video sculpture
File:Electronic Superhighway Continental US Alaska Hawaii.mpg by Nam June Paik is composed of over 300 television sets, neon tubing, and 50 DVD players, to form a map of the United States.]]
A video sculpture is a type of video installation that integrates video into an object, environment, site or performance. The nature of video sculpture is that it utilizes the material of video in an innovative way in space and time, different from the standard traditional narrative screening where the video has a beginning and end.{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=video+sculpture&tbm=isch#imgrc=c6QQosPv071yVM:|title=video sculpture - Google Search|website=Google.com|access-date=2 January 2019}}
In one definition video sculpture involves one or more monitors or projections that spectators move among or stand in front of. Video sculptures formed of more than one screen or projection may broadcast a single program or may simultaneously broadcast different interconnected sequences on several channels. The screens used in the sculpture can be arranged in many different ways. For example, they can be suspended from a ceiling, aligned and stacked to make a video wall or even randomly stacked on top of each other. Video sculpture is a medium that offers performing artists a chance to have a more permanent artistic forum.
Video sculpture includes projection mapping on objects and environments. This has become more accessible and popular due to software advancements in the last five years.{{cite web|url=http://projection-mapping.org/what-is-projection-mapping/|title=What is projection mapping?|first=Brett|last=Jones|date=15 November 2012|website=Projection-mapping.org|access-date=2 January 2019}}
History
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, artists Wolf Vostell and Edward Kienholz began experimenting with televisions by using them in their happenings and assemblages respectively. In March 1963, Nam June Paik's debuted his video sculpture entitled Music/Electronic Television at the Parnass Gallery in Wupertal, which used 13 altered televisions. In May 1963 Wolf Vostell shows his installation 6 TV-Dé-coll/age{{cite web|url=http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/works/television-decollage/|title=Media Art Net - Vostell, Wolf: Television Décollage|date=2 January 2019|website=Medienkunstnetz.de|access-date=2 January 2019}} at the Smolin Gallery in New York utilized six televisions, each with an anomaly.{{cite web |url= http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/leonardo/v034/34.1dictionary.html |title= Dictionary Terms—Part II: Video |access-date=2008-08-06 |publisher=Project Muse}} Shigeko Kubota was also an innovator in the use of video in sculptural form. Her Duchampiana: Nude Descending a Staircase was the first video sculpture acquired by the Museum of Modern Art. This work is a reference to Marcel Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912){{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVzPI1mvf1cC&q=%22video+sculpture%22&pg=RA1-PA193|title=Into Performance|access-date=2008-08-11|author=Yoshimoto, Midori|year=2005|pages=191–3|isbn=9780813535210}} Video sculpturist are becoming influential among early 21st century artists.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/04/arts/design/04voge.html?|title=Finalists Named for Hugo Boss Prize |access-date=2008-08-11|date=2008-01-04|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Vogel, Carol}} One of Paik's video sculptures in which the six windows of a 1936 Chrysler Airstream were replaced with video monitors sold for $75,000 in 2002.{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E5DB153CF937A15757C0A9649C8B63|title=ACQUISITIONS; Whether Turtle or Motherwell, There's More Than Meets the Eye|access-date=2008-08-11|date=2008-01-04|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Ivry, Sara}}
Charlotte Moorman was a notable subject of video sculptures as a renowned topless cellist.{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945209-3,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025110825/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945209-3,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 25, 2012|title=The Decline and Fall of the Avant-Garde (page 3)|magazine=Time|publisher=Time, Inc.|author=Hughes, Robert|date=1972-12-18}}
Current developments
There are several developments in current video sculptures. The proliferation of powerful projectors and pixel-bending technology has enabled large-scale works often created for specific events and locations. Other artists like make use of multiple LCD screens or video walls and incorporate computer generated images. A different approach is used by artists like Madeleine Altmann, who creates sculptures with recycled cathode ray tube monitors.