tubercle (bone)

The humerus has two tubercles, the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. These are situated at the proximal end of the bone, that is the end that connects with the scapula. The greater/lesser tubercule is located from the top of the acromion laterally and inferiorly.

The radius has two, the radial tuberosity and Lister's tubercle.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

On a rib, tubercle is an eminence on the back surface, at the junction between the neck and the body of the rib. It consists of an articular and a non-articular area. The lower and more medial articular area is a small oval surface for articulation with the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae which gives attachment to the head. The higher, non-articular area is a rough elevation which gives attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper ribs than in the lower ribs.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

The most prominent tubercle of the tibia, a leg bone which is more commonly known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the tibial tuberosity. The tibial tuberosity is located on the tibia's anterior surface, distal to the medial condyle. It creates a bony prominence just below the patella, and can be easily located with the fingers. It creates an attachment point for the ligamentum patellae, or patellar ligament. Other tubercles of the tibia include the medial intercondylar tubercle, the lateral intercondylar tubercle, and Gerdy's tubercle.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

A trochanter is one of up to three tubercles of the femur:

• Greater trochanter
• Lesser trochanter
• Third trochanter, which is occasionally present

File:Proximal fractures of 5th metatarsal.jpg:
- Proximal diaphysis, typically stress fracture.{{cite journal | vauthors = Bica D, Sprouse RA, Armen J | title = Diagnosis and Management of Common Foot Fractures | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 93 | issue = 3 | pages = 183–91 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26926612 | pmc = | doi = | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26926612 }}{{cite web|title=5th Metatarsal|url=https://www.aci.health.nsw.gov.au/networks/eci/clinical/clinical-resources/clinical-tools/orthopaedic-and-musculoskeletal/musculoskeletal-orthopaedic-guide/5th-metatarsal|website=Emergency Care Institute, New South Wales|date=2017-09-19}}
- Metaphysis: Jones fracture{{cite web|title=Toe and Forefoot Fractures|url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00165|website=OrthoInfo - AAOS|access-date=15 October 2017|date=June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016013850/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00165|archive-date=16 October 2017}}
-Tuberosity: Pseudo-Jones fracture{{cite web |url= http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/825060-overview |title= Foot Fracture | first = Robert | last = Silbergleit | name-list-style = vanc |publisher = Medscape.com |access-date= 19 October 2011}} (avulsion fracture).
Normal anatomy:
- Apophysis: Normal at 10 - 16 years.{{cite journal | vauthors = Deniz G, Kose O, Guneri B, Duygun F | title = Traction apophysitis of the fifth metatarsal base in a child: Iselin's disease | journal = BMJ Case Reports | volume = 2014 | issue = may14 4 | pages = bcr2014204687 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24832713 | doi = 10.1136/bcr-2014-204687 | pmc = 4025211 }}
- Os vesalianum, an accessory bone.{{cite journal | vauthors = Nwawka OK, Hayashi D, Diaz LE, Goud AR, Arndt WF, Roemer FW, Malguria N, Guermazi A | display-authors = 6 | title = Sesamoids and accessory ossicles of the foot: anatomical variability and related pathology | journal = Insights into Imaging | volume = 4 | issue = 5 | pages = 581–93 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 24006205 | pmc = 3781258 | doi = 10.1007/s13244-013-0277-1 }}]]

In the fifth metatarsal bone, the most proximal part of the bone is termed the "tuberosity", and the secondary ossification center that is normally present thereon in children is termed the "apophysis".

{{anchor|Apophysitis}}

The main type of fracture affecting tubercles is avulsion fracture, by pulling the attached tendon.

Apophysitis is an inflammation of a tubercle. It mainly affects growing children, with overuse of the affected tubercle.{{Cite web | url=http://orthokids.org/Condition/Osgood-Schlatter-s |title = OrthoKids - Osgood-Schlatter's Disease}}{{cite web|url=http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/bones/severs_disease.html |title=Sever's Disease |publisher=Kidshealth.org |accessdate=2014-04-29}}{{cite journal |author=Hendrix CL |title=Calcaneal apophysitis (Sever disease) |journal=Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=55–62, vi |year=2005 |pmid=15555843 |doi=10.1016/j.cpm.2004.08.011}} Examples include:

• Osgood–Schlatter disease (apophysitis of the tibial tubercle)
• Sever's disease (apophysitis of the posterior tubercle of the heel)
• Sinding-Larsen and Johansson syndrome (apophysitis of the inferior pole of the patella){{Cite web|url=https://www.orthobullets.com/knee-and-sports/3030/sinding-larsen-johansson-syndrome|title=Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Syndrome - Knee & Sports - Orthobullets|website=www.orthobullets.com|access-date=2019-08-05}}

Enthesitis is an anatomically close but separate condition, wherein there is inflammation of the entheses, the sites where tendons or ligaments insert into the bone.{{cite journal| title=Enthesitis | journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology | author=Maria Antonietta D'Agostino, MD | author2=Ignazio Olivieri, MD |publisher=Clinical Rheumatology |volume=20|issue=3 | pages=473–86 | doi=10.1016/j.berh.2006.03.007 | date= June 2006| pmid=16777577 }}{{cite web| url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/enthesitis| title=Enthesitis | author=The Free Dictionary|year=2009| accessdate=2010-11-27}} It is associated with HLA B27 arthropathies such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and reactive arthritis.{{cite journal|last1=Schett|first1=G|last2=Lories|first2=RJ|last3=D'Agostino|first3=MA|last4=Elewaut|first4=D|last5=Kirkham|first5=B|last6=Soriano|first6=ER|last7=McGonagle|first7=D|title=Enthesitis: from pathophysiology to treatment|journal=Nature Reviews Rheumatology|date=November 2017|volume=13|issue=12|pages=731–41|doi=10.1038/nrrheum.2017.188|pmid=29158573|s2cid=24724763|type=Review}}{{cite journal|last1=Schmitt|first1=SK|title=Reactive Arthritis|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|date=June 2017|volume=31|issue=2|pages=265–77|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2017.01.002|pmid=28292540|type=Review}}

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Category:Skeletal system