utopian architecture

Le Corbusier proposed Ville Contemporaine in 1922 as a planned community, which was not realized.{{Cite journal |last=Angelidou |first=Margarita |date=1 September 2015 |title=Smart cities: A conjuncture of four forces |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275115000633 |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=47 |pages=95–106 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2015.05.004 |issn=0264-2751 |access-date=15 May 2022|url-access=subscription }} In 1930, Nikolay Milyutin published the idea of Sotsgorod, a utopian linear city for socialism.{{Cite journal |last=Ilchenko |first=Mikhail |date=1 November 2020 |title=Working with the past, re-discovering cities of Central and Eastern Europe: cultural urbanism and new representations of modernist urban areas |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15387216.2020.1785907 |journal=Eurasian Geography and Economics |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=763–793 |doi=10.1080/15387216.2020.1785907 |issn=1538-7216 |access-date=15 May 2022 |s2cid=225622478|url-access=subscription }} Frank Lloyd Wright presented the idea of an urban or suburban development concept Broadacre City in 1932.{{Cite journal |last=Dougherty |first=James |date=1981 |title=Broadacre City: Frank Lloyd Wright's Utopia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23739336 |journal=The Centennial Review |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=239–256 |issn=0162-0177 |jstor=23739336 |access-date=15 May 2022}}

From 1927 to 1934, Tresigallo was transformed under the supervision of the Fascist Minister of Agriculture Edmondo Rossoni into a utopian city by completely rebuilding it.{{Cite web |last=Sakalis |first=Alex |date=9 September 2022 |title=The Curious Afterlife of a Fascist Utopia |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/tresigallo-italy-fascist-utopia-city |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last1=Brugnatti |first1=Davide |last2=Muroni |first2=Giuseppe |date=2020 |title=Edmondo Rossoni and Tresigallo: An Atypical Case of a Regime Town |url=http://archaeopresspublishing.com/ojs/index.php/EXNOVO/article/view/410 |journal=Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology |language=en |volume=5 |pages=33–45 |doi=10.32028/exnovo.v5i.410 |s2cid=236390951 |issn=2531-8810|doi-access=free }}{{Cite book |last=Muroni |first=Stefano |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1055462507 |title=Tresigallo, città di fondazione : Edmondo Rossoni e la storia di un sogno |date=2016 |publisher=Pendragon |isbn=978-88-3364-985-6 |location=Bologna |language=it |oclc=1055462507}}

Tomáš Baťa developed the concept of a utopian industrial town in the 1920s and 1930s.{{Cite book |last=Zimmermann |first=Clemens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TPJAAAAQBAJ |title=Industrial Cities: History and Future |date=September 2013 |publisher=Campus Verlag |isbn=978-3-593-39914-0 |language=en |access-date=16 May 2022}} It was similar to Fordism, introducing mass production into the area of urban planning. The concept was realized in Zlín.

Nowa Huta and Magnitogorsk are examples of entirely planned utopian socialist ideal cities.{{Cite news |title=Nowa Huta: Kraków's Socialist Realism Suburb |language=en |work=www.inyourpocket.com |url=https://www.inyourpocket.com/krakow/nowa-huta-krakows-socialist-realism-suburb_73840f |access-date=21 December 2021}} In January 2021, Saudi Arabia released a short film about plans of a smart linear city The Line, a utopian dream of a postmodern ecotopia.{{Cite news |last=Worth |first=Robert F. |date=28 January 2021 |title=The Dark Reality Behind Saudi Arabia's Utopian Dreams |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/28/magazine/saudi-arabia-neom-the-line.html |access-date=18 May 2022}} In September 2021, American billionaire Marc Lore announced Telosa, a utopian planned US city.{{Cite web |last=Holland |first=Oscar |date=6 September 2021 |title=Plans for $400-billion new city in the American desert unveiled |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/telosa-marc-lore-blake-ingels-new-city/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907054238if_/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/telosa-marc-lore-blake-ingels-new-city/index.html |archive-date=7 September 2021 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=CNN |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Del Rey |first=Jason |date=15 January 2021 |title=Walmart's e-commerce chief is leaving to build 'a city of the future{{'-}} |url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2021/1/15/22232033/marc-lore-walmart-leaving-jet-city-future-capitalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131000628if_/https://www.vox.com/recode/2021/1/15/22232033/marc-lore-walmart-leaving-jet-city-future-capitalism |archive-date=31 January 2021 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=Vox |language=en}}

Revolutionary architecture refers to the type of architecture that seeks to challenge or overthrow the existing social, political, and economic order through the built environment.{{cite thesis |last1=De Stefani Casanova |first1=Patricio |title=Emancipatory horizons: The possibility of a revolutionary architectural practice |date=2013 |url=https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/11237/ |publisher=University of Liverpool |type=mphil |language=en}} It often aims to create spaces that promote social justice, equity, and freedom. Revolutionary architecture is equated with utopian architecture due to insuperable constraints of capitalism.{{cite journal |last1=Jameson |first1=Fredric |title=Architecture and the Critique of Ideology |journal=Architecture, Criticism, Ideology |date=1985 |volume=64}} Utopianism played a significant role in the emergence of revolutionary architecture.{{cite journal |last1=Yakar |first1=Ali Güney |title=Konstrüktivist Mimarlığın Reel ve Ütopya Düzleminde Mekânsal İncelemesi |journal=TR-Dizin İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu |date=2021 |url=https://acikerisim.msgsu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.14124/679 |issn=1302-2636}}

In July 2018 MoMA opened a 6-month exhibition entitled "Toward a Concrete Utopia" that provided visitors with a large collection of images, architectural models, and drawings from Architecture of Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1980.{{Cite news |last=Farago |first=Jason |date=2018-07-19 |title=The Cement Mixer as Muse |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/arts/design/architecture-in-yugoslavia-review-moma.html |access-date=2019-01-31 |issn=0362-4331}} In June 2022, Prof. Leonhard Schenk organized an exhibition of utopian city planning concepts during Long Night of the Sciences in Kreuzlingen.{{Cite web |title=Visit Utopia – Stadtvisionen der Vergangenheit |url=https://www.htwg-konstanz.de/%20/master/architektur/aktuelles-semester/aktuelles/nachrichten/22/visit-utopia-stadtvisionen-der-vergangenheit/ |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=www.htwg-konstanz.de |language=de}}

• Brutalist architecture
• Ecomodernism
• Sotsgorod: Cities for Utopia
• The Almost Nearly Perfect People
• Totalitarian architecture
• Utopia for Realists

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