Login
Login

vergence

{{short description|Simultaneous movement of eyes in binocular vision}}

{{Other uses}}

File:Stereogram Tut Eye Convergence.png

A vergence is the simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions to obtain or maintain single binocular vision.{{Cite book

|last= Cassin

|first= B

|others= Solomon S.

|title= Dictionary of Eye Terminology

|location= Gainesville, Fl

|publisher= Triad Publishing Company

|year= 1990

|isbn= 978-0-937404-68-3 }}

When a creature with binocular vision looks at an object, the eyes must rotate around a vertical axis so that the projection of the image is in the centre of the retina in both eyes. To look at an object closer, the eyes rotate towards each other (convergence), while for an object farther away, they rotate away from each other (divergence). Exaggerated convergence is called cross eyed viewing (focusing on the nose, for example). When looking into the distance, the eyes diverge until parallel, effectively fixating on the same point at infinity (or very far away).

Vergence movements are closely connected to accommodation of the eye. Under normal visual conditions, looking at an object at a different distance will automatically cause changes in both vergence and accommodation, sometimes known as the accommodation-convergence reflex. When under non-typical visual conditions, like when looking at a stereogram, the vergence and accommodation of the eyes will not match, resulting in the viewer experiencing the vergence-accommodation conflict.

As opposed to the 500°/s velocity of saccade movements, vergence movements are far slower, around 25°/s. The extraocular muscles may have two types of fiber each with its own nerve supply, hence a dual mechanism.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}

Types

The following types of vergence are considered to act in superposition:

  • Tonic vergence: vergence due to normal extraocular muscle tone, with no accommodation and no stimulus to binocular fusion. Tonic vergence is considered to move the eyes from an anatomical position of rest (which would be the eye's position if it were not innervated) to the physiological position of rest.{{cite book|author1=George K. Hung|author2=Kenneth J. Ciuffreda|title=Models of the Visual System|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TInGyhLEaEwC&pg=PA342|date=31 January 2002|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-306-46715-8|pages=342}}
  • Accommodative vergence: blur-driven vergence.
  • Fusional vergence (also: disparity vergence, disparity-driven vergence, or reflex vergence): vergence induced by a stimulus to binocular fusion.
  • Proximal vergence: vergence due to the awareness of a fixation object being near or far in the absence of disparity and of cues for accommodation. This includes also vergence that is due to a subject's intent to fixate on an object in the dark.{{cite book|author=Ian P. Howard|title=Binocular Vision and Stereopsis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8vqITdETe0C&pg=PA399|date=January 1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508476-4|pages=399}}

Accommodative vergence is measured as the ratio between how much convergence takes place for a given accommodation (AC/A ratio, CA/C ratio).

Proximal vergence is sometimes also called voluntary vergence, which however more generally means vergence under voluntary control and is sometimes considered a fifth type of vergence.{{cite book|author1=Penelope S. Suter|author2=Lisa H. Harvey|title=Vision Rehabilitation: Multidisciplinary Care of the Patient Following Brain Injury|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zk3PpGBSOpoC&pg=PA97|date=2 February 2011|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-3656-9|pages=97}} Voluntary vergence is also required for viewing autostereograms as well as for voluntary crossing of the eyes. Voluntary convergence is normally accompanied by accommodation and miosis (constriction of the pupil); often however, with extended practice, individuals can learn to dissociate accommodation and vergence.{{cite journal|author=C. Keith Barnes|title=Voluntary dissociation of the accommodation and the convergence faculty: Two observations|journal=Arch. Ophthalmol.|date=May 1949|volume=41|issue=5|pages=599–606|doi=10.1001/archopht.1949.00900040615008}}

Vergence is also denoted according to its direction: horizontal vergence, vertical vergence, and torsional vergence (cyclovergence). Horizontal vergence is further distinguished into convergence (also: positive vergence) or divergence (also: negative vergence). Vergence eye movements result from the activity of six extraocular muscles. These are innerved from three cranial nerves: the abducens nerve, the trochlear nerve and the oculomotor nerve. Horizontal vergence involves mainly the medial and lateral rectus.

=== Convergence ===

In optometry, convergence is the simultaneous inward movement of both eyes toward each other, usually in an effort to maintain single binocular vision when viewing an object.Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. Dictionary of Eye Terminology. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990. This is the only eye movement that is not conjugate, but instead adducts the eye.Reeves & Swenson, "Disorders of the Nervous System" Dartmouth Medical School http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dons/part_1/chapter_4.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811042646/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dons/part_1/chapter_4.html |date=2020-08-11 }} Convergence is one of three processes an eye does to properly focus an image on the retina. In each eye, the visual axis will point towards the object of interest in order to focus it on the fovea.Saladin, "Anatomy and Physiology The Unity of Form and Function, 6th Ed. McGraw-Hill" This action is mediated by the medial rectus muscle, which is innervated by Cranial nerve III. It is a type of vergence eye movement and is done by extrinsic muscles. Diplopia, commonly referred to as double vision, can result if one of the eye's extrinsic muscles are weaker than the other. This results because the object being seen gets projected to different parts of the eye's retina, causing the brain to see two images.

Convergence insufficiency is a common problem with the eyes, and is the main culprit behind eyestrain, blurred vision, and headaches.{{cite web|url=http://www.convergenceinsufficiency.org/ |title=FOR PARENTS, STUDENTS, FARSIGHTED CHILDREN: What is Convergence Insufficiency Disorder? Eyestrain with reading or close work, blurred vision, blurry eyesight, exophoria, double vision, problems with near vision or seeing up close, headaches, exophoric |publisher=Convergenceinsufficiency.org |access-date=2012-03-05}}{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2019}} This problem is most commonly found in children.

Near point of convergence (NPC) is measured by bringing an object to the nose and observing when the patient sees double, or one eye deviates out. Normal NPC values are up to 10 cm. Any NPC value greater than 10 cm is remote, and usually due to high exophoria at near.

===Divergence===

File:Eye-divergence-example.gif

In ophthalmology, divergence is the simultaneous outward movement of both eyes away from each other, usually in an effort to maintain single binocular vision when viewing an object. It is a type of vergence eye movement. A divergence of the eyes in the vertical direction is physiologically seen during a head tilt, due to vestibular signaling, and when viewing a rotating visual image.{{cite journal | last1 = Wibble | first1 = T | last2 = Pansell| first2 = T | year = 2019 | title = Vestibular Eye Movements Are Heavily Impacted by Visual Motion and Are Sensitive to Changes in Visual Intensities | url = http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2728594 | journal = Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science | volume = 60 | issue = 4| doi = 10.1167/iovs.19-26706 | doi-access = free }} While the visual system is generally poor at adjusting to the acceleration of visual motion, this vertical divergence has proven more adaptable, possibly being caused by a visually induced activation of the vestibular nuclei, which usually convey information from the accelerometers of the inner ear.{{cite journal | last1 = Wibble | first1 = T | last2 = Engström| first2 = J | last3 = Pansell| first3 = T| year = 2020 | title = Visual and Vestibular Integration Express Summative Eye Movement Responses and Reveal Higher Visual Acceleration Sensitivity than Previously Described | url = https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2766011 | journal = Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science | volume = 61 | issue = 5| doi = 10.1167/iovs.61.5.4| pmc=7405760 | doi-access = free }}

Vergence dysfunction

A number of vergence dysfunctions exist:{{cite web|title=Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the Patient with Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction|url=https://www.aoa.org/documents/optometrists/CPG-18.pdf|publisher=American Optometric Association|access-date=30 April 2018|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412033053/https://www.aoa.org/documents/optometrists/CPG-18.pdf|url-status=dead}}Duane A. "A new classification of the motor anomalies of the eyes based upon physiological principles, together with their symptoms, diagnosis and treatment." Ann Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol. 5:969.1869;6:94 and 247.1867.

Vergence control, and over-convergence associated with the extra accommodation required to overcome a hyperopic refractive error, play a role in the onset of accommodative esotropia. The classical explanation for the onset of accommodative esotropia is a compensation of far-sightedness by means of excessive accommodative convergence. It is an active area of research to understand the reasons why many infants with hyperopia develop accommodative esotropia whereas others do not, and which is the exact influence of the vergence system in this context.{{cite journal |vauthors=Babinsky E, Candy TR |title=Why do only some hyperopes become strabismic? |journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=4941–55 |year=2013 |pmid=23883788 |pmc=3723374 |doi=10.1167/iovs.12-10670 |type=Review}}

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

{{Visual pathways}}

Category:Eye

Category:Stereoscopy