unpaired word

{{Short description|Word that would appear to have a related word but does not}}

{{more citations needed|date=January 2010}}

An unpaired word is one that, according to the usual rules of the language, would appear to have a related word but does not.{{Cite book|title=Mind Your Words Master the Art of Learning and Teaching Vocabulary |date=2013|publisher=Trafford on Demand Pub|author=Injeeli, Prudent |isbn=978-1-4669-9131-6|oclc=850242046}} Such words usually have a prefix or suffix that would imply that there is an antonym, with the prefix or suffix being absent or opposite. If the prefix or suffix is negative, such as 'dis-' or '-less', the word can be called an orphaned negative.{{Cite web|title=Orphaned negative |website=Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable |url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/brewerphrase/orphaned_negative/0|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-10-05}}

Unpaired words can be the result of one of the words falling out of popular usage, or can be created when only one word of a pair is borrowed from another language, in either case yielding an accidental gap, specifically a morphological gap. Other unpaired words were never part of a pair; their starting or ending phonemes, by accident, happen to match those of an existing morpheme, leading to a reinterpretation.

The classification of a word as "unpaired" can be problematic, as a word thought to be unattested might reappear in real-world usage or be created, for example, through humorous back-formation. In some cases a paired word does exist, but is quite rare or archaic (no longer in general use).

Such words – and particularly the back-formations, used as nonce words – find occasional use in wordplay, particularly light verse.

In English

class="wikitable"

! Word

! Paired word(s)

! Notes on paired word

Awful

| Awless

| Not attested

Disambiguate

| Ambiguate{{efn|name=rare|Words not attested or very rare in English usage.}}

| Not attested. Disambiguate derives from dis- + ambigu(ous) + -ate in the mid-20th century

Discomfit

| Comfit

| Not an antonym. Comfit (noun) is a candy comprising a sugar-coated nut or fruit. From Old French confit, from Latin confectum meaning "put together". Discomfit probably includes some conflation with discomfort.

Disgruntle

| Gruntle{{efn|name=joke|Jocular or facetious coinages as intentional back-formation.}}

| Humorous back-formation, circa 1938.

Disgusting

| Gusting

| From Latin gustāre meaning to taste; antonym form appeared in Old French desgouster

Disheveled, Dishevelled

| Sheveled,{{efn|name=rare}} Shevelled{{efn|name=rare}}

| Not attested. Disheveled is from Old French deschevelé.

Exasperate

| Asperate

| Synonym. To make rough, a similar connotation to exasperate's secondary meaning of increasing the intensity of pain.

Feckless

| Feckful

| Used in Scottish English{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Feckful|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feckful|access-date=December 18, 2020|website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster}}

Gormless

| Gormful

| Not attested. Gormless derives from gaumless, whose antonym gaumy is rare and highly region-specific.

Improvisation

| Provisation

| Not attested, as something created with forethought.

Impulsive

| Pulsive

| Rare. Means "tending to compel; compulsory".

Incorrigible

| Corrigible

| Rare. Typically describes the abstract, such as a theory, rather than a person.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Indomitable

| Domitable

| Rare

Ineffable

| Effable

| Rare

Inert

| Ert{{efn|name=rare}}

| Not attested. Inert is from Latin iners, meaning "without skill". The corresponding Latin antonym, ars, is the source of English art, which is not an antonym of inert.

Inflammable

| Flammable

| Synonym. From Latin flammare meaning "to catch fire". Inflammable is from Latin inflammare meaning "to cause to catch fire". Antonym is nonflammable.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Flammable vs. Inflammable|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/flammable-or-inflammable|access-date=December 12, 2020|website=Merriam-Webster.com dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster}}

Innocent

| Nocent

| Rare. Means "harmful".

Innocuous

| Nocuous

| Uncommon{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nocuous|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nocuous|access-date=December 18, 2020|website=Merriam-Webster}}

Irritate

| Ritate

| Not attested

Nonchalant

| Chalant

| Humorous back-formation, popularized by platforms like TikTok.{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Luke |title=What Does "Chalant" Mean? (And Is It a Real Word?) |url=https://www.wikihow.com/Chalant |website=Wikiwhow |access-date=16 January 2025}}

Noncommittal

| Committal

| Not an antonym. Committal (noun) means "the process of sending someone to a mental institution".{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Committal|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/committal|access-date=December 18, 2020|website=Cambridge Dictionary|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}

Nonplussed

| Plussed{{efn|name=joke}}

| Not attested. Nonplussed is from Latin non plus, meaning "no more".{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=What's Going On With 'Nonplussed'?|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/nonplussed|access-date=December 18, 2020|website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster}}

Nonsensical

| Sensical

| Rare. Nonsensical is derived from nonsense.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nonsense|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nonsensical|access-date=January 18, 2022|website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster}}

Off-putting

| Putting

| Not antonyms.

Overwhelm / Underwhelm

| Whelm

| From Middle English whelmen meaning "to turn over".{{Cite web|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED52466|title = Whelmen - Middle English Compendium}} May mean "to moderately impress" in recent usage.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Whelm|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/whelm|access-date=2020-12-18|website=Merriam-Webster.com dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|language=en}}

Postpone

| Prepone

| Used in Indian English{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Words We're Watching: Prepone|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/prepone|access-date=December 18, 2020|website=Merriam-Webster}}

Rebuttal

| Buttal

| Not attested

Reckless

| Reckful

| Not attested

Repeat

| Peat

| Unrelated in meaning. Means a soil formed of decomposition of plant matter.

Rueful

| Rueless

| Not attested

Ruthless

| Ruthful

| Rare. Means "full of or causing sorrow".{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Ruthful|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ruthful|access-date=December 18, 2020|website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster}}

Uncouth

| Couth{{efn|name=joke}}

| Rare. From Old English cunnan meaning "well-known" or "familiar".

Ungainly

| Gainly

| Rare

Unkempt

| Kempt

| Rare. Kempt was replaced by passive participle combed as comb replaced kemb. While unkempt extended to grooming and hygiene generally, combed did not undergo the same extension. Appears in the form well-kempt.

Unruly

| Ruly

| Rare

Unscathed

| Scathed

| Rare

Unstinting

| Stinting

| Rare

Untoward

| Toward

| Not an antonym. Untoward evolved from figurative alterations of toward involving deviation from norms; toward acquired no similar figurative meanings.

Unwieldy

| Wieldy

| Rare

See also

Notes

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References

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