viridian

Viridian pigment was first prepared in 1838 in Paris by Parisian color chemist and painter Pannetier alongside his assistant Binet as a hydrated form of chromium oxide.{{Cite book |first=Nicholas |last=Eastaugh |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/56444720 |title=The pigment compendium : a dictionary of historical pigments |date=2004 |publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=0-7506-5749-9 |page=391 |oclc=56444720}}{{Cite journal |last1=Cardeira |first1=A.M. |last2=Longelin |first2=S. |last3=Costa |first3=S. |last4=Candeias |first4=A. |last5=Carvalho |first5=M.L. |last6=Manso |first6=M. |year=2016 |title=Analytical characterization of academic nude paintings by José Veloso Salgado |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.08.043 |journal=Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy |volume=153 |pages=379–385 |doi=10.1016/j.saa.2015.08.043 |pmid=26344483 |bibcode=2016AcSpA.153..379C |issn=1386-1425}} The preparation process was demanding, expensive, and shrouded in secrecy.{{Rp|page=275}} The French chemist C. E. Guignet developed and patented a cheaper manufacturing method in 1859 that enabled larger distribution and use of the pigment.{{Rp|page=274}} This method involved calcining a combination of boric acid and potassium bichromate, then washing the material.{{Rp|page=|pages=280–281}}

Winsor and Newton's catalogue listed the pigment as early as 1849. It was used as early as 1840 in a work by J. M. W. Turner.{{Rp|page=275}} Viridian was in prominent use by the mid-nineteenth century, but was less popular than three to four times more affordable alternatives including emerald and chrome greens.{{Rp|page=|pages=276–77}}

Viridian is a bright shade of spring green, which places the color between green and teal on the color wheel, or, in paint, a tertiary blue–green color. Viridian is dark in value, has medium saturation, and is transparent.{{Rp|page=275}}

{{infobox color

|title=Paolo Veronese Green

|hex=009B7D

|source=Gallego and SanzGallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guía de coloraciones (Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guide to Colorations) Madrid: H. Blume. {{ISBN |84-89840-31-8}}

|isccname=Strong green}}

Paolo Veronese green is the color that is called Verde Verones in the Guía de coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.

Paolo Veronese green was a color formulated and used by the noted 16th-century Venetian artist Paolo Veronese.

Paolo Veronese green began to be used as a color name in English sometime in the 1800s (exact year uncertain).Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 201 (It is listed under Paul Veronese green)

Another name for this color is transparent oxide of chromium.Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 142

{{Clear}}

{{infobox color

|title=Viridian Green

|hex=009698

|source=[http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx Pantone TPX]Type the words "Viridian Green" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.

|isccname=Moderate bluish green}}

At right is displayed the color viridian green.

The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #17-5126 TPX—Viridian Green.[http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder--Type the words "Viridian Green" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear:]

{{Clear}}

{{infobox color

|title=Generic Viridian

|hex=007F66

|source=Gallego and Sanz

|isccname=Moderate green}}

Generic viridian is the color that is called Viridian inspecifico in the Guía de coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.

{{Clear}}

{{infobox color

|title=Spanish Viridian

|hex=007F5C

|source=Gallego and Sanz

|isccname=Strong green}}

Spanish viridian is the color that is called Viridian specifico in the Guía de coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.

{{Clear}}

Viridian is considered durable and permanent as an artist's pigment.{{Rp|page=278}} Viridian is unaffected by temperatures up to 260 °C (500 °F), but it is unsuitable for use in ceramic glazes.{{Rp|page=278}} Viridian is compatible with all pigments in all media, and has high oil absorption.{{Rp|page=278}} Pure pigment formulations of viridian are hard and may separate in tubes, but adding barium sulfate in small quantities enables easy grinding and dispersion.{{Rp|page=278}}

{{In popular culture|section|date=February 2020}}

Although viridian is not a frequent color name in English, it is used in a number of cultural references, probably because it is derived from {{Lang|la|viridis}}, the Latin word for green, so using the word viridian sounds more elegant than simply referring to the Old English word green.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Fine art painting

• Fritz Bamberger, Afterglow in the Sierra Nevada, 1863.{{Rp|page=288}}
• Claude Monet, Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare, 1877, oil on canvas{{Rp|page=287}} includes traces of viridian in the grassy area.
• Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Flowers, 1919.{{Rp|page=288}}File:Fritz_Bamberger_-_Ansicht_der_Sierra_Nevada_-_11627_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpgFile:Claude Monet - Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare - Google Art Project.jpgFile:Renoir_-_Flowers,_1915-1919,_DMA_1957.64.jpg

Automobiles

• "Viridian Joule" was the winning color name in Chevrolet's Volt Paint-Color Naming Contest."Viridian Joule" was the winning color name in Paint-Color Naming Contest [http://www.chevroletvoltage.com/index.php/volt-blog/18-volt/1585-viridian-joule-voted-winner-in-volt-paint-color-naming-contest.html]

Broadcasting

• Viridian was the signature color of BBC Two's identity from 1991–2001.

Environmental design

• The viridian design movement is a popular design movement based on a bright green environmentalism philosophy.{{cite journal| author = Sterling, Bruce| title = Viridian: The Manifesto of January 3, 2000| year = 2001| url = http://www.viridiandesign.org/manifesto.html| access-date = 2007-01-28| author-link = Bruce Sterling| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070108042056/http://www.viridiandesign.org/manifesto.html| archive-date = January 8, 2007}}{{cite journal| author = Hughes, James| title = Democratic Transhumanism 2.0| year = 2002| url = http://www.changesurfer.com/Acad/DemocraticTranshumanism.htm| access-date = 2007-01-26| author-link = James Hughes (sociologist)| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160818073142/http://changesurfer.com/Acad/DemocraticTranshumanism.htm| archive-date = 2016-08-18}}

• List of colors
• List of inorganic pigments
• Green pigments

{{Reflist}}

• Newman, R., Chromium Oxide Greens, in Artists’ Pigments, A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol 3: E.W. Fitzhugh (Ed.) Oxford University Press 1997, p. 273 – 286

• [https://www.webexhibits.org//pigments/indiv/overview/viridian.html Viridian], Pigments through the Ages, Webexhibits. Information about the color viridian, its history, making of, and its chemistry
• [http://colourlex.com/project/viridian/ Viridian], Colourlex
• [http://www.viridianrednoida.com/viridianred-noida/ Viridian Red Noida], Viridian Red Noida
• [https://www.figma.com/colors/viridian/ Viridian color in design]

{{Shades of blue}}

{{Shades of cyan}}

{{Shades of green}}

Category:Quaternary colors

Category:Shades of cyan

Category:Inorganic pigments

Category:Chromium(III) compounds

Category:Transition metal oxides