vrata

Vrata (Sanskrit: व्रत) means "vow, resolve, devotion",Monier Monier-Williams (1899), Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, page 1042, Article on Vrata and refers to the practice of austerity, particularly in matters related to foods and drinks by people in Hindu and Jaina culture, as part of a pious observance or prayers seeking health, fertility, long life or happiness for her loved ones.{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=139}}{{Sfn|Lynn Teskey Denton|2012|pp=31-33}}

Derived from the root ‘vr’ ("will, rule, restrain, conduct, choose, select"), the word is found over 200 times in the Rigveda.{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|p=45}} It is also found in other Vedic literature including the Upanishads, but the context suggests that the meaning of the word in the Vedic era was not as a personal pious observance, and instead was related to ṛta and dharma, in the sense of inner principles and universal laws that keep order in the cosmos.{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|p=45}} Every man's vocation, as in hymn 9.112.1 of the Rigveda, is called his Vrata. Thus, whatever profession one is devoted to, resolves to do his best in, is deemed Vrata in the Vedic literature.{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|pp=45-46}} The act of sacrifice, in another context such as in hymn 1.93.8 of the Rigveda, is also called a Vrata.{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|pp=45-46}}

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|quote = Vrata: the vow

Be thou the wife at their sacrifices,

strict in thy vows [vrata],

and gifted with joy!

|source = —Kunti to Draupadi, Mahabharata 1.191.5
Transl: Anne Pearson{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|p=53}}

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The post-Vedic texts use the term as a form of self-imposed restrictions on food and behavior, sometimes with a vow.{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|pp=45-46}}{{Sfn|Kane|1958|pp=28-29}} The concept evolves as a form of religious votive rite, personalized and interiorized, one that does not need a public ceremony or a private one, but that is privately observed.{{Sfn|Lynn Teskey Denton|2012|pp=31-33}}{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|pp=46-47}}{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|pp=139-140}} Its meaning retains a sense of personal sacrifice (fast, or restricted diet), in exchange for hope, accompanied with a prayer to a personally defined or cherished divinity, and propelled by the wish for the well being of one's loved ones.{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=139}}{{Sfn|Lynn Teskey Denton|2012|pp=31-33}}{{Sfn|Denise Cush|Catherine Robinson|Michael York|2012|pp=972-973}} The Grihya-sutras (domestic life manuals), the Puranas and the epics describe the practice particularly in the context of Vedic students,{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|p=48}} brahmins,{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|pp=50-52}} and women, as "devotion, solemn vow, holy practice, resolve, dedication".{{Sfn|Heather Elgood|2000|pp=198-199}}{{Sfn|Denise Cush|Catherine Robinson|Michael York|2012|pp=972-973}}

Vrata is a religious votive rite, a vow often involving abstinence from food, particularly common with women.{{Sfn|Heather Elgood|2000|pp=198-199}}{{Sfn|Denise Cush|Catherine Robinson|Michael York|2012|pp=972-973}} It may be accompanied with elaborate prayers, other rites such as charity or visit to a temple, sometimes observed during festivals or with sanskara (rite of passage) ceremonies. It is found in ancient Hindu texts such as the Vedas, but in a fluid context that is not in the sense of pious observances.{{Sfn|Lynn Teskey Denton|2012|pp=31-33}}{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|pp=46-47}}{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|pp=139-140}}

The Upanishads conceptualize Vrata as an ethical and behavioral process of discipline: one where food is respected, the needy helped, the stranger welcomed, and the student carries on the pursuit of knowledge.{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|p=47}} The Puranas link the practice to the empowering concept, the Shakti of a woman, while the Dharmasastras link the practice to one possible form of penance through the concept of Prāyaścitta for both men and women.{{Sfn|Denise Cush|Catherine Robinson|Michael York|2012|pp=972-973}}

The Yoga Sutras (verse II.31) mentions the word vrata, where Patanjali highlights that the five yamas form a mahavrata (a great vow). In this verse, Patanjali states that yamas (vrata or mahavrata) is universal and applies to all practicing yogis, regardless of class, location, time, or specific situation.{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin F. |title=The Yoga sūtras of Patañjali: a new edition, translation and commentary with insights from the traditional commentators |date=2009 |publisher=North Point Press |isbn=978-0-86547-736-0 |location=New York |pages=248}}

A vrata is a personal practice that typically involves no priest, but it may involve personal prayer, chanting, reading of spiritual texts, social get-togethers of friends and family, or silent meditation.{{Sfn|Denise Cush|Catherine Robinson|Michael York|2012|pp=972-973}}

A Vrata may be motivated by many factors and is observed by both genders, but far more often by women.{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=139}}{{Sfn|Heather Elgood|2000|pp=198-199}} The most common reasons for a vrata are temporal wishes, such as the speedy recovery of a sick child, success or happiness for a loved one, fertility, the warding off of negativity, prayers and good wishes for someone departing to a distant place.{{Sfn|Heather Elgood|2000|pp=198-199}} In the case of women, the prayers are usually on behalf of brother(s), children or husbands, but sometimes for the woman's own prosperity, mind-body balance and health.{{Sfn|Denise Cush|Catherine Robinson|Michael York|2012|pp=972-973}}{{Sfn|Lynn Teskey Denton|2012|pp=31-34}}

Sociologists who have interviewed women who observe vrata report that the practice is explained (according to Anne Pearson) as something that gives "peace of mind", that the woman making one has made an effort to the best of her abilities and out of her duty towards those important to her. She has a sense of contentment in her heart and intellect, and thus she feels she has achieved something.{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|pp=10, 102, 199, 217}}{{cite book|author=Mary McGee|editor= Julia Leslie |title=Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKDm8EH2L3kC |year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 978-81-208-1036-5 |pages=79–80 }} It is also an expression of care and love, a reminder of the ethical principles of the Hindu traditions.{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|pp= 5, 44, 198, 217}}

A vrata is sometimes practiced by a brahmacharya (students) or grihastha (householders) if they feel it is obligatory before, or during, certain spiritual or religious practices.{{Sfn|Kane|1958|pp=26-29}} Utsavas, or religious festivals, share some elements with vratas, incorporating the practice of fasting and similar austerities as a part of the festive observance.{{Sfn|Kane|1958|pp=26-29}} Some vratas are for religious (dharma) or soteriological goals (moksha), some are for nonreligious reasons, some are celebrations of one's cultural tradition, and others are a form of quid pro quo sacrifice to get or to give divine help to someone.{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|pp= 109, 195-197, 205, 220}}

Another reason for observing vratas is the belief that they are a form of penance and self-correction; expiatory (prāyaścitta) rites.{{Sfn|Kane|1958|pp=28-29}} Vratas are discussed as a means to prāyaścitta in Dharmasastra texts.{{Sfn|Kane|1958|p=27}} Many prāyaścitta vratas in these texts suggest it should include the feeding of "Brahmins, blind, poor and helpless", as well as other acts of charity.{{Sfn|Kane|1958|pp=38-41}} However, a vrata can consist of many different activities. Other examples of vrata activities besides fasting include burning incense, prayers before a deity, meditation and so on.{{Sfn|Kane|1958|pp=38-41}} The śmrtis go into great detail on the subject of vratas, discussing even the details pertaining to what type of flowers should be used in worship.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|pp=37-39, 57}}

Men and women, state the Dharmashastras and the Puranas, can expiate their sins through the use of vratas.{{Sfn|Kane|1958|pp=51, 57}} For prāyaścitta, the vratas are the second most discussed method in the Puranas, after the tirtha (pilgrimage).{{Sfn|Kane|1958|p=57}}

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| footer = Vrata may be observed as a silent private rite, or be it can be more elaborate, with activities such as the drawing of vrata mandalas such as kolam, rangoli or mehndi.{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=140}}{{Sfn|Denise Cush|Catherine Robinson|Michael York|2012|pp=972-973}}

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A vrata is observed either as an independent private ritual at a date of one's choice, as part of a particular ceremony such as a wedding, or as a part of a major festival such as Diwali, Shivaratri, Navratri, or the Ekadashis of various deities.{{Sfn|Axel Michaels|2016|pp=219-221}}{{cite book|author=Lindsey Harlan |title=Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HLrPYOe38gC |year=1992|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07339-5 |pages=45–46}}{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|pp=267-270}}

A typical vrata involves fasting for a fixed period of time, usually a full day, where either no food is eaten, or only one meal is eaten in the entire day, or only a certain food such as milk is consumed.{{cite book|author=Lindsey Harlan |title=Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HLrPYOe38gC |year=1992|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07339-5 |page=88}}{{cite book|author=J. C. Heesterman |title=The Broken World of Sacrifice: An Essay in Ancient Indian Ritual |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaG8Y5slO6MC |year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-32301-5 |pages=212–213 }} Other observances include sleeping on the ground or abstaining from sleep, or alternatively practicing yoga with meditation, reading scriptures and giving to charity (dāna).{{Sfn|Anne Mackenzie Pearson|1996|pp=267-270}}

Some vratas are more elaborate, such as those associated with major festivals or tirtha pilgrimages or rites of passage, involving weeks of preparation, the drawing of Vrata mandala with coloured powders, decorating and cleaning the house, special baths and festive dress, charity, visits to Hindu temples or puja within one's home.{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=140}}{{Sfn|Denise Cush|Catherine Robinson|Michael York|2012|pp=972-973}}{{cite book|author1=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad |author2=Ellison Banks Findly |title=Women, Religion, and Social Change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etGbe5XhmlIC |year=1985|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn= 978-0-88706-069-4 |pages=205–206 }} In Nepal, for example, Hindus visit the Pashupatinatha temple, families light lamps on the Balacaturdasi night and then set them afloat in the Bagamati river next morning, followed by strewing of grains for birds.{{Sfn|Axel Michaels|2016|pp=219-221}} Kane lists hundreds of vrata found in Hindu texts.{{Sfn|Kane|1958|pp=81-236, For a list see, pages 251-462}}

The puranas denote various types of vratas, such as,{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

• ‘kayika-vrata’. It is a vrata pertaining to the body. The stress is on physical austerity like fasting.
• ‘vachika-vrata’ or vrata pertaining to speech. Here much importance is given to speaking the truth and reciting the scriptures.
• ‘manasa-vrata’ or vrata pertaining to the mind. The emphasis here is on controlling the mind, by controlling the passions and prejudices that arise in it.

A vrata may also be classified by its duration: a vrata lasting one day is a dina-vrata, and a vrata lasting for a paksha (week or fortnight) is a vaara-vrata or a paksha-vrata.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

There are different rules and guidelines followed while observing a given vrata period.

This consists of complete fasting without drinking any water. Hence, it is called Nirjala (waterless) vrata. Unlike normal (common) vratas in which the consumption of fruits, juices, milk, water and sugar are allowed, the 'vrati' doesn't eat or drink anything at all, with the intent to purify their body. It is common on Hindu festivals such as Nirjala Ekadashi, and chhath.{{Cite web|url=http://www.rudraksha-ratna.com/articles/nirjala-ekadashi|title=Nirjala Ekadashi 2017, Nirjala Ekadashi Vrat Katha, Puja Vidhi Date and Time – Nirjala Ekadashi|website=www.rudraksha-ratna.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-26}}

{{Main|Ethics of Jainism||mahavrata|anuvrata|gunasthana}}

Five vrata-s (vows) are one of the codes of conduct for Jain householders.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=124}} Any of the vows (vratas) that govern the activities of both monks and laymen. These are similar to the Yamas of yoga, and include the vow of ahimsa, satya, asteya, brahmacharya and aparigraha.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=162}} Jainism also has seven supplementary vows, called the Shila-vratas, which suggest additional virtues.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|pp=162-163}}

Fasting is part of vrata observances in Jainism, and some involve congregational fasting at temples.{{cite book|author= John E. Cort |title= Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803037-9|pages=227 note 22 }} Vrata among Jaina women may involve complete or partial fasting on certain specific days; a pilgrimage or tirtha to a particular place or places, as well as virtuous actions to others.{{cite book|author=Natubhai Shah |title= Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2 |pages=101–102 }} Vrata is viewed as a form of austerity, with the power to remove karma from jiva (soul) and gain punya (merit).{{cite book|author=Kristi L. Wiley |title=Historical Dictionary of Jainism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XubfClGnIAUC |date=2004 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-5051-4 |pages=85–86 }}

Laypersons aren't expected to observe these vows strictly. Once a layperson has gone through the preliminary stages of spiritual discipline (gunasthana), that person may promise to observe 12 vows for a stated period of time and may renew the pledge at the completion of that time.{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jain-vrata#ref251060 |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=22 May 2019}}

• Jaya Parvati vrat
• Punyipukur Vrata
• Vow of silence
• Novena
• Tapas (Indian religions)
• Tapas (Jain religion)
• Yampukur Vrata

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book|author1=Denise Cush |author2=Catherine Robinson |author3=Michael York |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N4mGlbutbgC |year=2012|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-18978-5 }}
• {{cite book|author=Lynn Teskey Denton |title= Female Ascetics in Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCenLd4P60sC |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8462-3 }}
• {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC |date=2001 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7154-839-2 }}
• {{cite book|author=Heather Elgood |title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ |year=2000|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-304-70739-3 }}
• {{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich |title= The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfZNoX09XNAC |year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-531405-2 }}
• {{cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |author-link=Pandurang Vaman Kane |year=1953 |title=History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India |volume=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.4 }}
• {{cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |author-link=Pandurang Vaman Kane |year=1958 |title=History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India |volume=5, part 1 |url=https://archive.org/stream/KhistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLaw/Kane_A-History-of-Dharmasastra-v5-1toc_1958#page/n6/mode/1up }}
• {{cite book|author= Axel Michaels |title=Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSaxCgAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026263-1}}
• {{cite book|author=Anne Mackenzie Pearson |title=Because It Gives Me Peace of Mind: Ritual Fasts in the Religious Lives of Hindu Women |url=https://archive.org/details/becauseitgivesme0000pear |url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher= State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3038-5 }}
• {{cite book |title=Fasts and festivals of India|last= Verma |first=Manish |year=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=81-7182-076-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4gzFFLdBoYC}}
• Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dallapiccola
• Vrata: Sacred Vows and Traditional Fasts, by M.N. Dutt. Cosmo Publication, 2003. {{ISBN|81-292-0018-X}}

{{Hindudharma}}

Category:Sanskrit words and phrases