white-rumped hawk
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Buteo leucorrhous -NW Ecuador-6.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Parabuteo
| species = leucorrhous
| authority = (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
| synonyms = Buteo leucorrhous
| range_map = Parabuteo leucorrhous map.svg
}}
The white-rumped hawk (Parabuteo leucorrhous) is a species of bird of prey in subfamily Accipitrinae, the "true" hawks, of family Accipitridae.{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/ |title=Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 12.2 |editor-last1=Gill |editor-first1= F. |editor-last2=Donsker|editor-first2=D.|editor-last3=Rasmussen |editor-first3=P. |date=August 2022 |access-date=December 8, 2022 }}Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022 It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
Taxonomy and systematics
The white-rumped hawk was previously placed in the large genus Buteo but a 2009 paper provided the evidence to move it to genus Parabuteo, joining Harris's hawk (P. unicinctus) there. An earlier proposal to place it in the resurrected genus Percnohierax was not accepted.Amaral, F.S.R., Sheldon, F.H., Gamauf, A., Haring, E., Riesing, M., Silveira, L.F. and Wajntal, A. (2009). Patterns and processes of diversification in a widespread and ecologically diverse avian group, the buteonine hawks (Aves, Accipitridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53(3): 703–715.Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6b. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6b_Jul22.zip retrieved December 5, 2022 The white-rumped hawk is monotypic.
Description
The white-rumped hawk is {{convert|33|to|40|cm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|67|to|79|cm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} wingspan. One male weighed {{convert|290|g|oz|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} and one female {{convert|389|g|oz|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}. Males and females have the same plumage. Adults are almost entirely black but with the namesake white rump and undertail coverts. Their tail has a narrow grayish-brown band at its midpoint and their thighs are feathered rufous. Their eye, cere, legs, and feet are yellow. Immatures have brown upperparts with rufous mottling and heavily mottled rufous underparts.Bierregaard, R. O., P. F. D. Boesman, E. de Juana, and J. S. Marks (2020). White-rumped Hawk (Parabuteo leucorrhous), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whrhaw1.01 retrieved December 10, 2022
Distribution and habitat
The white-rumped hawk has two separate ranges. One is from the Andes and other mountains of Venezuela and Colombia south in the Andes through Ecuador into Peru, Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina. The other range is from southern Brazil through Paraguay into northeastern Argentina. The species inhabits the interior and edges of dense subtropical and tropical forest and also the Chaco in the east. In elevation it mostly occurs between {{convert|1500|and|2900|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Colombia, between {{convert|1650|and|2500|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} in Peru, and up to {{convert|3500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Bolivia. It occurs at lower elevations in its eastern range.
Behavior
=Movement=
=Feeding=
=Breeding=
The white-rumped hawk's breeding season appears to vary geographically, spanning at least February and March in Colombia and possibly June to January in Ecuador, and including October in Brazil. One described nest was a shallow cup of sticks lined with green leaves placed {{convert|22|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the ground in a pine tree. It contained two eggs.
{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Parabuteo-leucorrhous |species=white-rumped hawk}}
=Vocalization=
Status
The IUCN has assessed the white-rumped hawk as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It is "generally rather local and nowhere common, but tolerates somewhat disturbed forest". They are considered common in the western part of their range although, in the eastern part of their range they are locally threatened and populations may be declining.{{Citation |last=Bierregaard |first=Richard O. |title=White-rumped Hawk (Parabuteo leucorrhous) |date=2020-03-04 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2173/bow.whrhaw1.01 |work=Birds of the World |access-date=2023-04-10 |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |last2=Boesman |first2=Peter F. D. |last3=de Juana |first3=Eduardo |last4=Marks |first4=Jeffrey S.}}
References
{{Commons category|Parabuteo leucorrhous}}
{{Reflist}}
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Category:Birds of the Northern Andes