tuanshan
{{Short description|Traditional Chinese rigid fan, typically circular}}
{{Infobox clothing type
|location=China
|introduced=Japan
|material=Silk
|type=Circular, rigid Hand fan
|image_file=Circular Silk Fan with the Calligraphy & Painting and a Lacquered Handle 2013-07.JPG
|image_size=175px
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| t = 團 扇
| p = Tuánshàn
| l = Circular fan
| lang1 = English
| lang1_content = (Chinese) rigid fan/ Pien mien
}}
{{Transliteration|zh|Tuanshan}} ({{Lang-zh|c=|t=團扇|p=tuánshàn|l=circular fan}}), also called {{Transliteration|zh|gongshan}} ({{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|p=|l=palace fan}}),{{Cite web |title=Chinese Fan, Once a Symbol of Literati and Social Status - 中国东盟传媒网 |url=http://www.china-asean-media.com/show-114-22801-1.html |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.china-asean-media.com}} {{Transliteration|zh|bian mian}} ({{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|p=|l=|j=pien mien|labels=no}}),{{Cite book |last=Garrett |first=Valery |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794664023 |title=Chinese Dress : From the Qing Dynasty to the Present. |date=2012 |publisher=Tuttle Pub |isbn=978-1-4629-0694-9 |location=New York |oclc=794664023}}{{Rp|pages=203, 206}} fan of reunion, are typically silk rigid hand fan which originated in China; they are typically circular or oval in shape.{{Cite web |title=Chinese Fans {{!}} Chinese Art Gallery {{!}} China Online Museum |url=http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/painting-fans.php |access-date=2021-03-28 |website=www.chinaonlinemuseum.com}}{{Cite book |last=Qian |first=Gonglin |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52979000 |title=Chinese fans : artistry and aesthetics |date=2004 |publisher=Long River Press |isbn=1-59265-020-1 |edition=1st |location=San Francisco |oclc=52979000}}{{Rp|pages=|page=5}}{{Rp|pages=|page=206}} Up to the Song dynasty, the {{Transliteration|zh|tuanshan}} appears to have the most common types of the fans in China. These types of fans were mostly used by women in the Tang dynasty.{{Cite web |date=2019-06-04 |title=A Brief Introduction to Hanfu's Fans Culture - 2021 |url=https://www.newhanfu.com/886.html |access-date=2021-03-28 |website=www.newhanfu.com |language=en-US}} {{Transliteration|zh|Tuanshan}} with Chinese paintings and with calligraphy became very popular by the Song dynasty{{Rp|pages=8, 12–16}} among court circles and artists and even continued to be in use even by the end of the 19th century.{{Rp|pages=|page=206}} The {{Transliteration|zh|tuanshan}} was also used as part of the traditional Chinese wedding and was part of the ceremonial wedding rite.{{Cite web |title=Chinese Fan — History, Tradition, and Culture {{!}} ChinaFetching |url=https://www.chinafetching.com/chinese-fan |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=ChinaFetching.com |language=en}} They continue to be produced and sold in present-day China and has become a common form of accessory in {{Transliteration|zh|Hanfu}}.{{Cite web |title=汉服那些事儿——汉服配饰知多少_腾讯新闻 |url=https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20200701A0TNB000 |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=new.qq.com |language=zh}}
The {{Transliteration|zh|tuanshan}} was also introduced in other countries, such as Japan. The {{Transliteration|zh|tuanshan}} also remained mainstream in China even after the growing popularity of the folding fans which originated in Japan.{{Rp|pages=8, 12–16}}
Origins
The {{Transliteration|zh|tuanshan}} originated in China, its prototype was round silk fan which was developed in the Eastern Han dynasty which was itself developed based on the earlier Chinese fans design.{{Cite journal |last1=Peng |first1=Jing |last2=Ruan |first2=Tianhua |date=2019 |title=The application of fan culture in environmental design |url=https://webofproceedings.org/proceedings_series/ECOM/MFSSR%202019/MFSSR19036.pdf |journal=2019 International Conference on Management, Finance and Social Sciences Research (MFSSR 2019) |publisher=Francis Academic Press, UK |pages=163–169 |doi=10.25236/mfssr.2019.036|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 }}
Cultural significance
Fans play a significant aspect in Chinese culture and Chinese life regarding of social identities and ranks, having functional usage such as cooling and facilitates air circulation and was used as a sartorial accessory and held an important ceremonial use.{{Cite web |title=Ethereal beauty - National Museum in Krakow |url=http://mnk.pl/photo-galleries/ethereal-beauty |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=mnk.pl}} Over time, the Chinese fans have evolved in a cultural artifacts which reflects and incorporate the essence of Chinese folklore culture.
= Wedding =
Chinese brides also used a type of moon-shaped {{Transliteration|zh|tuanshan}} in traditional Chinese wedding called {{Transliteration|zh|queshan}}. The ceremonial rite of {{Transliteration|zh|queshan}} was an important ceremony in Chinese wedding: the bride would hold it in front of her face to hide her shyness, to remain mysterious, and as a way to exorcise evil spirits. After all the other wedding ceremonies were completed, such as drinking the {{Transliteration|zh|hejin}} wine, and after the groom had impressed the bride (e.g. reciting poems), the bride would then proceed in revealing her face to the groom by removing the {{Transliteration|zh|queshan}} from her face. This ceremonial rite is referred as Etiquette of removing fan; the performance of such rite can be traced back to the Tang dynasty and continued in the Song dynasty.
Design and construction
{{See also|Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing}}
The {{Transliteration|zh|tuanshan}} is composed of a handle or stick with a rigid mount like a frame and a fabric whose shape will conform to the desired shape of the {{Transliteration|zh|tuanshan}}.{{Cite book |last=Weilin |first=Yuan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1281183954 |title=Silk ribbon embroidery Chinese style : an illustrated stitch guide |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-938368-73-8 |location=Shanghai |oclc=1281183954}}{{Rp|pages=256}} Traditionally, they were made of bamboo or ivory with silk fabric, which would stretch across the rigid frame.{{Rp|pages=|page=206}} It could be decorated with Chinese embroideries or Chinese paintings.{{Rp|pages=|page=206}}
File:兩漢服人hanfu.jpg|Hanfu enthusiasts in shenyi holding oblong-shaped tuanshan
File:曲阜師範大学の洙泗部の写真.jpg|Hanfu enthusiasts holding round-shaped tuanshan
See also
Gallery
File:Chen Hongshou, Appreciating Plums, detail.jpg|A woman holding a flat oval fan with a Chinese painting from the painting "Appreciating Plums" by Chen Hongshou (1598–1652).
File:Circular Silk Fan with "Cat and Calligraphy" and a Wooden Handle 2013-07.JPG|An hexagonal rigid fan with a Chinese painting of a cat and a calligraphy, late Qing dynasty.
Notes
References
{{Reflist}}{{Types of Han Chinese clothing}}