white-headed fruit dove

The white-headed fruit dove was originally described as Iotreron eugeniae by the English ornithologist John Gould in 1856 based on specimens from the Solomon Islands archipelago.{{Cite journal |last=Gould |first=John |year=1856 |title=On some birds collected by Mr. John MacGillivray, the naturalist attached to H. M. surveying ship Rattlesnake, and lately sent home by Capt. Denham, the commander of the expedition |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46214#page/175/mode/1up |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |language=en |location=London |publisher=Academic Press |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=137–138 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1856.tb00338.x |lccn=86640225 |oclc=1779524 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library |access-date=2022-01-21 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121130320/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46214#page/175/mode/1up |url-status=live }} It was then moved to the fruit dove genus Ptilinopus by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in the same year.{{Cite book |last1=Salvadori |first1=Tommaso |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/34475#page/177/mode/1up |title=Catalogue of the Columbae or Pigeons in the Collection of the British Museum |publisher=British Museum of Natural History |year=1893 |volume=21 |location=London |pages=153–154 |language=en |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.8233 |oclc=4686548 |access-date=2022-01-21 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library |doi-access=free}} The name of the genus comes from the Ancient Greek ptilon (feather) and pous (foot), while the specific name eugeniae is in honour of Eugénie de Montijo, wife of Napoleon III.{{Cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A. |title=Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |publisher=Christopher Helm |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4081-3326-2 |location=London |pages=152, 322 |language=en |oclc=499488207}} "White-headed fruit dove" is the official common name designated by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOU).{{Cite web |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |title=Pigeons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pigeons/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=IOC World Bird List |archive-date=2021-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019050813/https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pigeons/ }} Another name for the species is "Eugenie's fruit dove".{{Cite web|title=Ptilinopus eugeniae (White-headed Fruit-Dove)|url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=E12571376D277CF2&sec=summary|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Avibase|archive-date=2022-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121130310/https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=E12571376D277CF2&sec=summary}}

The white-headed fruit dove is one of over 50 species of pigeon in the fruit dove genus Ptilinopus, which is found throughout Southeast Asia and Oceania. Within the genus, it is most closely related to the claret-breasted fruit dove (Ptilinopus viridis), with which its taxonomy is unclear. Some authors have treated the two as being conspecific (of the same species), while others treat them as different species but treat P. v. vicinus and P. v. lewisii (two subspecies that are currently treated as part of the claret-breasted fruit dove) as subspecies of the white-headed fruit dove.{{Cite book |last1=Cottrell |first1=G. William |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/50577#page/54/mode/1up |title=Check-list of birds of the world. |last2=Greenway |first2=James C. |last3=Mayr |first3=Ernst |last4=Paynter |first4=Raymond A. |last5=Peters |first5=James Lee |last6=Traylor |first6=Melvin A. |last7=University |first7=Harvard |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1937 |volume=3 |location=Cambridge |pages=36 |language=en |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.14581 |lccn=31029973 |oclc=12228458 |access-date=2022-01-21 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library |doi-access=free}} The IOU currently treats the white-headed fruit dove as having no subspecies.

A 2014 study of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA by Alice Cibois and colleagues found that the white-headed fruit dove was nested inside a population of the lewisii subspecies, which may either support transferring the subspecies vicinus and lewisii to the white-headed fruit dove, or may have been caused by incomplete lineage sorting (retention of ancestral variation in genes). The same study also found that the white-headed and claret-breasted fruit doves were together sister (most closely related) to the orange-bellied fruit dove, and that these species are together sister to a clade (group of all the descendants of a common ancestor) formed by the grey-headed, pink-spotted, Wallace's, orange-fronted, and ornate fruit doves. The most basal species in the group is the Tanna fruit dove. The following cladogram shows the relationships of the white-headed fruit dove with other species in its group based on the 2014 study:{{Cite journal |last1=Cibois |first1=Alice |last2=Thibault |first2=Jean-Claude |last3=Bonillo |first3=Céline |last4=Filardi |first4=Christopher E. |last5=Watling |first5=Dick |last6=Pasquet |first6=Eric |date=2014 |title=Phylogeny and biogeography of the fruit doves (Aves: Columbidae) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790313003412 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=70 |pages=442–453 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.08.019 |pmid=24012584 |access-date=2022-01-21}}{{Cite journal |last1=Baptista |first1=Luis F. |last2=Trail |first2=Pepper W. |last3=Horblit |first3=H.M. |last4=Boesman |first4=Peter F. D. |last5=Garcia |first5=Ernest |date=2020-03-04 |editor-last=Billerman |editor-first=Shawn M. |editor2-last=Keeney |editor2-first=Brooke K. |editor3-last=Rodewald |editor3-first=Paul G. |editor4-last=Schulenberg |editor4-first=Thomas S. |title=White-headed Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus eugeniae) |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/whfdov2/1.0/introduction |journal=Birds of the World |language=en |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |doi=10.2173/bow.whfdov2.01 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-01-21 |s2cid=241393674}}

{{clade| style=font-size:95%; line-height:95%;

|1={{clade

|1=Tanna fruit dove (P. tannensis)

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Orange-bellied fruit dove (P. iozonus)

|2={{clade

|1=White-headed fruit dove (P. eugeniae)

|2=Claret-breasted fruit dove (P. viridis) }} }}

|2={{clade

|1=Grey-headed fruit dove (P. hyogastrus)

|2={{clade

|1=Pink-spotted fruit dove (P. perlatus)

|2={{clade

|1=Wallace's fruit dove (P. wallacii)

|2={{clade

|1=Orange-fronted fruit dove (P. aurantiifrons)

|2=Ornate fruit dove (P. ornatus) }} }} }} }} }} }} |label1=tannensis group}}

The white-headed fruit dove is a small, plump, and short-tailed species of fruit dove, with a length of {{Convert|18–22|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The entire head and upper throat are snowy white, while the back of the neck is white with a pale yellow tinge. The rest of the {{Birdgloss|upperparts}} are mainly olive green, with the neck, {{Birdgloss|mantle}} and {{Birdgloss|scapulars}} having a coppery luster and the wing being darker green with a bluish gloss. The {{Birdgloss|wing lining|marginal coverts}} are pale grey and form a well-defined shoulder patch and there are also small grey spots on the {{Birdgloss|covert feathers}} and {{Birdgloss|tertiary feathers}}. The breast is rich purplish-red with a dark purple border. The {{Birdgloss|underparts}} are duller green, with a bluish or greyish tinge, while the {{Birdgloss|vent}} is pale yellow to white. The bill is dull maroon at the base and turns yellowish at the tip, while the legs are purplish-red with a bluish tinge. The iris is orange-red, with the skin around the eye being blue-grey to dark green. Both sexes look similar. Juveniles have green heads with white restricted to the forehead and upper throat, a much smaller grey shoulder patch, and the red breast patch restricted to the centre of the breast. They also have smaller grey spots on the tertials and greener underparts lacking a bluish tinge.{{Cite book |last1=Gibbs |first1=David |url= |title=Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World |last2=Barnes |first2=Eustace |last3=Cox |first3=John |publisher=Pica Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-8734-0360-0 |location=London |pages=453, 508–509 |language=en |oclc=701718514}}

The yellow-bibbed fruit dove may be confused with the white-headed fruit dove, but males of the former species can be easily told apart by their bright yellow breastband. Females and juveniles are more similar, but lack the grey shoulder patch and have brighter yellow vents. It differs from the claret-breasted fruit dove in its white head and upper throat, dark purple border to the breast patch, and duller green underparts. The white-headed fruit dove can also be told apart from other species of pigeons that occur in its range by its snowy-white head and red breast patch.

The advertising call of the species is a soft two-note hu..whoOo given at intervals of 3–6 seconds. The first note is short and weak, while the second note is longer (around 0.5 seconds long) and more emphasised. The phrase is occasionally repeated a few times.

The white-headed fruit dove is endemic to the Solomon Islands, where it is found on the islands of Makira, Ugi, and Malaupaina. It inhabits lowland, hill, and ridge forest, along with neighbouring agricultural areas, up to elevations of {{Convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It is especially numerous in foothills and may prefer hill forest. It also shows the ability to adapt to disturbed habitat, with a 2015 survey of Makira showing that it appeared to prefer human-modified areas like secondary forest, gardens, and cocoa plantations.{{Cite journal|last1=Davies|first1=Tammy E.|last2=Clarke|first2=Rohan H.|last3=Ewen|first3=John G.|last4=Fazey|first4=Ioan R. A.|last5=Pettorelli|first5=Nathalie|last6=Cresswell|first6=Will|date=2015|title=The effects of land-use change on the endemic avifauna of Makira, Solomon Islands: endemics avoid monoculture|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1071/MU14108|journal=Emu - Austral Ornithology|language=en|volume=115|issue=3|pages=199–213|doi=10.1071/MU14108|hdl=10023/6747|s2cid=83875296|issn=0158-4197|hdl-access=free}}

The white-headed fruit dove is usually seen in ones or pairs, though small groups may form at large fruiting trees, where it forms mixed-species foraging flocks with the silver-capped fruit dove and chestnut-bellied imperial pigeon. The species' flight is fast and straight and it will often fly over open areas where it is more visible than in forest. The species is frugivorous, feeding on small-seeded fruit and berries. It sometimes feeds on solitary trees away from forest. Little is known about the white-headed fruit dove's breeding habits, but a juvenile was recorded in September.

The white-headed fruit dove is considered near-threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List due to its small range and population, along with logging on the islands it inhabits. It is fairly common in its range, especially in foothills, but its population is currently thought to be decreasing moderately rapidly. Although it appears to be able to adapt to disturbed habitat, deforestation and habitat loss may be a threat to it.

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white-headed fruit dove

Category:Birds of Makira

white-headed fruit dove

Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Category:Taxa named by John Gould