waltz (music)

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A waltz,{{efn|{{langx|de|Walzer}}; {{langx|fr|Valse}}, {{langx|it|Valzer}}, {{langx|es|Vals}}, {{langx|pl|Walc}}}} probably deriving from German Ländler, is dance music in triple meter, often written in Triple time. A waltz typically sounds one chord per measure, and the accompaniment style particularly associated with the waltz is (as seen in the example to the right) to play the root of the chord on the first beat, the upper notes on the second and third beats.

History

The name waltz comes from the German verb {{lang|de|walzen}}. Although French writers have attempted to connect the waltz to the 16th century {{lang|it|volta}}, firm evidence is lacking connecting this Italian form to the earliest occurrence in the mid‑18th century of {{lang|de|walzen}} to describe dancing.{{cite encyclopedia | last = Lamb | first = Andrew | year = 2001 | title = Waltz | encyclopedia = The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians | edition = Second | editor1-link = Stanley Sadie | editor1-first = Stanley | editor1-last = Sadie | editor2-first = John | editor2-last = Tyrrell | editor2-link = John Tyrrell (musicologist) | location = London | publisher = Macmillan Publishers}}

Classical composers traditionally supplied music for dancing when required, and Franz Schubert's waltzes (including the Valses Sentimentales and Valses Nobles) were written for household dancing, without any pretense at being art music. However, Frédéric Chopin's surviving 18 waltzes (five he wrote as a child), along with his mazurkas and polonaises, were clearly not intended for dance. They marked the adoption of the waltz and other dance forms as serious composition genres. Other notable contributions to the waltz genre in classical music include 16 by Johannes Brahms (originally for piano duet), and Maurice Ravel's Valses nobles et sentimentales for piano and La valse for orchestra. "The Blue Danube" by Johann Strauss II remains the most famous waltz ever composed.{{cite web |url=https://www.classicfm.com/composers/strauss-ii/guides/story-behind-blue-danube/ |title=The Story Behind The Blue Danube |website=classicfm.com |access-date=March 26, 2024 |archive-date=March 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326142745/https://www.classicfm.com/composers/strauss-ii/guides/story-behind-blue-danube/ |url-status=live }} Other examples of popular waltzes include "Invitation to the Dance" by Weber, "Un bal" by Berlioz, "The Skater's Waltz" by Waldteufel, "Sobre las Olas" by Rosas, "Waltz of the Flowers" by Tchaikovsky, "Waves of the Danube" by Ivanovici, and Shostakovich's Waltz No. 2.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdulaziz, also composed a waltz named "Invitation to Waltz".{{Citation |title=SULTAN ABDÜLAZİZ - VALSE DAVET |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_laWSY427E |access-date=2023-08-21 |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821212912/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_laWSY427E |url-status=live }}

The long period of the waltz's popularity was brought to an end by the First World War, which destroyed the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and the Viennese culture which had nurtured it for so long. European light music shifted from Vienna to Berlin, and compositions by composers such as Gustav Mahler, Igor Stravinsky, and William Walton treated the dance in a nostalgic or grotesque manner as a thing of the past. Waltzes nevertheless continued to be written by composers of light music, such as Eric Coates, Robert Stolz, Ivor Novello, Richard Rodgers, Cole Porter, Oscar Straus, and Stephen Sondheim.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020|reason=Frazier's interview with Cochran does not address these claims}} The Australian composer Julian Cochran composed piano and orchestral works using the French title Valses, closer to the Latin origin, to mitigate assumptions of a Viennese style.{{citation | url = http://www.robertbremner.com/media/animation%20suite%20interview.pdf | title = An Interview with British/Australian Composer Julian Cochran: Animation Suite | first = Aidan | last = Frazier | date = February 2016 | publisher = [S.l.] Monaco: Robert Bremner Publishing | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160312172900/http://www.robertbremner.com/media/animation%20suite%20interview.pdf | access-date = 12 March 2016| archive-date = 2016-03-12 }} The predominant ballroom form in the 20th century has become the slow waltz, which rose to popularity around 1910 and was derived from the valse Boston of the 1870s. Examples derived from popular songs include "Ramona" (1927), "Parlami d'amore Mariù" (1932), and "The Last Waltz" (1970).

Jazz waltzes

In a jazz context, "waltz" signifies any piece of music in 3/4 time, whether intended for dancing or not.{{cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Anon.|2002}} | chapter = Waltz | encyclopedia = The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz | edition = Second | editor1-first = Barry Dean | editor1-last = Kernfeld | volume = 3 Vols. | year = 2002 | publisher = London: Macmillan Publishers, New York: Grove’s Dictionaries | isbn = 1561592846}} Although there are early examples such as the "Missouri Waltz" by Dan and Harvey’s Jazz Band (1918) and the "Jug Band Waltz" or the "Mississippi Waltz" by the Memphis Jug Band (1928), they are exceptional, as almost all jazz before 1955 was in duple meter.{{cite encyclopedia | last = Kernfeld | first = Barry | year = 2002 | title = Beat | encyclopedia = The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz | edition = Second | editor-first = Barry Dean | editor-last = Kernfeld | volume = 3 Vols. | publisher = London: Macmillan Publishers, New York: Grove’s Dictionaries | isbn = 1561592846}} It was in 1938 that noted jazz-influenced classical composer Dmitri Shostakovich wrote the Jazz Suite in 3/4 time.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=Kernfeld does not mention Shostakovich, nor that his entire suite was composed in 3/4 time}} It was only shortly after the "bop waltz" appeared in the early 1950s (e.g., Thelonious Monk’s recording of Carolina Moon in 1952 and Sonny Rollins’s Valse Hot in 1956) that triple meter became at all common in jazz.

waltz (music)

History

Jazz waltzes

See also

Notes

References

Further reading