user:Zodon/drafts

Family Planning and Access to Safe and Legal Abortion Are Vital to Safeguard the Environment

http://www.arhp.org/Publications-and-Resources/Contraception-Journal/December-2007

Of 210 million pregnancies annually worldwide, 80 million (38%) are unplanned, and 46 million (22%) end in abortion, 34 million unintended births.

(By comparison - US % unplannned, % abortion?)

In US of 6.1 million pregnancies in 2001, half were unintended (as were more than 80% of the 800,000 annual teen pregnancies), resulting in 1.3 million abortions, 4 million births (of which one-third were unintended) and 800,000 miscarriages.

Information on world unintended pg - Long acting contraception decrease unintended Pg.

http://www.arhp.org/publications-and-resources/contraception-journal/september-2008

Has some material on IUDs that might be useful also. (Cost/profit/insurance coverage/...)

Plan for mother and child health.

For maternal and baby’s health, wait until mother is at least 18 years old, before trying to become pregnant.{{cite web |url=http://www.esdproj.org/site/PageServer?pagename=Themes_Spacing_KeyMessages |

title = Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy: HTSP Messages |

publisher = USAID |accessdate=13 May 2008}}

If desire an additional child, healthiest for mother and succeeding child to wait at least 2 years after previous birth before attempting to conceive (but not more than 5 years). After a miscarriage or abortion, wait at least 6 months.

[http://www.esdproj.org/site/PageServer?pagename=Themes_Spacing_Research References for USAID HTSP]

Child spacing less than 18 months or more than 5 years resulted in increased risk of premature birth or low birth rate.

{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=1855377&page=1

|title = Mind the Baby Gap: Spacing Out Pregnancies Is Important

|publisher = ABC News |author=KHAMA ENNIS-HOLCOMBE, M.D. |date=April 18, 2006 }}

"4 million babies die each year within a month of birth, including almost 19,000 in the U.S. The World Health Organization estimates that just over a fourth of these deaths are directly related to premature birth."

"In the United States between 6% and 10% of pregnancies among women who have already given birth occur less than six months after childbirth."

"Researchers found that infants born to women who conceived less than six months after giving birth had a 40% increased risk for being born prematurely and a 61% increased risk of low birth weight, compared with infants born to mothers who waited 18 months to two years between pregnancies."

{{cite web |title=Pregnancy Spacing Affects Outcome |url=http://www.webmd.com/news/20060418/pregnancy-spacing-affects-outcome

|publisher = Web MD |author=Salynn Boyles |date=April 18, 2006 |accessdate=13 May 2008}}

(Based on article in JAMA)

Raising a child uses significant amount of resources.

Moneyhttp://www.msmoney.com/mm/planning/marriage/family_planning.htm, time, social, environmental.

Planning can help assure that resources are available. (needs citation)

Childbirth and prenatal health care cost averaged $7,090 for normal delivery in 1996.Mushinski, M. (1998). Average charges for uncomplicated vaginal, cesarean and VBAC deliveries: Regional variations, United States, 1996. Statistical Bulletin 79(3):17-28.

Estimated expenses raise child born in 2007 to age 17:

$196,010 $269,040 $393,230 (low mid high income groups)

title = Expenditures on Children by Families, 2007; Miscellaneous Publication Number 1528-2007 |

publisher = United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion |

url = http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/CRC/crc2007.pdf |

url = http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/ExpendituresonChildrenbyFamilies.htm |

Breaks down cost by age, type of expense, region of country. Adjustments for number of children (one child - spend 24% more, 3 or more spend less on each child.)

11,500 15,800 23,100 (average annual expenditure).

College expenses (average annual expenses 2007-2008)

at 4-year public colleges (in-State) tuition and fees averaged $6,185, room and board $7,404

at 4-year private (nonprofit) colleges tuition and fees averaged $23,712, room and board $8,595

For 2-year public colleges, tuition and fees averaged $2,360

"College Board (2008) estimated that in 2007-2008, annual average (enrollment-weighted)

tuition and fees were $6,185 at 4-year public colleges (in-State tuition) and $23,712 at 4-year private (nonprofit) colleges; annual room and board was $7,404 at 4-year public colleges and $8,595 at 4-year private colleges. For 2-year colleges in 2007-2008, annual average tuition and fees were $2,360 at public colleges."

"The time involved in rearing children is considerable."

For more on these indirect costs, see.

Ireland, T.R., & Ward, J.O. (1995). Valuing Children in Litigation: Family and Individual Loss Assessment. Lawyers and Judges Publishing Company, Inc., Tucson, AZ.

Bryant, W.K., Zick, C.D., & Kim, H. (1992). The Dollar Value of Household Work. College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Spalter-Roth, R.M., & Hartmann, H.I. (1990). Unnecessary Losses: Costs to Americans of the Lack of Family and Medical Leave. Institute for Women’s Policy Research, Washington, DC.

Parental leave

Child care

Health care (Nutrition, Exercise, Public health, Preventive medicine)

Education

Person has a large environmental impact.

Deciding to create a new one is

Deciding whether to have a child is one of the most

Individual influence on population.

I PAT

I = P × A × T

Average life expectancy at birth:

• World 66 years
• China 73 years
• US 78 years

[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf United Nations World Population Propsects: 2006 revision]{{spaced ndash}}Table A.17 for 2005-2010List of countries by life expectancy

• Water

{{seealso | water crisis}}

• Water footprint

Water usage:

• World 81,840 m³ water/person
• China 51,100 m³ water/person
• US 193,440 m³ water/person

The global average Water Footprint is 1240 m³ water/person/year. The Chinese average is 700 m³ water/person/year one of the smallest in the world and the United States's 2480 m³ water/person/year is the largest in the world.Water footprints of all nations 1997 - 2001 have been reported in {{cite journal |title= Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-9039-x |author=Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. | journal = Water Resources Management |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Netherlands | doi = 10.1007/s11269-006-9039-x |pages=35–48 | volume = 21 | issue = 1 }}

Average annual per-capita freshwater consumption, North America

1,851,170 liters

Average annual per-capita consumption, Africa

245,944 liters[http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4666] [www.globalministries.org]

Total consumption?

• Food

Food security

• Energy
• Fuel

• Greenhouse gases

Direct emissions

Carbon footprint

• Solid waste
• Garbage

4.5 lbs/day in US

• Sewage

• Environmental footprint

{{reflist}}

External links

• [http://www.bankrate.com/brm/calc/raiseChild.asp Bankrate.com cost of raising a child calculator] Based on USDA figures.

Growth Fetish

x United Nations Population Fund

x International Conference on Population and Development

x International Planned Parenthood Federation

• World Health Organization

• The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong
• Planned Parenthood

Birth rate

Parental leave

• Financial plan
• Adolescent sexuality
• Teenage pregnancy

Contraception sections in both could use bunch of improvement

(Maybe article on contraceptive use in the united states?, with subsection on teen, then these just link to it?

Might also give place for cost effectiveness (which is also US data).)

Symbol:

Red Triangle, Family Planning

US Govt:

OPA

• Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
• United States Agency for International Development

[http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/pop/]

:Category:Medical and health organizations by medical specialty

:Category:Sexual health

Reproductive health organizations

Americans for UNFPA

• Guttmacher Institute
• Association of Reproductive Health Professionals

• World Population Foundation

• Population Council - Develop contraceptives
• Program for Appropriate Technology in Health

• Population Connection
• Population Reference Bureau

• Personal finance

Condom

• Mechanism of action
• Block sperm
• Block pathogens - from mucous membranes, from skin
• Block semen - immunosuppressive, prostaglandens, etc.

• Side effects

• Cautions

Add emergency contraception.

Unintended pregnancy

Unwanted Pg.

Mistimed

Cost

Stress

Preconception care

FP

• Birth timing (e.g. work, school, weather (access to HC, comfort))
• Fertility awareness - help achieve pregnancy

Unintended pregnancy

Medical costs unintended Pg. totaled US $5 billion.(Trussell)[need to check what that means]

"The 80 million unintended pregnancies that occur worldwide each year (38% of all pregnancies) can justifiably be deemed an “epidemic.” These pregnancies result in 42 million induced abortions and 34 million unintended births — births that contribute substantially to the annual world population growth of 78 million.1,2"(Speidel)

US

80% of the 800,000 teen Pg unintended - 2001 (Speidel)

1.3 million abortions, 4 m births (1/3 unintended)(Speidel)

"Frost et al., Guttmacher Institute: 52% of unintended pregnancies in the USA to nonuse of contraception, 43% to inconsistent or incorrect use ("typical use"), and only 5% to method failure ("perfect use").4" (Speidel et al, contraception)

"In the United States, by the time a woman reaches age 45, more than half will have had an unintentional pregnancy.1" (Singh)

"Among sexually active women who were not trying to become pregnant, more than one in five reported that they would be very pleased to learn they were pregnant and 18% reported that avoiding pregnancy was only a little or not important.12 Such women have been found to be at elevated risk for pregnancy, even while using contraceptives, and could be empowered by receiving increased information about their personal risk of pregnancy as well as information about preconception care (planned pregnancies are healthy pregnancies)."(Singh)

"In a recent study, 38% of women using reversible methods chose their current method primarily because they did not like any other method.12"(Singh)

Teen Pg, STD, etc.[http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/PUBLICATIONS/factsheet/fsest.htm Advocatesforyouth - US vs Europe]

Draft for Comparison of contraceptive methods.

Five year cost

{{note|cost|A}}

Medical cost of method, failure and side effects.

{{cite journal|journal = Contraception|year = 2009| volume=79|issue = 1| pmid=19041435| title = Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States | author = James Trussell, Anjana Lalla, Quan Doan, Eileen Reyes, Lionel Pinto, Joseph Gricar| pages=5–14 | doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2008.08.003 | pmc=3638200 }}

{{note|failure|B}}

Medical costs of method failure, including cost of abortions, delivery, prenatal and 3 months(?) postnatal medical care. Assuming that most pregnancies are mistimed (would happen 2 years later).

{{note|IUD|D}}

1.9% - Various types of IUD/IUS (Paragard, Mirena, etc.)

{{note|implant|E}}

1.2% - Implant, Lunelle or patch

{{note|fbarrier|F}}

0.6% - cap, sponge or female condom

Percentage and number of at-risk women and percentage of at-risk women currently using various methods from the 2002 NSFG

Continue - % who continue using after 1 year.(Contraceptive tech, 19th Ed).

[Check details]

note #) about half of unintended pregnancies in USA from not using contraception during month got pregnant.

According to Frost, et al., Guttmacher Institute, about half (52%) of the unintended pregnancies in the USA resulted from not using contraception during the month got pregnant [check wording] (No method), 43% of unintended pregnancies resulted from inconsistent or incorrect use of method ("typical use"), and only 5% were due to method failures ("ideal use"). (Speidel)

Younger have larger percentage using no method (15-19) 18%, (20-14) 12.1%

Younger less likely to use most effective methods. (15-19) - IUD (0.2%), No sterilization.

Younger more likely use Depot. (15-19) 11.4%

Although it is not done for purposes of contraception, a significant proportion of US women (33-40%) have undergone hysterectomy, which has a side effect of preventing pregnancy in most cases.

---

Higher cost contraceptives may be more profitable for manufacturer, pills might bring $1,000 profit over 10 years, whereas a copper IUD might yield $200 profit.(speidel) Higher cost contraceptives like the pill are more heavily marketed, where little is spent marketing IUD.(speidel)

• Check - costs, if 20% remove IUD/implant during 1st year??. Another cost problem (cost of removal + haven't amortized over very long use)

High initial cost - large copay or lack of insurance makes long term methods unafordable, though more effective and much less costly over time.(Speidel)

Cost - marketing forces.

Paragard costs $200 (public sector) in USA (more than 100 times the cost of manufacture).(Speidel)

Tubal ligation

IUD (CuT), Vasectomy, Mirena,

Implant

Diaphragm

DMPA

Ring, Pill, Patch -

{{cite journal|journal = Contraception | year = 2008 | date = September 2008 | title = The Potential of Long-acting Reversible Contraception to Decrease Unintended Pregnancy | author = J. Joseph Speidel, Cynthia C. Harper, and Wayne C. Shields | url = http://www.arhp.org/publications-and-resources/contraception-journal/september-2008 }}

For example, even women with private insurance paid approximately 60% of the total cost of OCs.29 (Singh)

{{cite journal | journal = Contraception | year = 2009 | date = January 2009 |

title = Beyond A Prescription: Strategies for Improving Contraceptive Care |

author = Rameet Singh, Jennifer Frost, Beth Jordan, and Elisa Wells |

url=http://www.arhp.org/publications-and-resources/contraception-journal/january-2009 }}

Dual methods - using a condom along with other methods reduces costs and risks from STDs, and in most cases reduces preganancy risk. Most cost savings with withdrawal and periodic abstinence, also saves money for users of spermicides, the sponge, diaphragm and cap. Savings when combined with OC was small.

EC pill cost effective - even when assumed office visit, etc. (Even more so if OTC, etc.)

IUD as EC not cost effective immediately, but takes only 4 months to become cost effective.

[http://www.contraceptiononline.org/contrareport/article01.cfm?art=44 ]

Use of condom by adolescents in US is cost effective in preventing medical costs associated with STDs. Use in addition to other methods saves money over the cost of the method (when include medical cost of pregnancies and STD treatments).(trusell97)

Until recently in USA, IUD was not considered appropriate for use by adolescents, but now its use is encouraged.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1999 declared family planning to be one of the 10 most significant U.S. public health achievements of the 20th century.

The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy

December 2003, Volume 6, Number 5

Preventing Unintended Pregnancy: The Need And the Means

By Adam Sonfield

[http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/06/5/gr060507.html]

One-quarter of the more than 20 million American women who obtain contraceptive services from a medical provider receive care from a publicly funded family planning clinic.[5] [http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_contr_use.html]

Estimates by the World Health Organization and the World Bank that $3.00 per person per year would provide basic family planning, maternal and neonatal health care to women in developing countries. The package would include contraception, prenatal, delivery and post-natal care in addition to postpartum family planning and the promotion of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted infections. [http://www.globalhealth.org/news/article/2319]

Consider adding to template:

Genital modification and mutilation (Female genital cutting Sex assignment genital integrity)

Religion and sexuality (Catholic teachings on sexual morality)

Birth control

Religious views on birth control (Christian views on contraception Jewish views on contraception)

Should there be a BC template that covers

relig views on bc,

Extended cycle combined oral contraceptive pill

1. Birth control sabotage
2. Contraceptive security

{{Navbox

| name = Family planning and Reproductive health

| title = Family planning and Reproductive health

| listclass = hlist

| group1 = Education

| list1 =

• Sex education
• Pre-conception counseling
• Pregnancy options counseling

| group2 = Plan

| list2 =

• Childfree

| group3 = Health

| list3 =

• Men's
• Andrology
• Women's
• Vulvovaginal
• Gynecology
• Maternal
• Obstetrics
• Obstetrics and gynecology

| group4 = Disorder

| list4 =

• Sexual dysfunction
• Infertility
• Sexually transmitted disease
• Sexual health clinic
• Reproductive system disease

| group5 = Implement

| list5 =

• Safer sex
• Birth control
• Abortion
• Adoption

| group6 = Technology

| list6 =

• Contraception
• Assisted reproductive technology

| group7 =

| list7 =

• Reproductive rights
• Pregnant patients' rights
• Sexual violence

}}

{{Navbox

| name = Family planning and Reproductive health

| title = Family planning and Reproductive health

| listclass = hlist

| group2 =

| list2 =

• Reproductive rights
• Contraceptive security
• Genital integrity

| group4 = Education

| list4 =

• Sex education
• Pre-conception counseling
• Genetic counseling

| group6 = Plan

| list6 =

• Childfree
• Parenting
• Childbirth
• Adoption
• Foster care

| group8 = Implement

| list8 =

• Birth control
• Safer sex

| group10 = Health

| list10 =

• Men's
• Women's
• Vulvovaginal

| group12 = Pregnancy

| list12 =

• Maternal health
• Obstetrics
• Prenatal care
• Pregnancy options counseling
• Abortion
• Pregnant patients' rights
• Teen pregnancy

| group14 = Medicine

| list14 =

• Andrology
• Gynecology
• Obstetrics and gynecology
• Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
• Genitourinary medicine

| group16 = Disorder

| list16 =

• Sexual dysfunction
• Infertility
• Assisted reproductive technology
• Reproductive system disease
• Sexually transmitted disease
• clinic
• test

| group18 = See also

| list18 =

• Sexual violence

}}

• Nutrition and pregnancy
• Sexuality in older age
• Pregnancy over age 50
• Fertility#Female fertility after 30 - maybe also material for FP article
• Male infertility Female infertility
• Reproductive technology
• Human Sexuality
• Sex therapy

• Sexual violence seems to subsume Sexual assault Sexual abuse etc.

Q:

• Something on lines of human development - pregnancy, birth, teratogen
• Puberty or Menarchy
• Menopause

• Sexual trauma counseling (doesn't exist at the moment)

• Public Health

• Fertility

• Population policy
• Population/overpopulation/human impact/etc.
• Genital modification/etc.
• Unintended pregnancy?
• Infertility medicine/treatment?

• Conservation medicine

• Maternal-Fetal Medicine
• Infant health/well baby/etc.

Sections - Lyrls list:

1. terminology (which comes first? hist or terminology)
2. history
3. Types/formulations/varieties/available forms
4. effectiveness
5. fitting or use or procedure
6. "contraindications"
7. advantages", "disadvantages", "benefits and drawbacks", "potential concerns" complications", "cautions and warnings", "side effects and complications", "cautions and contraindications", "side effects", "health issues", and "safety"
8. prevalence
9. mechanism of action - "quite a bit further down"
10. society and culture
11. research

My comments - would rather put history down with society & culture

Where would you put physical and chemical properties?

How can you deal with drug interactions, if haven't got mechanism of action already covered?

Why put prevalence before mechanism of action (prevalence is social aspect, relates to effectiveness advantages & disadvantages), mechanism relates to physical & chem properties, drug interactions,

• Use
• Mechanism early (before contraindications/advant/disadvantages)
• contraindications
• interactions, complications
• side effects
• advantages

Other uses

From Protocl:

1. Mechanism
2. Contraindications
3. Precautions
4. Drug interactions
5. Side effects
6. Benefits
7. Especially appropriate
8. Instructions/"client education"

Preparation

• should have mention of pre-conception counseling and family planning (plan for, health of mother/infant, preparation).

Needs (brief) coverage of planning, unintended pregnancy, preparation (pre-conception),

incidence.

http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/preconception/QandA.htm

http://www.medpagetoday.com/OBGYN/Pregnancy/tb/3136

http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/women/pregnancy/basics/076.html

Approximately x% of women get pregnant, %pregnancies unintended.

Preparation - more successful outcomes (health, socio-economic, ...).

Contraception - help avoid pregnancy when not desired.

Fertility awareness, help achieve pregnancy when want.

Birth control methods - Order of section, why sterilization after post-coital, what is the order? (not alphabetical, not obviously by effectiveness, ...)

not by prevalence (would be Sterilization, Intra-uterine, hormonal, barrier,

behavioral, spermicide, anti-estrogen, - not sure where epc and abortion would come)

• Specifically strange item is the post intercourse. Why does it come where it does?
• Abortion is not a method of contraception (so should be after all contraceptive methods).
• EPC acts primarily as hormonal/intra-uterine contraceptive.
• Also, in BC article - doesn't make sense to put EPC between IUD and abortion, EPC is either hormonal or IUD, so should go between those two.

(Behavioral is also odd since it includes contraceptive and non-contraceptive methods), but at least it goes at the end.

• The invasiveness/reversability ordering doesn't make a whole lot of sense now, hormonal is all over the map, from pill (which have to be careful if miss a day or so(?)), to implant, which requires anesthesia/surgery and is probably more invasive than IUD, Depo requires months for reversal (if memory serves).

Thoughts on navbox - other BC articles

• Oral contraceptive formulations

• Emergency contraceptive availability by country
• Natural birth control
• Male contraceptive
• Vas-occlusive contraception

• Hysterectomy
• Sterilization (other animals): Neutering

Paragard

Dalkon Shield

Gräfenberg's ring

Seem related, think about how to connect/add.

• Reproductive rights
• Template:Sex
• Template:Sexual ethics

Female condom on comparison of contraceptive methods

• See consumer reports - http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/health-fitness/health-care/condoms-and-contraception-205/a-comparative-guide/index.htm

"Interrupts sexual foreplay. Large and awkward to use."

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_%28proposals%29#User:FritzpollBot_creating_millions_of_new_articles]

Comparison contra methods - note 6

One more recent study found higher effectiveness if guidelines were consistently adhered to,{{cite journal |author=Frank-Herrmann P, et al |title=The effectiveness of a fertility awareness based method to avoid pregnancy in relation to a couple's sexual behaviour during the fertile time: a prospective longitudinal study |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=1310–1319 |year=2007 |pmid=17314078 |doi= 10.1093/humrep/dem003| url=http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/5/1310}} see Fertility awareness#Effectiveness.

Wikipedia:Manual of Style (medicine-related articles)

Influenza - sample of well writ med article

Trusell95 {{cite journal|journal = American Journal of Public Health|title=Economic value of contraception|date = April 1995|volume = 85|issue = 4|pages= 494–503|doi=10.2105/AJPH.85.4.494 |pmid=7702112 |url=http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/85/4/494.pdf |last1=Trussell |first1=J. |last2=Leveque |first2=J. A. |last3=Koenig |first3=J. D. |last4=London |first4=R. |last5=Borden |first5=S. |last6=Henneberry |first6=J. |last7=Laguardia |first7=K. D. |last8=Stewart |first8=F. |last9=Wilson |first9=T. G. |last10=Wysocki |first10=S. |pmc=1615115 }}

I PAT - needs a bit of fixing since recent revisions.

(Emphasize multipliciative power, hard to trump the exponential).

Enviro Impact sections could use work.

Portal:Sustainable development/Topics

Sustainability portal - needs population, etc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sustainable_development/Topics/Sustainability_and_energy_development

(added Carrying capacity to eco footprint)

Population

• Family planning
• Overpopulation
• Population control
• I PAT
• Immigration
• Birth control

Maybe:

• Population growth
• Zero population growth

Demography - good article, but needs thinning of external links (make some to see alsos?)

Population

Population policy

Population control

One-child policy

Population transfer

Forced migration

Migration

Immigration Immigration reduction Emigration

Natalism

Antinatalism

Demography/Population dynamics

population pyramid

Population ageing (Europe, Japan).

Crude Birth rate (list of countries)

Total fertility rate (list of countries)

Sub-replacement fertility

Life Table

Death rate (Infant mortality rate)

Life expectancy

population size (growth, stabilization (Zero population growth), decline)

Population modeling

Malthusian growth model

exponential growth

population momentum

Benjamin Gompertz

Verhulst

Demographic transition

Demographic economics

Demographic window

Demographic dividend

Epidemiological transition

Demographic gift

Demographic-economic paradox

Medieval demography Classical demography

Family planning

Reproductive health

Reproductive rights

Unintended pregnancy

Population density

Population ecology

Sustainability

Overpopulation

Over-consumption

Malthusian catastrophe

Demographic analysis

Demographics of present-day nations and states

Template:Population

Template:Population dynamics topics

{{reflist}}