warming up

File:Participants with the Water Warrior class perform squats prior to entering the pool at Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan, July 6, 2011 110706-M-VD776-004 (cropped).jpg prior to entering the pool in a U.S. military base, 2011]]

File:Steven Gerrard 2010.jpg warming up prior to a football match in 2010.]]

A warm-up generally consists of a gradual increase in intensity in physical activity (a "pulse raiser"), joint mobility exercise, and stretching, followed by the activity. For example, before running or playing an intensive sport, athletes might slowly jog to warm their muscles and increase their heart rate. It is important that warm-ups be specific to the activity, so that the muscles to be used are activated. The risks and benefits of combining stretching with warming up are disputable, although it is generally believed that warming up prepares the athlete both mentally and physically.

{{Main|Stretching}}

File:SMATrinitasGymnastic2.JPG girls performing a ballistic stretch in a Physical Education session]]

Stretching is part of some warm-up routines, although a study in 2013 indicates that it weakens muscles in that situation.{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/health/stretching-before-workouts-may-weaken-muscles-impair-athletic-performance-studies|title=Stretching before workout may weaken muscles, impair athletes: studies |newspaper=Nationalpost |publisher=National Post |access-date=2013-05-21}} There are 3 types of stretches: ballistic, dynamic, and static:

• Ballistic Stretches involve bouncing or jerking. It is purported to help extending limbs during exercise, promoting agility and flexibility.
• Static Stretches involve flexing the muscles. This may help preventing injury and permit greater flexibility and agility. Note that static stretching for too long may weaken the muscles. {{Cite news|last=Reynolds|first=Gretchen|date=2008-10-31|title=Stretching: The Truth|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/02/sports/playmagazine/112pewarm.html|access-date=2023-02-08|issn=0362-4331}}
• Dynamic Stretching involves moving the body part in the desired way until reaching the full range of motion, to improve performance.{{cite journal|last1=Rössler|first1=Roland|last2=Junge|first2=Astrid|last3=Bizzini|first3=Mario|last4=Verhagen|first4=Evert|last5=Chomiak|first5=Jiri|last6=aus der Fünten|first6=Karen|last7=Meyer|first7=Tim|last8=Dvorak|first8=Jiri|last9=Lichtenstein|first9=Eric|last10=Beaudouin|first10=Florian|last11=Faude|first11=Oliver|title=A Multinational Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy of '11+ Kids': A Warm-Up Programme to Prevent Injuries in Children's Football|journal=Sports Medicine|date=22 December 2017|doi=10.1007/s40279-017-0834-8|pmc=5948238|pmid=29273936|volume=48|issue=6|pages=1493–1504}}

Psychologists, educators, singers, and similar professionals use warm-ups in therapeutic or learning sessions before starting or after a break; these warm-ups can include vocal and physical exercises, interactive and improvisational games, role plays, etc. A vocal warm-up can be especially important for actors and singers.

There is contradictory evidence in terms of benefits of comprehensive warm-ups for preventing injury in football (soccer) players, with some studies showing some benefit{{cite journal|vauthors=Daneshjoo A, Mokhtar AH, Rahnama N, Yusof A|year=2012|title=The effects of injury preventive warm-up programs on knee strength ratio in young male professional soccer players|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=12|pages=e50979|bibcode=2012PLoSO...750979D|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0050979|pmc=3513304|pmid=23226553|doi-access=free}} while other showing no benefit.{{cite journal|vauthors=Soligard T, Myklebust G, Steffen K, etal|year=2008|title=Comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young female footballers: cluster randomised controlled trial|journal=BMJ|volume=337|pages=a2469|doi=10.1136/bmj.a2469|pmc=2600961|pmid=19066253}} It has been suggested that it is specifically warm ups aimed at increasing body temperature, rather than targeting stretching, which can prevent injury.{{Cite journal|last1=Aj|first1=Fradkin|last2=Bj|first2=Gabbe|last3=Pa|first3=Cameron|date=June 2006|title=Does warming up prevent injury in sport? The evidence from randomised controlled trials?|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16679062/|access-date=2020-10-14|journal=Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport|volume=9|issue=3|pages=214–220|doi=10.1016/j.jsams.2006.03.026|language=en|pmid=16679062}}

In baseball, warm-up swings using a standard weight bat are effective in increasing batting speed.{{Cite journal|last=McCrary|first=J Matt|date=February 2015|title=A systematic review of the effects of upper body warm-up on performance and injury|url=https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2015/02/18/bjsports-2014-094228|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=49|issue=14|pages=935–942|doi=10.1136/bjsports-2014-094228|pmid=25694615|doi-access=free}} In a 2010 meta-analysis, the authors concluded that in about four-fifths of the studies there was improvement in performance with various physical activities with warm-ups as opposed to without warm-ups.{{Cite journal|last1=Aj|first1=Fradkin|last2=Tr|first2=Zazryn|last3=Jm|first3=Smoliga|date=January 2010|title=Effects of warming-up on physical performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19996770/|access-date=2020-10-14|journal=Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research|volume=24|issue=1|pages=140–148|doi=10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c643a0|language=en|pmid=19996770|s2cid=29414183|hdl=11323/5596|hdl-access=free}} An increase in body temperature, specifically in the muscles, improves explosive skeletal muscle performance (e.g., jumping and sprinting).{{Cite journal|last1=Racinais|first1=Sébastien|last2=Cocking|first2=Scott|last3=Périard|first3=Julien D.|date=2017-08-04|title=Sports and environmental temperature: From warming-up to heating-up|journal=Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal|volume=4|issue=3|pages=227–257|doi=10.1080/23328940.2017.1356427|issn=2332-8940|pmc=5605167|pmid=28944269}}

• Cooling down
• Sportswear

{{Commons category|Sports warm-ups|warming up}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Stretching}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Physical exercise

Category:Sports medicine