voiceless nasal glottal approximant
{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨h̃⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol = h̃
}}
The voiceless nasal glottal approximant is a type of consonantal sound, a nasal approximant, used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|h̃}}, that is, an h with a tilde.
Occurrence
The h sound is nasalized in several languages, apparently due to a connection between glottal and nasal sounds called rhinoglottophilia. Examples of languages where the only h-like sound is nasalized are Krim, Lisu, and Pirahã.
More rarely, a language will contrast oral {{IPA|/h/}} and nasal {{IPA|/h̃/}}. Two such languages are neighboring Bantu languages of Angola and Namibia, Kwangali and Mbukushu. In these languages, vowels following {{IPA|/h̃/}} are nasalized, though nasal vowels do not occur elsewhere. A distinction is also reported from Wolaytta, though in that case the nasal is rare. Swazi distinguishes /h, h̃, ɦ, ɦ̃/.
| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes | |||||
| Basque | Souletin dialect{{sfnp|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|p=25}} | {{lang|eu|ahate}} | {{IPA|[ãˈh̃ãte]}} | 'duck' | |
| colspan="2" |Carapana{{cite book |last1=Metzger |first1=Ronald |last2=Metzger |first2=Lois |chapter=Fonología del carapana |title=Sistemas fonológicos de idiomas columbianos |volume=2 |lang=es |publisher=Instituto Lingüístico de Verano |date=1973 |pages=121–132 |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/18913}}
|{{lang|cbc|hʉ̃gẽ́}} |{{IPA|[h̃ĩŋɛ̃́]}} |{{gloss|god}} |Allophone of {{IPAblink|h}} before nasal vowels. | |||||
| colspan="2" |Kaingang{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676, 681}}
|{{lang|kgp|hũg}} |[h̃ũŋ] |'hawk' |Possible word-initial realization of /h/ before a nasal vowel.{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676, 681}} | |||||
| colspan="2" | Kwangali{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=132–3}} | {{lang|kwn|nhonho}} | {{IPA|[h̃õh̃õ]}} | Tribulus species | ||
| Khoekhoegowab
|Damara dialect |{{lang|naq|hû}} |{{IPA|[h̃ũː]}} |'six' |Free variation{{Clarify|reason=In free variation with what?|date=February 2024}} | |||||
| rowspan="2" |Lisu
|Northern dialect{{sfnp|Bradley|1994|p=79}} |{{lang|lis|han}} |{{IPA|[h̃a˧]}} | rowspan="2" |'soul' | | |||||
| Southern dialect{{sfnp|Bradley|2006|p=271}}
|{{lang|lis|ꓦꓻ}} |{{IPA|[h̃ɑ˦]}} | | |||||
| colspan="2" |Swazi
| | | |Distinguishes /h, h̃, ɦ, ɦ̃/. | |||||
| colspan="2" |Tofa{{Cite web|title=Karagas|url=https://mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de/numeral/Karagas.htm|access-date=2020-12-18|website=mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201542/https://mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de/numeral/Karagas.htm|url-status=dead}}
|иъһён |{{IPA|[iʔh̃jon]}} |'twenty' | |
Notes
{{reflist}}
References
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite book
|first=David
|last=Bradley
|year=1994
|title=A Dictionary of the Northern Dialect of Lisu (China and Southeast Asia)
|publisher=Pacific Linguistics
|isbn=978-0-858834-23-1
}}
- {{cite book
|first=David
|last=Bradley
|year=2006
|title=Southern Lisu Dictionary
|publisher=STEDT
|isbn=978-0-944613-43-6
}}
- {{citation
|last1=Hualde
|first1=José Ignacio
|author1-link=José Ignacio Hualde
|last2=Ortiz de Urbina
|first2=Jon
|year=2003
|title=A Grammar of Basque
|place=Berlin
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|isbn=3-11-017683-1}}
- {{SOWL|mode=cs2}}
- {{citation
|last=Jolkesky
|first=Marcelo Pinho De Valhery
|year=2009
|title=Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingang falado em cacique doble
|journal=Anais do SETA
|issue=3
|pages=675–685
|url=http://revistas.iel.unicamp.br/index.php/seta/article/viewFile/557/474
}}
{{refend}}
External links
- {{phoible|h̃}}
{{IPA navigation}}
Category:Approximant-fricative consonants
Category:Voiceless nasal approximants
{{phonetics-stub}}