uterine artery embolization

Uterine fibroids are the most common type of benign uterine tumor and are composed of smooth muscle.{{Cite journal |last1=Donnez |first1=Jacques |last2=Dolmans |first2=Marie-Madeleine |date=2016-07-27 |title=Uterine fibroid management: from the present to the future |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmw023 |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=665–686 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmw023 |issn=1355-4786 |pmc=5853598 |pmid=27466209}} They often cause bulk-related symptoms, which can be characterized by back pain, heaviness in the pelvic area, abdominal bloating.{{Cite journal |last=Gonsalves |first=Carin |date=December 2008 |title=Uterine Artery Embolization for Treatment of Symptomatic Fibroids |journal=Seminars in Interventional Radiology |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=369–377 |doi=10.1055/s-0028-1103001 |pmid=21326578 |issn=0739-9529|pmc=3036525 }} Uterine artery embolization may be done to treat bothersome bulk-related symptoms as well as abnormal or heavy uterine bleeding due to uterine fibroids. Fibroid size, number, and location are three potential predictors of a successful outcome.{{cite journal |vauthors=Spies JB, Roth AR, Jha RC | year = 2002 | title = Leiomyomata treated with uterine artery embolization: factors associated with successful symptom and imaging outcome | journal = Radiology | volume = 222 | issue = 1| pages = 45–52 | doi=10.1148/radiol.2221010661|display-authors=etal | pmid=11756703}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Pelage JP, Walker WJ, Le Dref O | year = 2001 | title = Treatment of uterine fibroids | journal = Lancet | volume = 357 | issue = 9267| page = 1530 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04683-3| pmid = 11383541 | pmc = 5267678 |display-authors=etal}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Katsumori T, Nakajima K, Mihara T | year = 2003 | title = Is a large fibroid a high-risk factor for uterine artery embolization? | journal = American Journal of Roentgenology | volume = 181 | issue = 5| pages = 1309–1314 | doi=10.2214/ajr.181.5.1811309| pmid = 14573425 }} Specifically, studies have demonstrated that submucosal (directly underneath the uterine lining) fibroids demonstrated the largest reduction in size while subserosal (outer layer of the uterus) had the smallest reduction.{{Citation |last1=Young |first1=Michael |title=Uterine Fibroid Embolization |date=2023 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519016/ |work=StatPearls |access-date=2023-11-01 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=30085558 |last2=Coffey |first2=William |last3=Mikhail |first3=Lyree N.}}

Uterine artery embolization may also be appropriate for the treatment of adenomyosis, which is when the lining of the uterus aberrantly grows into the muscle of the uterus.{{Cite journal |last1=Garcia |first1=Lydia |last2=Isaacson |first2=Keith |date=July 2011 |title=Adenomyosis: Review of the Literature |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2011.04.004 |journal=Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=428–437 |doi=10.1016/j.jmig.2011.04.004 |pmid=21622029 |issn=1553-4650|url-access=subscription }} Symptoms of adenomyosis include heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding and painful menstrual periods.{{Citation |last1=Gunther |first1=Rutger |title=Adenomyosis |date=2023 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539868/ |work=StatPearls |access-date=2023-10-29 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=30969690 |last2=Walker |first2=Christopher}}

Uterine artery embolization can also be used to control heavy uterine bleeding for reasons other than fibroids, such as postpartum obstetrical hemorrhage.[http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/93/4/591 Management of severe postpartum haemorrhage by uterine artery embolization] Many women who experience postpartum hemorrhage may be successfully treated with medication or uterine balloon tamponade.{{Cite journal |last1=Knight |first1=Marian |last2=Acosta |first2=Colleen |last3=Brocklehurst |first3=Peter |last4=Cheshire |first4=Anna |last5=Fitzpatrick |first5=Kathryn |last6=Hinton |first6=Lisa |last7=Jokinen |first7=Mervi |last8=Kemp |first8=Bryn |last9=Kurinczuk |first9=Jennifer J. |last10=Lewis |first10=Gwyneth |last11=Lindquist |first11=Anthea |last12=Locock |first12=Louise |last13=Nair |first13=Manisha |last14=Patel |first14=Nishma |last15=Quigley |first15=Maria |date=2016-06-30 |title=Beyond maternal death: Improving the quality of maternal care through national studies of near-miss maternal morbidity |url=https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/pgfar/pgfar04090/ |journal=Programme Grants for Applied Research |language=EN |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=1–180 |doi=10.3310/pgfar04090 |pmid=27386616 |issn=2050-4330|doi-access=free }} However, in cases where women continue to bleed, uterine artery embolization may be an appropriate option.

A less common indication for uterine artery embolization is for the treatment of uterine arteriovenous malformations which can be a cause of abnormal uterine bleeding or life-threatening bleeding. Roughly half of women with uterine arteriovenous malformations are born with them while the remaining form following surgical interventions or may be due to uterine tumors.

Prior to undergoing UAE, the patient should be evaluated for the following absolute contra-indications to the procedure: a viable pregnancy, a current infection that is not being treated, or gynecologic malignancy (except for cases where UAE is being used as a procedure in addition to treatment for the cancer).{{Cite journal |last1=Dariushnia |first1=Sean R. |last2=Nikolic |first2=Boris |last3=Stokes |first3=LeAnn S. |last4=Spies |first4=James B. |date=November 2014 |title=Quality Improvement Guidelines for Uterine Artery Embolization for Symptomatic Leiomyomata |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2014.08.029 |journal=Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=1737–1747 |doi=10.1016/j.jvir.2014.08.029 |pmid=25442136 |issn=1051-0443|url-access=subscription }} Relative contra-indications for the procedure include a severe contrast allergy since contrast is necessary to visualize the arteries during the procedure, kidney impairment since contrast may cause damage to the kidneys, or coagulopathy (blood disorder that causes prolonged or excessive bleeding).{{Cite journal |last1=Kohi |first1=Maureen P. |last2=Spies |first2=James B. |date=March 2018 |title=Updates on Uterine Artery Embolization |journal=Seminars in Interventional Radiology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=048–055 |doi=10.1055/s-0038-1636521 |issn=0739-9529 |pmc=5886769 |pmid=29628616}} However, all of the stated relative contra-indications can be managed with appropriate pre-operative planning.

The rate of serious complications is comparable to that of myomectomy or hysterectomy. The advantage of somewhat faster recovery time is offset by a higher rate of minor complications and an increased likelihood of requiring surgical intervention within two to five years of the initial procedure.{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Janesh K. |last2=Sinha |first2=Anju |last3=Lumsden |first3=M. A. |last4=Hickey |first4=Martha |date=2014-12-26 |title=Uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=12 |pages=CD005073 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005073.pub4 |issn=1469-493X |pmid=25541260|pmc=11285296 }} An analysis of 15,000 women found that those who had myomectomy required fewer additional procedures, including hysterectomies, to treat fibroids over the next five years than those who had uterine artery embolization.{{Cite journal |last1=Amoah |first1=Alison |last2=Quinn |first2=Stephen D. |date=1 June 2023 |title=Uterine‐preserving treatments or hysterectomy reintervention after myomectomy or uterine artery embolisation: A retrospective cohort study of long‐term outcomes |journal=BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology |language=en |volume=130 |issue=7 |pages=823–831 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.17412 |pmid=36706789 |issn=1470-0328|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |date=22 September 2023 |title=Surgical removal of fibroids has better long-term outcomes than blocking blood vessels |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/surgical-removal-of-fibroids-has-better-long-term-outcomes-than-blocking-blood-vessels/ |journal=NIHR Evidence}}

Complications include the following:

• Death is a very rare complication that may be caused by pulmonary embolism or sepsis (the presence of pus-forming or other pathogenic organisms, or their toxins, in the blood or tissues) resulting in multiple organ failure{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11119.x |pmid=11002964 |vauthors=Vashisht A, Studd JW, Carey AH |title=Fibroid Embolisation: A Technique Not Without Significant Complications |journal=British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |volume=107 |issue=9 |pages=1166–1170 |year=2000|s2cid=12959753 }} The cause of a pulmonary embolism is attributed to the time where patients are immobile following the procedure, which makes the formation of a deep venous thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary embolism more likely.{{Cite journal |last1=Schirf |first1=Brian E. |last2=Vogelzang |first2=Robert L. |last3=Chrisman |first3=Howard B. |date=June 2006 |title=Complications of Uterine Fibroid Embolization |journal=Seminars in Interventional Radiology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=143–149 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-941444 |issn=0739-9529 |pmc=3036365 |pmid=21326757}}
• Infection from tissue death of fibroids, leading to endometritis (infection of the uterus) resulting in lengthy hospitalization for intravenous antibiotics{{cite journal |vauthors=de Block S, de Bries C, Prinssen HM |title=Fatal Sepss after Uterine Artery Embolization with Microspheres |journal=Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=779–783 |year=2003 |pmid=12817046 |doi=10.1097/01.rvi.0000079988.80153.61}}
• Fibroid expulsion (fibroids push out through the vagina). The occurrence of this is highly variable and dependent on the location of the fibroid within the uterine tissue. When it does occur, it most commonly happens about 3 months following treatment.{{Cite journal |last1=Shlansky-Goldberg |first1=Richard D. |last2=Coryell |first2=Lee |last3=Stavropoulos |first3=S. William |last4=Trerotola |first4=Scott O. |last5=Mondschein |first5=Jeffrey |last6=Beshara |first6=Mathew |last7=Butts |first7=Samantha F. |last8=Sondheimer |first8=Steven |last9=Tureck |first9=Richard W. |last10=Rosen |first10=Mark |date=November 2011 |title=Outcomes Following Fibroid Expulsion after Uterine Artery Embolization |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2011.08.004 |journal=Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=1586–1593 |doi=10.1016/j.jvir.2011.08.004 |pmid=22024118 |issn=1051-0443|url-access=subscription }}
• Post-embolization syndrome – characterized by acute and/or chronic pain, fevers, malaise, nausea, vomiting and severe night sweats; foul vaginal odor coming from infected, necrotic tissue which remains inside the uterus; hysterectomy due to infection, pain or failure of embolization{{cite journal |vauthors=Common AA, Mocarski E, Kolin A |year=2001 |title=Leiomyosarcoma |journal=Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1449–1452 |doi=10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61708-4 |pmid=11742024}}
• Misembolization from microspheres or polyvinyl alcohol particles flowing or drifting into organs or tissues where they were not intended to be, causing damage to other organs or other parts of the body{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000141567.25541.26 |pmid=15516436 |vauthors=Dietz DM, Stahfeld KR, Bansal SK |title=Buttock Necrosis After Uterine Artery Embolization |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=104 |issue=Supplement |pages=1159–1161 |year=2004|s2cid=39409507 }} such as ovaries, bladder, rectum, and rarely small bowel, uterus, vagina, and labia.{{Cite journal |last1=Rand |first1=Thomas |last2=Patel |first2=Rafiuddin |last3=Magerle |first3=Wolfgang |last4=Uberoi |first4=Raman |date=December 2020 |title=CIRSE standards of practice on gynaecological and obstetric haemorrhage |journal=CVIR Endovascular |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=85 |doi=10.1186/s42155-020-00174-7 |issn=2520-8934 |pmc=7695782 |pmid=33245432 |doi-access=free }}
• Failure – continued fibroid growth, regrowth within four months{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
• Menopause – iatrogenic, abnormal, cessation of menstruation and follicle stimulating hormones elevated to menopausal levels{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker WJ, Pelage JP, Sutton C |title= Fibroid Embolization |journal= Clinical Radiology |volume=57 |pages=325–331 |year=2002 |pmid= 12014926 |issue= 5 |doi= 10.1053/crad.2002.0945}}
• Hematoma, blood clot at the incision site; vaginal discharge containing pus and blood, bleeding from incision site, bleeding from vagina, life-threatening allergic reaction to the contrast material.

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Prior to a uterine artery embolization, patients should undergo a clinic visit with their gynecologist, have a recent Pap smear, and an endometrial biopsy in cases where abnormal uterine bleeding is a presenting symptom.{{Cite journal |last1=Keung |first1=Jonathan J. |last2=Spies |first2=James B. |last3=Caridi |first3=Theresa M. |date=2018-01-01 |title=Uterine artery embolization: A review of current concepts |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521693417301360 |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology |series=Alternatives to Hysterectomy |volume=46 |pages=66–73 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.09.003 |pmid=29128204 |issn=1521-6934|url-access=subscription }} A clinic visit can then be made with the interventional radiologist performing the uterine artery embolization so that a thorough history and physical exam can be taken. Recent diagnostic imaging such as a pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should also be reviewed by the interventional radiologist to rule out possible malignancy, evaluate uterine anatomy, and discuss the likelihood of fibroid passage with the patient.

The procedure is performed by an interventional radiologist under conscious sedation. Access is commonly through the radial or femoral artery via the wrist or groin, respectively. After anesthetizing the skin over the artery of choice, the artery is accessed by a needle puncture using the Seldinger technique. Under fluoroscopic guidance, a catheter is then introduced into the artery and used to select the uterine vessels for subsequent embolization. Once at the level of the uterine artery an angiogram with contrast is performed to confirm placement of the catheter, and the embolizing agent (spheres or beads) is released. As more embolizing agent is administered, blood flow will slow down significantly. Over time, the decreased blood flow causes the fibroid to shrink. Both the left and right uterine arteries are embolized since unilateral UAEs have a high risk of failure.{{Cite journal |last1=Ravina |first1=J.H. |last2=Ciraru-Vigneron |first2=N. |last3=Bouret |first3=J.M. |last4=Herbreteau |first4=D. |last5=Houdart |first5=E. |last6=Aymard |first6=A. |last7=Merland |first7=J.J. |date=September 1995 |title=Arterial embolisation to treat uterine myomata |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92282-2 |journal=The Lancet |volume=346 |issue=8976 |pages=671–672 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92282-2 |pmid=7544859 |s2cid=24270648 |issn=0140-6736|url-access=subscription }} The procedure can be performed in a hospital or surgical center. More recently, there has been support for UAE as an outpatient procedure, but many doctors choose an overnight admission for pain control.{{Cite journal |last1=Guyer |first1=A |last2=Raggio |first2=T |last3=Sor |first3=M |last4=Usvyat |first4=L |last5=Latif |first5=W |last6=Miller |first6=G |last7=Koh |first7=E |last8=Rosenblatt |first8=M |last9=Suchin |first9=C |date=February 2017 |title=Safety of uterine artery embolization performed as an outpatient procedure: retrospective analysis of 876 patients across a network of 26 outpatient interventional radiology practices |journal=Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=S47 |doi=10.1016/j.jvir.2016.12.697 |issn=1051-0443|doi-access=free }} Follow-up for the procedure may vary based on institution, but can include a clinic appointment at 1 to 3 months following the procedure and an MRI to see if the fibroids have shrunk from the preoperative MRI.

The vast majority of women who undergo UAE experience elimination of abnormal uterine bleeding and improvement in bulk symptoms. Additionally, patient satisfaction following the procedure is about 80%. One drawback of UAE is that it appears to require more repeat procedures than if surgery was done initially.{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=JK |last2=Sinha |first2=A |last3=Lumsden |first3=MA |last4=Hickey |first4=M |date=26 December 2014 |title=Uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=CD005073 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005073.pub4 |pmid=25541260|pmc=11285296 }} However, long-term patient satisfaction outcomes of UAE are similar to that of surgery and a short-term benefit is the reduction in hospital stay with UAE.

Currently the number of studies that compare pregnancy rates between UAE and myomectomy are limited. However, a 2020 systematic review assessing pregnancy outcomes after UAE for fibroids demonstrated that pregnancy rates between UAE and myomectomy are comparable. Additionally, they found that rates of pregnancy-related complications in women who underwent UAE were similar to that of the general population.{{Cite journal |last1=Ghanaati |first1=Hossein |last2=Sanaati |first2=Mina |last3=Shakiba |first3=Madjid |last4=Bakhshandeh |first4=Hooman |last5=Ghavami |first5=Nafiseh |last6=Aro |first6=Solmaz |last7=Jalali |first7=Amir Hossein |last8=Firouznia |first8=Kavous |date=2020-08-01 |title=Pregnancy and its Outcomes in Patients After Uterine Fibroid Embolization: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-020-02521-6 |journal=CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1122–1133 |doi=10.1007/s00270-020-02521-6 |pmid=32458009 |s2cid=218898884 |issn=1432-086X|url-access=subscription }} Despite these findings, there is still a lack of randomized control trials that directly compare the outcomes of myomectomy and UAE for fibroids, so future studies are needed to determine which procedure yields better results.

For women with adenomyosis, the data regarding outcomes is limited. However, studies have demonstrated that about 83% of women with adenomyosis experienced an improvement in their symptoms. Additionally, the rate of improvement in symptoms increased to about 93% in women who had both adenomyosis and fibroids.

Regarding cost, the American Journal of Gynecology reports that uterine artery embolization costs 12% less than hysterectomy and 8% less than myomectomy.{{cite journal |last1=Al-Fozan |first1=Haya |last2=Dufort |first2=Joanne |last3=Kaplow |first3=Marilyn |last4=Valenti |first4=David |last5=Tulandi |first5=Togas |date=November 2002 |title=Cost analysis of myomectomy, hysterectomy, and uterine artery embolization |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=187 |issue=5 |pages=1401–1404 |doi=10.1067/mob.2002.127374 |pmid=12439538}}

UAE was used for the first time in 1979 to control bleeding in a woman with postpartum hemorrhage that did not improve after surgical treatment.{{Cite journal |last1=Heaston |first1=Dk |last2=Mineau |first2=De |last3=Brown |first3=Bj |last4=Miller |first4=Fj |date=1979-07-01 |title=Transcatheter arterial embolization for control of persistent massive puerperal hemorrhage after bilateral surgical hypogastric artery ligation |url=https://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/ajr.133.1.152 |journal=American Journal of Roentgenology |language=en |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=152–154 |doi=10.2214/ajr.133.1.152 |pmid=110056 |issn=0361-803X|url-access=subscription }} Since then studies have shown that UAE is a safe and effective procedure for postpartum hemorrhage with control of bleeding in greater than 90% of women.{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=ZhiRong |last2=Wang |first2=Yaxuan |last3=Yan |first3=Jingxin |last4=Li |first4=Juan |last5=Liu |first5=XinLian |last6=Zhang |first6=LuShun |last7=Cheng |first7=Li |date=2020-02-16 |title=Uterine artery embolization versus hysterectomy in the treatment of refractory postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14767058.2018.1497599 |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=693–705 |doi=10.1080/14767058.2018.1497599 |pmid=30354858 |s2cid=53027764 |issn=1476-7058|url-access=subscription }} The initial use of UAE for patients with fibroids was to limit bleeding during myomectomy.{{Cite journal |last1=Ravina |first1=J.H. |last2=Ciraru-Vigneron |first2=N. |last3=Bouret |first3=J.M. |last4=Herbreteau |first4=D. |last5=Houdart |first5=E. |last6=Aymard |first6=A. |last7=Merland |first7=J.J. |date=September 1995 |title=Arterial embolisation to treat uterine myomata |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92282-2 |journal=The Lancet |volume=346 |issue=8976 |pages=671–672 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92282-2 |pmid=7544859 |s2cid=24270648 |issn=0140-6736|url-access=subscription }} During the 1990s, doctors began expanding the indications for UAE and started using it for the treatment of the fibroids specifically.{{Cite journal |last1=Manyonda |first1=Isaac |last2=Belli |first2=Anna-Maria |last3=Lumsden |first3=Mary-Ann |last4=Moss |first4=Jonathan |last5=McKinnon |first5=William |last6=Middleton |first6=Lee J. |last7=Cheed |first7=Versha |last8=Wu |first8=Olivia |last9=Sirkeci |first9=Fusun |last10=Daniels |first10=Jane P. |last11=McPherson |first11=Klim |date=2020-07-30 |title=Uterine-Artery Embolization or Myomectomy for Uterine Fibroids |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=383 |issue=5 |pages=440–451 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1914735 |pmid=32726530 |issn=0028-4793|doi-access=free }} Previously, the primary treatment methods for fibroids were myomectomy or hysterectomy. Compared to surgery, UAE can be advantageous because blood loss is typically minimal, surgery and general anesthesia is avoided, recovery is shorter, and women can retain their uterus (relative to hysterectomy).{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=S. J. |date=2000-06-15 |title=Uterine fibroid embolization |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10892632 |journal=American Family Physician |volume=61 |issue=12 |pages=3601–3607, 3611–3612 |issn=0002-838X |pmid=10892632}} UAE is thought to treat fibroids by selectively decreasing blood flow to the tumor since it is highly vascular, which causes improvement in abnormal bleeding and the bulk symptoms that are often experienced with fibroids.

For removing uterine fibroids, myomectomy and uterine artery embolisation seem to be equally effective in improving quality of life, as measured 4-yours after surgery.{{Cite journal |date=2024-12-04 |title=Endometriosis, fibroids and heavy periods: long-term research supports treatment decisions |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/endometriosis-fibroids-and-heavy-periods-long-term-research-supports-treatment-decisions/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_64953|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Daniels |first=Jane |last2=Middleton |first2=Lee J |last3=Cheed |first3=Versha |last4=McKinnon |first4=William |last5=Rana |first5=Dikshyanta |last6=Sirkeci |first6=Fusun |last7=Manyonda |first7=Isaac |last8=Belli |first8=Anna-Maria |last9=Lumsden |first9=Mary Ann |last10=Moss |first10=Jonathan |last11=Wu |first11=Olivia |last12=McPherson |first12=Klim |date=April 2022 |title=Uterine artery embolisation versus myomectomy for premenopausal women with uterine fibroids wishing to avoid hysterectomy: the FEMME RCT |url=https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/ZDEG6110 |journal=Health Technology Assessment |language=en |volume=26 |issue=22 |pages=1–74 |doi=10.3310/ZDEG6110 |issn=1366-5278 |pmc=9082260 |pmid=35435818}}

{{reflist|30em}}

• [http://www.ask4ufe.com/ Information on uterine fibroids and minimally invasive treatment options, uterine fibroid embolization]
• [https://marylandfibroids.com/uterine-fibroid-embolization-questionnaire/ Determine if you are a possible candidate for Uterine Fibroid Embolization]

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