama}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Tanto Bushi}}
• Others
• E. {{nihongo3|"new folk songs"||Shin min'yō}}
• {{transliteration|ja|Waiha bushi}} (composed in 1932 by the singer Narita Unchiku (1888–1974))
• {{transliteration|ja|Ringo bushi}} (composed by Narita Unchiku in 1954)
• Others
• F. {{nihongo3|{{transliteration|ja|shamisen}} solos and improvisation||Kyokubiki}}: potentially all songs of B, C, D, and E (most commonly B), as well as free improvisation, freely entitled by performers.
• {{transliteration|ja|Iwaki}} (Takahashi Chikuzan)
• {{transliteration|ja|Arashi}} (Yamada Chisato)
• Others, etc.
• G. {{nihongo3|ensemble playing of multiple {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}}, occasionally supplemented by other instruments such as percussion, {{transliteration|ja|taishō-goto}}, {{transliteration|ja|koto}}, etc.||Gassō|also referred to as {{transliteration|ja|kyoku-awase}}. Most often versions of {{transliteration|ja|Jonkara bushi}}; sometimes other songs of groups B to E above; occasionally newly composed pieces or free improvisation on standard patterns.}}

The {{transliteration|ja|tsugaru-jamisen}} is characterized by many distinct phrases and styles. In acrobatic technique ({{transliteration|ja|kyokubiki}}), improvising is the feature. The player will often strike the strings and skin very hard and fast with the {{transliteration|ja|bachi}}. They use only left index and ring finger traditionally, and the scale is basically pentatonic (do re mi sol la). A technique unique to the {{transliteration|ja|tsugaru-jamisen}} style in recent years is the tremolo played with the back of the {{transliteration|ja|bachi}} without hitting the skin.

Group A presents songs that are only rarely heard today, though they were once the mainstay of the repertoire of itinerant, often blind, musician-beggars known as {{transliteration|ja|bosama}}. At the start of the 20th century, these {{transliteration|ja|kudoki}} were gradually displaced by shorter non-narrative songs. The {{transliteration|ja|bosama}} (and, in time, other performers) tended to concentrate their efforts on some five favorite songs (Group C). By the middle of the 20th century three songs (Group B) and their {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}} versions had become the core of the {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-shamisen}} repertoire, which they remain today. Indeed, "{{transliteration|ja|Jonkara bushi|italic=no}}"—in a version that the old {{transliteration|ja|bosama}} would probably not even recognize—has today become virtually a symbol of the timeless "spirit of Tsugaru".

The songs of group D—though no less traditional than those of groups A, B, and C—were not, it seems, a major part of the {{transliteration|ja|bosama}} repertoire. Instead, they tended to be sung by non-professionals, generally without {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}} accompaniment. But with the {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-shamisen}} "boom" after World War II, these songs began to receive renewed attention. {{transliteration|ja|Shamisen}} accompaniments were composed or arranged by such performers as Takahashi Chikuzan (Takahashi 1976:142). Somewhat earlier there had been a nationwide movement to produce "new folk songs" (see Hughes 1985:144-54, 281–309; Kojima 1970), resulting in the songs listed in Group E. More recently still, solo {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}} versions of the songs of Group D have been arranged. Solo versions of the older songs have become the center of the repertoire, leading to the development of long solo improvisations (Group F) and ensemble playing (Group G).

One of the most interesting characteristics of the {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-shamisen}} repertoire is what might be termed its cumulative nature. As can be seen from the listing of songs in Group B, newer variants of songs tend to coexist alongside older versions, rather than replacing them. Although the older songs and their {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}} accompaniments or {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}} solo versions have no doubt themselves been somewhat transformed from what they were many decades ago (and they of course were never an entirely uniform to begin with), it remains certain that the "old", "middle", and "new" versions are differentiated not merely stylistically but also historically. Their structural differences contain, as it were, a congealed history.

• Yoshida Brothers
• Shirakawa Gunpachirō
• Takahashi Chikuzan
• Kida Rinshōe
• Fukushi Masakatsu
• Oyama Mitsugu
• Mihashi Michiya
• Yamada Chisato
• Shibutani Kazuo
• Hiromitsu Agatsuma
• Shin'ichi Kinoshita
• Michihiro Sato
• Kevin Kmetz
• Kyle Abbott
• Masahiro Nitta
• Mike Penny
• Mitsuou Oyama
• Mitsugu Oyama
• Yutaka Oyama
• Shamimaster Shishido(Kouzan Oyama)
• Yoshikazu Oyama
• Seiyu Oyama
• Nitta Oyako
• Chie Hanawa
• Ki&Ki – Kanami and Hikari
• Beni Ninagawa (Wagakki Band)
• Shinobu Kawashima
• Noriko Tadano

• Oyama Ryu
• Sawada Ryu

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book

| last1=Dodd

| first1=Jan

| last2=Richmond

| first2=Simon

| title=The Rough Guide to Japan

| date=2011

| publisher=Penguin

| location=London

| isbn=978-1-4053-8926-6

| edition=5th

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-guH1q__1wC&q=Tsugaru-jamisen&pg=PT522

}}

• {{cite book

| last1=Groemer

| first1=Gerald

| title=The Spirit of Tsugaru: Blind Musicians, Tsugáru-jamisen, and the Folk Music of Northern Japan

| date=1999

| publisher=Harmonie Park Press

| location=Warren, Mich.

| isbn=0-89990-085-2

}}

• {{cite book

|editor1-last=Guo

|editor1-first=Nanyan

|title=Tsugaru: regional identity on Japan's northern periphery

|date=2005

|publisher=University of Otago Press

|location=Dunedin, N.Z.

|isbn=1-877372-08-0

|chapter=Tsugaru Shamisen

}}

• {{cite journal

| last1=Halliwell

| first1=Patrick

| title=Review: The Spirit of Tsugaru: Blind Musicians, Tsugaru-jamisen, and the Folk Music of Northern Japan by Gerald Groemer

| journal=Asian Folklore Studies

| date=2001

| volume=60

| issue=1

| pages=158–160

| doi=10.2307/1178707

| jstor=1178707

}}

• {{cite book

| last1=Miki

| first1=Minoru

| title=Composing for Japanese Instruments

| date=2008

| publisher=University of Rochester Press

| location=Rochester, NY

| isbn=978-1-58046-273-0

}}

• {{cite journal

| last1=Ogawa

| first1=Yoko

| last2=Yoshitomi

| first2=Katunobu

| title=Preference for Bouncing Rhythm in Japanese Folk Songs by Young Generation

| journal=Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education

| date=1999

| volume=141

| issue=141

| pages=124–128

| jstor=40318997

}}

• {{cite journal

| last1=Peluse

| first1=Michael S.

| title=Not Your Grandfather's Music: Tsugaru Shamisen Blurs the Lines between "Folk," "Traditional," and "Pop"

| journal=Asian Music

| date=2005

| volume=36

| issue=2

| pages=57–80

| jstor=4098516

| doi=10.1353/amu.2005.0024

| s2cid=194103673

}}

Daijō Kazuo

Daijō has spent most of his life studying The {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-Shamisen}} and has met many of the old {{transliteration|ja|bosama}}. His writings, often in semi-novelistic form, emphasize that everything originated with one "{{transliteration|ja|Nitabō|italic=no}}". Most scholars{{Who|date=July 2011}} reject this unilinear derivation of the genre.

• 1984 {{transliteration|ja|Genkon Tsugaru-shamisen}}. Gōdō Shuppan.
• 1986 "{{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-shamisen no rekishi: sono seishin to fūdo|italic=no}}". In {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-shamisen taizen}} (6 cassettes and book). Tokyo: King Records K25H-5274-8.
• 1995 {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-shamisen no tanjo: minzoku geinō no seisei to ryūsei}}. Tokyo Shin'yosha.

Groemer, Gerald

• 1991 The Autobiography of Takahashi Chikuzan: Adventures of a Tsugaru-jamisen musician. Warren Michigan: Harmonie Park Press.
• 1993 "{{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-jamisen ni okeru sokkyō ensōteki yōso no bunseki|italic=no}}." Tōyō ongaku kenkyū 57:41–61.
• 1999 The Spirit of Tsugaru: Blind Musicians, Takahashi Chikuzan, and the Folk Music of Northern Japan. Warren, Michigan: Harmonie Park Press. 321 pp., illust., biblio.
• 2012 The Spirit of Tsugaru: Blind Musicians, Takahashi Chikuzan, and the Folk Music of Northern Japan, 2nd revised edition. Hirosaki: Tsugaru Shobō. 369 pp., illust., photographs, biblio.

The new edition includes a good deal of newly discovered historical information and brings the volume up to date. Currently only available from amazon.co.jp, it remains the most detailed study of {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-shamisen}} to date in any language. Includes a translation of Takahashi Chikuzan's autobiography (Takahashi 1976)

Hughes, David

• 1985 The Heart's Home Town: Traditional Folk Song in Modern Japan. PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.

(introduction to Japanese folk song in general).

Johnson, Henry

• 2010 [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213141302/http://brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=210&pid=28179 The {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}}: Tradition and diversity.] Leiden/Boston: Brill. {{ISBN|978 90 04 18137 3}}

Kimura Genzō

• 1974 "{{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-shamisen no keifu|italic=no}} (1–24)", Tōō Nippō, Oct.16-Dec.14.

Kojima Tomiko

• 1970 "{{transliteration|ja|Shin-min'yō undō no ongakushi-teki igi|italic=no}}". Engekigaku 11:1–29.

(Study of the "new folk song" movement)

Matsuno Takeo

• 1935 "{{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru min'yō-shi|italic=no}}". Kyōdo-shi Mutsu 1:90–118; 3:115–157; 4:93–112.

Suda Naoyuki and Anthony Rausch

• 1998 The Birth of Tsugaru Shamisen Music. Aomori: Aomori University Press.

(Abridged translation of Daijō 1995 and includes some more general anthropological material).

Takahashi Chikuzan

• 1973 {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-shamisen Takahashi Chikuzan}} (liner notes). Tokyo: CBS Sony SODL 17.
• 1976 {{transliteration|ja|Jiden: Tsugaru-shamisen hitori tabi}}. Tokyo: Shinshokan.

(Autobiography of one of the {{transliteration|ja|Tsugaru-shamisen}} greats of the past. Translated in Groemer 1991, 1999, and 2012).

• [http://www.bachido.com/ Bachido: International {{transliteration|ja|Shamisen}} Community]
• [http://www.shamimaster.com/tsugarushamisen.html Kouzan Oyama: All about {{transliteration|ja|tsugaru-jamisen}}]

Category:Japanese folk music

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Category:Japanese words and phrases

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