walleye

{{Speciesbox

| image = Walleye (Sander vitreus) (1).jpg

| status = LC

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| status_ref = {{cite iucn |author=NatureServe |date=2013 |title=Sander vitreus |volume=2013 |page=e.T202605A18229159 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202605A18229159.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}

| taxon = Sander vitreus

| authority = (Mitchill, 1818)

| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies

| synonyms = *Perca vitrea Mitchill, 1818

Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill, 1818)
Lucioperca americana Cuvier, 1828
Lucioperca grisea DeKay, 1842
Stizostedion glaucum Hubbs, 1926

| synonyms_ref = {{FishBase | Sander | vitreum | month = December | year = 2019}}

}}

The walleye (Sander vitreus, synonym Stizostedion vitreum), also called the walleyed pike,{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/walleye|title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}} yellow pike, yellow pikeperch or yellow pickerel,{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontariofishes.ca/fish_detail.php?FID=151|title=Ontario Freshwater Fishes Life History Database Species Detail}} is a freshwater perciform fish native to most of Canada and to the Northern United States. It is a North American close relative of the European zander, also known as the pikeperch. The walleye is sometimes called the yellow walleye to distinguish it from the blue walleye, which is a color morph that was once found in the southern Ontario and Quebec regions, but is now presumed extinct.{{cite web|url=http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/200809/08/01-662528-le-dore-bleu-existe.php |title=Le doré bleu existe! |date=16 August 2008 |website=lapresse.ca |access-date=24 March 2018}} However, recent genetic analysis of a preserved (frozen) 'blue walleye' sample suggests that the blue and yellow walleye were simply phenotypes within the same species and do not merit separate taxonomic classification.{{cite journal |last1=Haponski |first1=Amanda E. |last2=Stepien |first2=Carol A. |author-link2=Carol Stepien|title=A population genetic window into the past and future of the walleye Sander vitreus: relation to historic walleye and the extinct "blue pike" S. v. "glaucus" |journal=Giornale della Libreria |date=2014 |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-133 |pmid=24941945 |url=http://www.openaccessarticles.com/read/449278 |access-date=10 July 2015 |pages=133 |pmc=4229939 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..133H }}

In parts of its range in English-speaking Canada, the walleye is known as a pickerel, though the fish is not related to the true pickerels, which are members of the family Esocidae.{{cite web|last=Crossman |first=E.J. |title=Walleye – The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/walleye/ |access-date=29 April 2017}} It is also sometimes called a dory in British English (and its common name in French is the similar doré—meaning golden or gilded), although this name is also used for various other species.{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/dory |title=Definition of 'dory' |work=Collins |access-date=19 November 2024}}

Walleyes show a fair amount of variation across watersheds. In general, fish within a watershed are quite similar and are genetically distinct from those of nearby watersheds. The species has been artificially propagated for over a century and has been planted on top of existing populations or introduced into waters naturally devoid of the species, sometimes reducing the overall genetic distinctiveness of populations.

Etymology

File:Sander vitreus.jpg

The name "walleye" comes from its pearlescent eyes caused by the reflective tapetum lucidum which, in addition to allowing the fish to see well in low-light conditions, gives its eyes an opaque appearance. Their vision affects their behavior. They avoid bright light and feed in low light on fish that cannot see as well as they do.{{cite web |title=Walleye biology and identification |url=https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fish/walleye/biology.html |publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources |access-date=29 May 2021}} Many anglers look for walleyes at night since this is when major feeding efforts occur. The fish's eyes also allow them to see well in turbid waters (stained or rough, breaking waters), which gives them an advantage over their prey. Thus, walleye anglers commonly look for locations where a good "walleye chop" (i.e., rough water) occurs. Their vision also allows the fish to populate the deeper regions in a lake, and they can often be found in deeper water, particularly during the warmest part of the summer and at night.{{cite book|title=Northern Wisconsin All-Outdoors Atlas & Field Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqxeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |date=2012 |publisher=Sportsman's Connection |page=5}}

Description

Walleyes are largely olive and gold in color (hence the French common name: doré—golden). The dorsal side of a walleye is olive, grading into a golden hue on the flanks. The olive/gold pattern is broken up by five darker saddles that extend to the upper sides. The color shades to white on the belly. The mouth of a walleye is large and is armed with many sharp teeth. The first dorsal and anal fins are spinous, as is the operculum. Walleyes are distinguished from their close relative the sauger by the white coloration on the lower lobe of the caudal fin, which is absent on the sauger. In addition, the two dorsals and the caudal fin of the sauger are marked with distinctive rows of black dots which are absent from or indistinct on the same fins of walleyes.{{cite web|url=http://www.in-fisherman.com/content/world-walleyes|title=In-Fisherman - The World's Foremost Authority On Freshwater Fishing|website=In-Fisherman|access-date=24 March 2018}}

=Length and weight=

File:walleye weight length graph.jpg

Walleyes grow to about {{convert|80|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, and weigh up to about {{convert|9|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The maximum recorded size for the fish is {{convert|107|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|13|kg|lb}} in weight. The rate depends partly on where in their range they occur, with southern populations often growing faster and larger. In general, females grow larger than males. Walleyes may live for decades; the maximum recorded age is 29 years. In heavily fished populations, however, few walleye older than five or six years of age are encountered. In North America, where they are highly prized, their typical size when caught is on the order of {{convert|30|to|50|cm|in|abbr=on}}, substantially below their potential size.

As walleye grow longer, they increase in weight. The relationship between total length (L) and total weight (W) for nearly all species of fish can be expressed by an equation of the form

: $W = cL^b \,$

Invariably, b is close to 3.0 for all species, and c is a constant that varies among species. For walleye, b = 3.180 and c = 0.000228 (with units in inches and pounds) or b = 3.180 and c = 0.000005337 (with units in cm and kg).{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Anderson |first1=R. O.|last2=Neumann|first2=R. M.|title=Length, Weight, and Associated Structural Indices|encyclopedia= Fisheries Techniques|date=1996|editor-last1= Murphy|editor-first1=B. E.|editor-last2=Willis |editor-first2= D. W.|publisher=American Fisheries Society|edition=Second|isbn=1-888569-00-X|location=Bethesda, MD}}

This relationship suggests a {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} walleye will weigh about {{convert|1.5|kg|abbr=on}}, while a {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} walleye will likely weigh about {{convert|2.5|kg|abbr=on}}.

Population dynamics

The Garrison Dam National Fish Hatchery at Garrison Dam, North Dakota, is the largest walleye hatchery in the world. Although they are in high demand for fishing and consumption in North Dakota, elsewhere they are considered a nuisance. For that reason GDNFH is also researching hormonal population control to provide control options to other areas.

Reproduction

File:Walleye larva (8741578944).jpg

In most of the species' range, male walleyes mature sexually between three and four years of age. Females normally mature about a year later. Adults migrate to tributary streams in late winter or early spring to lay eggs over gravel and rock, although open-water reef or shoal-spawning strains are seen, as well. Some populations are known to spawn on sand or vegetation. Spawning occurs at water temperatures of {{convert|6|to|10|C|F}}. A large female can lay up to 500,000 eggs, and no care is given by the parents to the eggs or fry. The eggs are slightly adhesive and fall into spaces between rocks. The incubation period for the embryos is temperature-dependent, but generally lasts from 12 to 30 days. After hatching, the free-swimming embryos spend about a week absorbing a relatively small amount of yolk. Once the yolk has been fully absorbed, the young walleyes begin to feed on invertebrates, such as fly larvæ and zooplankton. After 40 to 60 days, juvenile walleyes become piscivorous. Thenceforth, both juvenile and adult walleyes eat fish almost exclusively, frequently yellow perch or ciscoes, moving onto bars and shoals at night to feed. Walleye also feed heavily on crayfish, minnows, and leeches.

Taxonomy

The walleye is part of the North American clade within the genus Sander, alongside the sauger (S. canadensis). Hubbs described a taxon called the blue walleye (S. glaucus) from the Great Lakes but subsequent taxonomic work showed no consistent differences between this form and the "yellow" walleye and the blue walleye is now considered to be a synonym and color variant of the walleye.{{cite book | author1 = Carol A. Stepien | author2 = Amanda Haponski | name-list-style = amp | year = 2015 | chapter = Taxonomy, Distribution, and Evolution of the Percidae | doi = 10.1007/978-94-017-7227-3_1 | title = Biology and Culture of Percid Fishes | pages = 3–60 | editor1 =Patrick Kestemont | editor2 = Konrad Dabrowski | editor3 = Robert C. Summerfelt | publisher = Springer, Dordrecht | isbn = 978-94-017-7227-3}} The walleye was first formally described by the American naturalist Samuel Latham Mitchill (1764–1831) with the type locality given as Cayuga Lake near Ithaca, New York.{{Cof record | spid = 16288 | title = Perca vitrea | access-date = 16 September 2020}}

As food

File:Okacic.jpg

The walleye is considered to be a quite palatable freshwater fish, and consequently, is fished recreationally and commercially for food.{{cite web|title=Walleye, Sander vitreus|url=http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-153-10364_18958-45694--,00.html|work=Department of Natural Resources (DNR), State of Michigan|access-date=15 March 2013}} Because of its nocturnal feeding habits, it is most easily caught at night using live minnows or lures that mimic small fish. Most commercial fisheries for walleye are situated in the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes, {{cite web |url=https://www.seafoodsource.com/seafood-handbook/finfish/walleye |title=Walleye}} Retrieved 25 April 2022. Seafood Source and fried walleye is considered a staple of Canadian cuisine. {{cite web |url=https://cook.me/recipe/best-fried-walleye/ |title=Best Fried Walleye|date=6 May 2019 }} Retrieved 25 April 2022. Cook Me {{cite web |url=https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/223227/best-fried-walleye/ |title=Best Fried Walleye}} Retrieved 25 April 2022. All Recipes In Minnesota, the walleye is often fished for in the late afternoon on windy days (known as a "walleye chop") or at night. Often served as a sandwich in Minnesota's pubs where the fish is very popular, deep fried walleye on a stick is a Minnesota State Fair food.{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PK8wIfd19s0C&pg=PA32| title = Field and Stream July 2005| date = July 2005}}

Fishing

Because walleyes are popular with anglers, fishing for walleyes is regulated by most natural resource agencies. Management may include the use of quotas and length limits to ensure that populations are not overexploited. For example, in Michigan, walleyes shorter than {{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} may not be legally kept.

Since walleyes have excellent visual acuity under low illumination levels, they tend to feed more extensively at dawn and dusk, on cloudy or overcast days, and under choppy conditions when light penetration into the water column is disrupted. Although anglers interpret this as light avoidance, it is merely an expression of the walleyes' competitive advantage over their prey under those conditions. Similarly, in darkly stained or turbid waters, walleyes tend to feed throughout the day. In the spring and fall, walleyes are located near the shallower areas due to the spawning grounds, and they are most often located in shallower areas during higher winds due to the murkier, higher oxygenated water at around six feet deep.Joe Fellegy, Jr., Walleyes and Walleye Fishing (Dillon Press, 1974), 57, 58 On calm spring days, walleyes are more often located at the deep side of the shoreline drop-off and around shore slopes around or deeper than 10 feet.Fellegy, 60

As a result of their widespread presence in Canada and the northern United States, walleyes are frequently caught while ice fishing, a popular winter pastime throughout those regions.

"Walleye chop" is a term used by walleye anglers for rough water typically with winds of {{convert|10|to|25|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}, and is one of the indicators for good walleye fishing due to the walleyes' increased feeding activity during such conditions. In addition to fishing this chop, night fishing with live bait can be very effective.

The current all-tackle world record for a walleye is held by Mabry Harper, who caught an 11.34-kg (25-lb) walleye in Old Hickory Lake in Tennessee on 2 August 1960.{{cite web | title=IGFA All-Tackle World Record | year=1960 | author=International Game and Fish Association | publisher=IGFA | url=http://wrec.igfa.org/WRecordsList.aspx?lc=AllTackle&cn=Walleye | access-date=20 April 2014}} LeRoy Chiovitte holds the Minnesota state-record walleye he caught on May 13, 1979 on the Seagull River near Saganaga Lake. The fish weighed 17 pounds, eight ounces, was 35.75 inches long and had a girth of 21.25 inches.{{Cite web |date=2022-02-27 |title=Minnesota's state record walleye is going home |url=https://www.twincities.com/2022/02/27/minnesotas-state-record-walleye-is-going-home/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Twin Cities |language=en-US}}

Cultural aspects

File:Garrison Big Fish.jpg in Garrison, Minnesota]]

Walleye is a culturally significant food in the Upper Midwest.Makenzie Huber, [https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/business-journal/2019/08/22/walleye-origin-south-dakota-food-favorite-state-fish/2053943001/ Why walleye? How this flaky fish became a South Dakota food favorite], Argus Leader (August 28, 2019). Walleye is popular in Minnesota; the Minnesota Legislature declared walleye the official state fish in 1965. Three towns—Garrison, Minnesota, Baudette, Minnesota, and Garrison, North Dakota—each claim to be the "Walleye Capital of the World" and a large statue of the fish is erected in each town.[http://www.roadsideamerica.com/set/walleye.html "Walleyed War of the Walleye Capitals"]. RoadsideAmerica.com. Doug Kirby, Ken Smith, Mike Wilkins. Walleye pike was declared the official "state warm water fish" of Vermont in 2012. (Vermont's official "state cold water fish" is the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis.)[https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2012/Docs/BILLS/H-0449/ACT0082%20As%20Enacted.pdf Vermont No. 82 of 2012].

South Dakota designated the walleye as its official state fish in 1982. Although the fish is native to South Dakota, living in Missouri River reservoirs and eastern glacial lakes of the state, it only became a popular food in South Dakota in the 1970s and 1980s, when the fishing tournament circuit promoted the fish and operated walleye fishing contests in the state.

The walleye is the official provincial fish of Manitoba.{{Cite web|title=Official Emblems of Manibota|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/visiting/docs/symbolsofmanitoba.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420144052/http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/visiting/docs/symbolsofmanitoba.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-20 |url-status=live|publisher=Legislative Assembly of Manitoba}} Winnipeg, Manitoba, considers the walleye (referred to locally as "pickerel") its most important local fish.{{rp|76}} Icelandic fishermen in Lake Winnipeg traditionally supplied the Winnipeg market.{{cite web |last=Nicholson |first=Karen |title=A History of Manitoba's Commercial Fishery 1872-2005 |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/hrb/internal_reports/pdfs/Fishery_MB_Commercial.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822115536/http://gov.mb.ca/chc/hrb/internal_reports/pdfs/Fishery_MB_Commercial.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-22 |url-status=live |publisher=Manitoba Historic Resources Branch |date=May 2007 |access-date=8 May 2017}}{{rp|23–26}} The walleye is also the provincial fish of Saskatchewan, which declared the species its official fish in 2015 after it won a fish emblem contest.{{cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/provincial-territorial-symbols-canada/saskatchewan.html#a73|title=Saskatchewan's provincial symbols|date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Canadian Heritage|access-date=June 20, 2022}} Walleye is the most popular fish for sport fishing in Saskatchewan, and can be caught in many rivers, reservoirs, and lakes.Michael Snook, Fishing Saskatchewan: An Angler's Guide to Provincial Waters (University of Regina Press: 2004), pp. 101–103. The International Underwater Spearfishing Association record for largest spearfishing-caught walleye is held by a 13.3-pound walleye caught in 2014 on the South Saskatchewan River north of Lake Diefenbaker.

References

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite web | last=Wilson | first=Malik | title=Garrison Dam National Fish Hatchery spearheading walleye population control project | website=KX NEWS | date=12 February 2021 | url=http://www.kxnet.com/news/local-news/garrison-dam-national-fish-hatchery-spearheading-walleye-population-control-project/ | access-date=14 February 2021}}

}}

External links

[http://www.lakescientist.com/2010/small-2010-lake-erie-walleye-hatch-predicted Small 2010 Lake Erie walleye hatch predicted]
[https://fishermantravels.com/2023/10/05/ultimate-guide-for-catching-walleye Ultimate guide for catching walleye]

Category:Sander (fish)

Category:Fish described in 1818

Category:Taxa named by Samuel L. Mitchill

Category:Commercial fish

Category:Game fish

Category:Freshwater fish of North America

Category:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)

Category:Fish of Canada

Category:Fish of the United States

Category:Fish of the Great Lakes

Category:Symbols of Vermont

Category:Symbols of Minnesota