univerbation
{{Short description|Method of word formation}}
In linguistics, univerbation is the diachronic process of combining a fixed expression of several words into a new single word.Brinton, Laurel J., & Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 2005. Lexicalization and Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 48.
The univerbating process is epitomized in Talmy Givón's aphorism that "today's morphology is yesterday's syntax".Givón, Talmy. 1971. Historical syntax and synchronic morphology: an archaeologist's field trip. Chicago Linguistic Society 7 (1):394–415, p.413.
Examples
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
Some univerbated examples are always (from all [the] way; the s was added later), onto (from on to), albeit (from all be it), and colloquial gonna (from going to) and finna (from fixin' to).
Although a univerbated product is normally written as a single word, occasionally it remains orthographically disconnected. For example, {{wikt-lang|fr|bon marché}} (French, {{literally|good deal}}) acts like a single adjectival word that means 'cheap', the opposite of which is {{lang|fr|cher}} ('costly') as opposed to {{lang|fr|[un] mauvais marché}} ('a bad deal').
Similar phenomena
It may be contrasted with compounding (composition). Because compound words do not always originate from fixed phrases that already exist, compounding may be termed a "coercive" or "forced" process. Univerbation, on the other hand, is considered a "spontaneous" process.{{cite journal |last1=Lehmann |first1=Christian |title=Univerbation |journal=Folia Linguistica Historica |date=2021 |volume=42 |pages=TBD |url=https://www.christianlehmann.eu/publ/lehmann_univerbation.pdf |quote=Univerbation is the syntagmatic condensation of a sequence of words recurrent in discourse into one word.}}
It differs from agglutination in that agglutination is not limited to the word level.{{cite book|last=Lehmann|first=Christian|title=Thoughts on grammaticalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNu7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|edition=3|year=2015|publisher=Language Science Press|isbn=978-3-946234-05-0|page=161|quote= In fact, univerbation has traditionally been opposed to composition, this pair of terms being sometimes rendered in German by {{lang|de|Zusammenrückung}} [univerbation] vs. {{lang|de|Zusammensetzung}} [composition]. […] Univerbation is restricted to the syntagmatic axis and may affect […] any two particular word forms which happen to be habitually used in collocation. Composition, as a schema of word-formation, presupposes a paradigm in analogy to which it proceeds and affects a class of stems according to a structural pattern.}}
Crasis (merging of adjacent vowels) is one way in which words are univerbated in some languages.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}