unpaired word
{{Short description|Word that would appear to have a related word but does not}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2010}}
An unpaired word is one that, according to the usual rules of the language, would appear to have a related word but does not.{{Cite book|title=Mind Your Words Master the Art of Learning and Teaching Vocabulary |date=2013|publisher=Trafford on Demand Pub|author=Injeeli, Prudent |isbn=978-1-4669-9131-6|oclc=850242046}} Such words usually have a prefix or suffix that would imply that there is an antonym, with the prefix or suffix being absent or opposite. If the prefix or suffix is negative, such as 'dis-' or '-less', the word can be called an orphaned negative.{{Cite web|title=Orphaned negative |website=Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable |url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/brewerphrase/orphaned_negative/0|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-10-05}}
Unpaired words can be the result of one of the words falling out of popular usage, or can be created when only one word of a pair is borrowed from another language, in either case yielding an accidental gap, specifically a morphological gap. Other unpaired words were never part of a pair; their starting or ending phonemes, by accident, happen to match those of an existing morpheme, leading to a reinterpretation.
The classification of a word as "unpaired" can be problematic, as a word thought to be unattested might reappear in real-world usage or be created, for example, through humorous back-formation. In some cases a paired word does exist, but is quite rare or archaic (no longer in general use).
Such words – and particularly the back-formations, used as nonce words – find occasional use in wordplay, particularly light verse.
In English
class="wikitable"
! Word ! Paired word(s) ! Notes on paired word |
Awful
| Awless | Not attested |
Disambiguate
| Ambiguate{{efn|name=rare|Words not attested or very rare in English usage.}} | Not attested. Disambiguate derives from dis- + ambigu(ous) + -ate in the mid-20th century |
Discomfit
| Comfit | Not an antonym. Comfit (noun) is a candy comprising a sugar-coated nut or fruit. From Old French confit, from Latin confectum meaning "put together". Discomfit probably includes some conflation with discomfort. |
Disgruntle
| Gruntle{{efn|name=joke|Jocular or facetious coinages as intentional back-formation.}} | Humorous back-formation, circa 1938. |
Disgusting
| Gusting | From Latin gustāre meaning to taste; antonym form appeared in Old French desgouster |
Disheveled, Dishevelled
| Sheveled,{{efn|name=rare}} Shevelled{{efn|name=rare}} | Not attested. Disheveled is from Old French deschevelé. |
Exasperate
| Asperate | Synonym. To make rough, a similar connotation to exasperate's secondary meaning of increasing the intensity of pain. |
Feckless
| Feckful | Used in Scottish English{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Feckful|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feckful|access-date=December 18, 2020|website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster}} |
Gormless
| Gormful | Not attested. Gormless derives from gaumless, whose antonym gaumy is rare and highly region-specific. |
Improvisation
| Provisation | Not attested, as something created with forethought. |
Impulsive
| Pulsive | Rare. Means "tending to compel; compulsory". |
Incorrigible
| Corrigible | Rare. Typically describes the abstract, such as a theory, rather than a person.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} |
Indomitable
| Domitable | Rare |
Ineffable
| Effable | Rare |
Inert
| Ert{{efn|name=rare}} | Not attested. Inert is from Latin iners, meaning "without skill". The corresponding Latin antonym, ars, is the source of English art, which is not an antonym of inert. |
Inflammable
| Flammable | Synonym. From Latin flammare meaning "to catch fire". Inflammable is from Latin inflammare meaning "to cause to catch fire". Antonym is nonflammable.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Flammable vs. Inflammable|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/flammable-or-inflammable|access-date=December 12, 2020|website=Merriam-Webster.com dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster}} |
Innocent
| Nocent | Rare. Means "harmful". |
Innocuous
| Nocuous |
Irritate
| Ritate | Not attested |
Nonchalant
| Chalant | Humorous back-formation, popularized by platforms like TikTok.{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Luke |title=What Does "Chalant" Mean? (And Is It a Real Word?) |url=https://www.wikihow.com/Chalant |website=Wikiwhow |access-date=16 January 2025}} |
Noncommittal
| Committal | Not an antonym. Committal (noun) means "the process of sending someone to a mental institution".{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Committal|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/committal|access-date=December 18, 2020|website=Cambridge Dictionary|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} |
Nonplussed
| Plussed{{efn|name=joke}} | Not attested. Nonplussed is from Latin non plus, meaning "no more".{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=What's Going On With 'Nonplussed'?|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/nonplussed|access-date=December 18, 2020|website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster}} |
Nonsensical
| Sensical | Rare. Nonsensical is derived from nonsense.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nonsense|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nonsensical|access-date=January 18, 2022|website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster}} |
Off-putting
| Putting | Not antonyms. |
Overwhelm / Underwhelm
| Whelm | From Middle English whelmen meaning "to turn over".{{Cite web|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED52466|title = Whelmen - Middle English Compendium}} May mean "to moderately impress" in recent usage.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Whelm|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/whelm|access-date=2020-12-18|website=Merriam-Webster.com dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|language=en}} |
Postpone
| Prepone | Used in Indian English{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Words We're Watching: Prepone|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/prepone|access-date=December 18, 2020|website=Merriam-Webster}} |
Rebuttal
| Buttal | Not attested |
Reckless
| Reckful | Not attested |
Repeat
| Peat | Unrelated in meaning. Means a soil formed of decomposition of plant matter. |
Rueful
| Rueless | Not attested |
Ruthless
| Ruthful | Rare. Means "full of or causing sorrow".{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Ruthful|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ruthful|access-date=December 18, 2020|website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster}} |
Uncouth
| Couth{{efn|name=joke}} | Rare. From Old English cunnan meaning "well-known" or "familiar". |
Ungainly
| Gainly | Rare |
Unkempt
| Kempt | Rare. Kempt was replaced by passive participle combed as comb replaced kemb. While unkempt extended to grooming and hygiene generally, combed did not undergo the same extension. Appears in the form well-kempt. |
Unruly
| Ruly | Rare |
Unscathed
| Scathed | Rare |
Unstinting
| Stinting | Rare |
Untoward
| Toward | Not an antonym. Untoward evolved from figurative alterations of toward involving deviation from norms; toward acquired no similar figurative meanings. |
Unwieldy
| Wieldy | Rare |
See also
- Accidental gap
- Back-formation
- Cranberry morpheme
- Defective verb – other form of lexical gap
- Eggcorn
- False cognate
- Fossilization (linguistics)
- Polarity item
Notes
{{noteslist}}
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/unpaired.htm "Unpaired words"] at World Wide Words
- [http://www.2wheels.org.uk/return/absent-antonyms.asp "Absent antonyms"] at 2Wheels: The Return
- [http://www.phrases.org.uk/bulletin_board/20/messages/136.html Words with no opposite equivalent], posted by James Briggs on April 2, 2003, at The Phrase Finder
- [http://schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/19/brev-is-the-soul-of-wit/ Brev Is the Soul of Wit], Ben Schott, The New York Times, April 19, 2010
- Parker, J. H. "The Mystery of The Vanished Positive" in Daily Mail, Annual for Boys and Girls, 1953, Ed. French, S. Daily Mail: London pp. 42–43 – article on the topic, ending in a short poem {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040311201723/http://www.kittybrewster.com/descript.htm "A Very Descript Man"]}} using humorous opposites of unpaired words
- Jack Winter, [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1994/07/25/1994_07_25_082_TNY_CARDS_000367745 "How I Met My Wife"], The New Yorker, July 25, 1994, p. 82, uses many unpaired words for humorous effect
- [https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-1304,00.html Semantic Enigmas: "I once read a nonsense poem that removed the apparently negative prefixes of words like 'inept', 'inert' and 'uncouth' to make new words: 'ept', 'ert' and 'couth'. I've searched for the poem since, but no luck. Can anyone help?"], The Guardian – cites "Gloss" by David McCord and "A Dream of Couth" in The Game of Words by Willard R. Espy