voiceless alveolar trill

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨r̥⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiceless alveolar trill

|ipa symbol=r̥

|ipa number=122 402A

|x-sampa=r_0

|imagefile=Doulos SIL — r̥.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

The voiceless alveolar trill differs from the voiced alveolar trill {{IPA|/r/}} only by the vibrations of the vocal cord. It occurs in a few languages, usually alongside the voiced version, as a similar phoneme or an allophone.

Proto-Indo-European {{PIE|*sr}} developed into a sound spelled {{angbr|{{lang|grc|ῥ}}}}, with the letter for {{IPA|/r/}} and the diacritic for {{IPA|/h/}}, in Ancient Greek. It was probably a voiceless alveolar trill and became the regular word-initial allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} in standard Attic Greek that has disappeared in Modern Greek.

PIE {{PIE|*srew-}} > Ancient Greek ῥέω "flow", possibly {{IPA|[r̥é.ɔː]}}

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar trill:

Its place of articulation is dental, alveolar or post-alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth, at the alveolar ridge or behind the alveolar ridge. It is most often apical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=228}}

Occurrence

;Alveolar

class="wikitable"
colspan=2\| Language ! Word ! IPA ! Meaning ! Notes
colspan=2\| Dharumbal{{sfnp\|Terrill\|2002\|p=4}} \| {{lang\|xgm\|barhi}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈbar̥i]}} \| 'stone' \| Contrasts with {{IPA\|/r/}}.
colspan=2\| Estonian{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=368}} \| {{example needed\|date=January 2016}} \| \| \| Word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}} after {{IPA\|/t, s, h/}}.{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=368}} See Estonian phonology
colspan=2\| Dutch \| {{lang\|nl\|herinvoering}} \| {{IPA\|[ɦɛr̥ɪnvuːrɪŋ]}} \| 'reinstatement' \| Possible word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}};
colspan=2\| Icelandic \| {{lang\|is\|hrafn}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈr̥apn̥]}} \| 'raven' \| Contrasts with {{IPA\|/r/}}. For some speakers it may actually be a voiceless flap. Also illustrates {{IPA\|[n̥]}}. See Icelandic phonology
colspan=2\| Konda{{sfnp\|Emeneau\|1970\|p=70}} \| puRi \| {{IPA\|[pur̥i]}} \| 'ant hill' \| Contrasts {{IPA\|/ɾ r r̥ ɽ/}}.{{sfnp\|Krishnamurti\|2003\|p=70}}
colspan=2\| Lezgian{{Harvcoltxt\|Haspelmath\|1993\|p=35}} \| {{lang\|lez\|крчар}}/krčar \| {{IPA\|[ˈkʰr̥t͡ʃar]}} \| 'horns' \| Allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}} between voiceless obstruents
Limburgish \| Hasselt dialect{{Harvcoltxt\|Peters\|2006}} \| {{lang\|li\|geer}} \| {{IPA\|[ɣeːr̥]}} \| 'odour' \| Possible word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}}; may be uvular {{IPAblink\|ʀ̥}} instead.While {{Harvcoltxt\|Peters\|2006}} does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol {{angbr IPA\|r̥}} for many instances of the word-final {{IPA\|/r/}}. See Hasselt dialect phonology
colspan=2\| Moksha \| нархне/närhn'e \| {{IPA\|[ˈnar̥nʲæ]}} \| 'these grasses' \| Contrasts with {{IPA\|/r/}}: нарня {{IPA\|[ˈnarnʲæ]}} "short grass". It has the palatalized counterpart {{IPA\|/r̥ʲ/}}: марьхне {{IPA\|[ˈmar̥ʲnʲæ]}} "these apples", but марьня {{IPA\|[ˈmarʲnʲæ]}} "little apple"
Nivkh \| Amur dialect \| р̌ы/řy \| {{IPA\|[r̥ɨ]}} \| 'door' \| Contrasts with {{IPA\|/r/}}. In the Sakhalin dialect, typically fricated {{angbr IPA\|r̝̊}}.
colspan=2\|Northern Qiang \|colspan=2\| {{example needed\|date=December 2018}} \| \| Contrasts with {{IPA\|/r/}}
colspan="2" \|Northern Sámi \|čahrrat \|[ˈt͡ʃar̥.r̥ah(t)] \|'to talk or laugh noisily' \|
colspan=2\| Polish \| {{lang\|pl\|krtań}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈkr̥täɲ̟]}} \| 'larynx' \| Allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}} when surrounded by voiceless consonants, or word finally after voiceless consonants. See Polish phonology
colspan=2\| Ukrainian{{Harvcoltxt\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=8}} \| {{lang\|uk\|центр}}/centr \| {{IPA\|[t̪͡s̪ɛn̪t̪r̥]}} \| 'centre' \| Word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}} after {{IPAslink\|t̪\|t}}. See Ukrainian phonology
colspan=2\| Welsh \| {{lang\|cy\|Rhagfyr}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈr̥aɡvɨr]}} \| 'December' \| Contrasts with {{IPA\|/r/}}. See Welsh phonology
colspan=2\| Yaygirr \| {{lang\|xya\|dirha}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈdir̥a]}} \| 'tooth' \| Contrasts with {{IPA\|/r/}}.
Zapotec \| Quiegolani{{Harvcoltxt\|Regnier\|1993\|p=11}} \| {{lang\|zpi\|rsil}} \| {{IPA\|[r̥sil]}} \| 'early' \| Allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}}.

class="wikitable"

colspan=2| Language

! Word

! IPA

! Meaning

! Notes

colspan=2| Dharumbal{{sfnp|Terrill|2002|p=4}}

| {{lang|xgm|barhi}}

| {{IPA|[ˈbar̥i]}}

| 'stone'

| Contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}}.

colspan=2| Estonian{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}}

| {{example needed|date=January 2016}}

| Word-final allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} after {{IPA|/t, s, h/}}.{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}} See Estonian phonology

colspan=2| Dutch

| {{lang|nl|herinvoering}}

| {{IPA|[ɦɛr̥ɪnvuːrɪŋ]}}

| 'reinstatement'

| Possible word-final allophone of {{IPA|/r/}};

colspan=2| Icelandic

| {{lang|is|hrafn}}

| {{IPA|[ˈr̥apn̥]}}

| 'raven'

| Contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}}. For some speakers it may actually be a voiceless flap. Also illustrates {{IPA|[n̥]}}. See Icelandic phonology

colspan=2| Konda{{sfnp|Emeneau|1970|p=70}}

| puRi

| {{IPA|[pur̥i]}}

| 'ant hill'

| Contrasts {{IPA|/ɾ r r̥ ɽ/}}.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=70}}

colspan=2| Lezgian{{Harvcoltxt|Haspelmath|1993|p=35}}

| {{lang|lez|крчар}}/krčar

| {{IPA|[ˈkʰr̥t͡ʃar]}}

| 'horns'

| Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} between voiceless obstruents

Limburgish

| Hasselt dialect{{Harvcoltxt|Peters|2006}}

| {{lang|li|geer}}

| {{IPA|[ɣeːr̥]}}

| 'odour'

| Possible word-final allophone of {{IPA|/r/}}; may be uvular {{IPAblink|ʀ̥}} instead.While {{Harvcoltxt|Peters|2006}} does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol {{angbr IPA|r̥}} for many instances of the word-final {{IPA|/r/}}. See Hasselt dialect phonology

colspan=2| Moksha

| нархне/närhn'e

| {{IPA|[ˈnar̥nʲæ]}}

| 'these grasses'

| Contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}}: нарня {{IPA|[ˈnarnʲæ]}} "short grass". It has the palatalized counterpart {{IPA|/r̥ʲ/}}: марьхне {{IPA|[ˈmar̥ʲnʲæ]}} "these apples", but марьня {{IPA|[ˈmarʲnʲæ]}} "little apple"

Nivkh

| Amur dialect

| р̌ы/řy

| {{IPA|[r̥ɨ]}}

| 'door'

| Contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}}. In the Sakhalin dialect, typically fricated {{angbr IPA|r̝̊}}.

colspan=2|Northern Qiang

|colspan=2| {{example needed|date=December 2018}}

| Contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}}

colspan="2" |Northern Sámi

|čahrrat

|[ˈt͡ʃar̥.r̥ah(t)]

|'to talk or laugh noisily'

colspan=2| Polish

| {{lang|pl|krtań}}

| {{IPA|[ˈkr̥täɲ̟]}}

| 'larynx'

| Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} when surrounded by voiceless consonants, or word finally after voiceless consonants. See Polish phonology

colspan=2| Ukrainian{{Harvcoltxt|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=8}}

| {{lang|uk|центр}}/centr

| {{IPA|[t̪͡s̪ɛn̪t̪r̥]}}

| 'centre'

| Word-final allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} after {{IPAslink|t̪|t}}. See Ukrainian phonology

colspan=2| Welsh

| {{lang|cy|Rhagfyr}}

| {{IPA|[ˈr̥aɡvɨr]}}

| 'December'

| Contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}}. See Welsh phonology

colspan=2| Yaygirr

| {{lang|xya|dirha}}

| {{IPA|[ˈdir̥a]}}

| 'tooth'

| Contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}}.

Zapotec

| Quiegolani{{Harvcoltxt|Regnier|1993|p=11}}

| {{lang|zpi|rsil}}

| {{IPA|[r̥sil]}}

| 'early'

| Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}}.

Voiceless alveolar fricative trill

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiceless alveolar fricative trill

|ipa symbol=r̝̊

|ipa number=122 402A 429

|xsampa=r_0_r

}}

The voiceless alveolar fricative trill is not known to occur as a phoneme in any language, except possibly the East Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh. It occurs allophonically in Czech.

=Features=

Features of the voiceless alveolar fricative trill:

Its manner of articulation is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
Its place of articulation is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge,

=Occurrence=

colspan=2\| Language ! Word ! IPA ! Meaning ! Notes
class="wikitable"
colspan=2\| Czech{{Harvcoltxt\|Dankovičová\|1999\|pp=70–71}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Šimáčková\|Podlipský\|Chládková\|2012\|p=226}} \| {{lang\|cs\|tři sta}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈt̪r̝̊ɪs̪t̪ä]}} \| 'three hundred' \| Allophone of {{IPA\|/r̝/}} after voiceless consonants;{{Harvcoltxt\|Dankovičová\|1999\|p=70}} may be a tapped fricative instead. See Czech phonology
rowspan=2\| Norwegian \| Areas around Narvik{{Harvcoltxt\|Fabiánová\|2011\|pp=34–35}} \|rowspan=2\| {{lang\|no\|norsk}} \|rowspan=2\| {{IPA\|[nɔr̝̊k]}} \|rowspan=2\| 'Norwegian' \|rowspan=2\| Allophone of the sequence {{IPA\|/ɾs/}} before voiceless consonants.
Some subdialects of Trøndersk
Nivkh \| (East) Sakhalin dialect \| р̌ы \| {{IPA\|[r̝̊ɨ]}} \| 'door' \| Contrasts with {{IPA\|/r/}}. In the Amur dialect, typically realized as {{angbr IPA\|r̥}}.
Polish \| Some dialects \| {{lang\|pl\|przyjść}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈpr̝̊ɘjɕt͡ɕ]}} \| 'to come' \| Allophone of {{IPA\|/r̝/}} after voiceless consonants for speakers that do not merge it with {{IPA\|/ʐ/}}. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork and those south, west and northwest of them, area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo, south and east from Wieleń, around Wołomin, southeast from Ostrów Mazowiecka and west from Siedlce, from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them, and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ. Most speakers, including speakers of standard Polish, pronounce it the same as {{IPA\|/ʂ/}}, and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do so too.
rowspan=2\| Silesian \| Gmina Istebna	{{Example needed\|date=November 2013}}	\|rowspan=2\| Allophone of {{IPA\|/r̝/}} after voiceless consonants. It's pronounced the same as {{IPA\|/ʂ/}} in most Polish dialects
Jablunkov	{{example needed\|date=December 2018}}

Notes

References

{{citation

|last1=Asu

|first1=Eva Liina

|last2=Teras

|first2=Pire

|year=2009

|title=Estonian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=39

|issue=3

|pages=367–372

|doi=10.1017/s002510030999017x

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Dankovičová

|first=Jana

|year=1999

|chapter=Czech

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=0-521-65236-7

|pages=70–74

}}

{{citation

|last1=Danyenko

|first1=Andrii

|last2=Vakulenko

|first2=Serhii

|year=1995

|title=Ukrainian

|publisher=Lincom Europa

|isbn=9783929075083

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ

}}

{{citation

|last=Emeneau

|first= Murray Barnson

|title=Dravidian Comparative Phonology: A Sketch

|date=1970

|location=Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India

|publisher=Annamalai University

}}

{{citation

|last=Fabiánová

|first=Martina

|title=Srovnání české a norské fonetiky

|year=2011

|url=http://is.muni.cz/th/260991/ff_b/prace_Bc._Fabianova.pdf?lang=en

}}

{{citation

|last=Haspelmath

|first=Martin

|author-link=Martin Haspelmath

|title=A Grammar of Lezgian

|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter

|series=Mouton Grammar Library

|volume=9

|year=1993

|location=Berlin; New York

|url= http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/173731

|isbn=3-11-013735-6

}}

{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511486876 |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2003-01-16 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511486876 |isbn=978-0-521-77111-5|s2cid=62636490 }}
{{SOWL}}
{{citation

|last=Peters

|first=Jörg

|year=2006

|title=The dialect of Hasselt

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=36

|issue=1

|pages=117–124

|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002428

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Regnier

|first=Sue

|year=1993

|title=Quiegolani Zapotec Phonology

|journal=Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics

|publisher=University of Dakota

|volume=37

|pages=37–63

|url=https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED365101

}}

{{citation

|last1=Šimáčková

|first1=Šárka

|last2=Podlipský

|first2=Václav Jonáš

|last3=Chládková

|first3=Kateřina

|year=2012

|title=Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=42

|issue=2

|pages=225–232

|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000102

|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/katerina/documents/illustration-of-Czech.pdf

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Terrill

|first=Angela

|year=2002

|title=Dharumbal: The Language of Rockhampton, Australia

|location=Canberra

|publisher=Pacific Linguistics

|isbn=0-85883-462-6

}}

External links

{{phoible|r̥}}

Category:Alveolar consonants

Category:Trill consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiceless oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

colspan=2\| Language ! Word ! IPA ! Meaning ! Notes
class="wikitable"
colspan=2\| Czech{{Harvcoltxt\|Dankovičová\|1999\|pp=70–71}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Šimáčková\|Podlipský\|Chládková\|2012\|p=226}} \| {{lang\|cs\|tři sta}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈt̪r̝̊ɪs̪t̪ä]}} \| 'three hundred' \| Allophone of {{IPA\|/r̝/}} after voiceless consonants;{{Harvcoltxt\|Dankovičová\|1999\|p=70}} may be a tapped fricative instead. See Czech phonology
rowspan=2\| Norwegian \| Areas around Narvik{{Harvcoltxt\|Fabiánová\|2011\|pp=34–35}} \|rowspan=2\| {{lang\|no\|norsk}} \|rowspan=2\| {{IPA\|[nɔr̝̊k]}} \|rowspan=2\| 'Norwegian' \|rowspan=2\| Allophone of the sequence {{IPA\|/ɾs/}} before voiceless consonants.
Some subdialects of Trøndersk
Nivkh \| (East) Sakhalin dialect \| р̌ы \| {{IPA\|[r̝̊ɨ]}} \| 'door' \| Contrasts with {{IPA\|/r/}}. In the Amur dialect, typically realized as {{angbr IPA\|r̥}}.
Polish \| Some dialects \| {{lang\|pl\|przyjść}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈpr̝̊ɘjɕt͡ɕ]}} \| 'to come' \| Allophone of {{IPA\|/r̝/}} after voiceless consonants for speakers that do not merge it with {{IPA\|/ʐ/}}. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork and those south, west and northwest of them, area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo, south and east from Wieleń, around Wołomin, southeast from Ostrów Mazowiecka and west from Siedlce, from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them, and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ. Most speakers, including speakers of standard Polish, pronounce it the same as {{IPA\|/ʂ/}}, and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do so too.
rowspan=2\| Silesian \| Gmina Istebna	{{Example needed\|date=November 2013}}	\|rowspan=2\| Allophone of {{IPA\|/r̝/}} after voiceless consonants. It's pronounced the same as {{IPA\|/ʂ/}} in most Polish dialects
Jablunkov	{{example needed\|date=December 2018}}

voiceless alveolar trill

Features

Occurrence

Voiceless alveolar fricative trill

=Features=

=Occurrence=

See also

Notes

References

External links