white spaces (radio)

Various proposals, including IEEE 802.11af, IEEE 802.22{{cite web

|url=http://www.ieee802.org/22/

|title=IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee 802.22 WG on WRANs (Wireless Regional Area Networks)

|publisher=IEEE

|access-date=January 18, 2009

}}{{cite journal

| author1 = Carl Stevenson

| author2 = G. Chouinard

| author3 = Zhongding Lei

| author4 = Wendong Hu

| author5 = S. Shellhammer

| author6 = W. Caldwell

| title = IEEE 802.22: The First Cognitive Radio Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRANs) Standard

| volume = 47

| issue = 1

| pages = 130–138

| publisher = IEEE

| location = US

| date = January 2009

| doi = 10.1109/MCOM.2009.4752688| journal = IEEE Communications Magazine | s2cid = 6597913

}} and those from the White Spaces Coalition, have advocated using white spaces left by the termination of analog TV to provide wireless broadband Internet access. A device intended to use these available channels is a white-spaces device (WSD). Such devices are designed to detect the presence of existing but unused areas of airwaves, such as those reserved for analog television, and utilize them for White Space Internet signals. Such technology is predicted to improve the availability of broadband Internet and Wi-Fi in rural areas.{{cite web|url=http://eudesignstudio.com/uk-leads-europe-in-white-space-technology/|title=UK Leads Europe in White Space Technology|last=Seabold|first=Dave|date=September 2, 2011|publisher=EU Design Studio|access-date=February 4, 2012}}{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/12/22/fcc-approves-first-white-space-device-and-database-for-wilmingto/|title=FCC approves first white space device and database for Wilmington, NC|last=O'Brien|first=Terrence|date=December 22, 2011|publisher=engadget|access-date=February 4, 2012}}

Early ideas proposed including GNSS receivers and programming each WSD with a database of all TV stations in an area, however this would not have avoided other non-stationary or unlicensed users in the area, or any stations licensed or altered after the device was made. Additionally, these efforts may impact wireless microphones, medical telemetry, and other technologies that have historically relied on these open frequencies.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

Professional wireless microphones have used white space for decades previous to so-called white space devices.

Like Wi-Fi, TV whitespace is a wireless connection, but uses different frequency bands. TV white space operates in 470 MHz to 698 MHz, whilst Wi-Fi operates in 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. Data transfer speed depends on the model of the radio, the vendor, the antenna length, and other factors. New radios can support more than 50 Mbit/s. Wi-Fi speed similarly depends on several factors, such as range, line of sight, and so on, but may be as much as 1000 Mbit/s using the IEEE 802.11ac standard. Range is a crucial difference between Wi-Fi and TV white space. On average, TV white space range is 6 miles, but it can be less or more depending on factors such as noise, line of sight and so on. One of the three main TV white space manufactures, Carlson wireless, advertises that their radios can go up to 24.8 miles. Both have low power consumption - 20 to 100 watts depending on the device, the antenna length, the vendor, and so on. Both technologies meet the government security standards such as FIPS 197 Compliance (Advanced Encryption Standards). While Wi-Fi works well in cities, TV white space works well in rural areas.{{cite web |last1=Musa |first1=Sam |title=TV White Space for Rural Communities. |url=https://www.academia.edu/44961854 |website=Academia.edu |publisher=Dr. Sam Musa}}

Microsoft, in a partnership with the communications authority of Argentina, Ente Nacional de Comunicaciones (ENACOM), planned to deliver wireless access to schools in the province of Mendoza on or around August, 2017. Microsoft will borrow the White Spaces hardware to ENACOM technicians, and national satellite operator ARSAT will act as the ISP. No further trial details has been delivered yet.{{cite web|url=http://www.convergencialatina.com/Nota-Desarrollo/202375-12-23-El_Enacom_probara_tecnologia_White_Spaces_en_Mendoza_con_equipos_de_Microsoft|title=El Enacom probará tecnología White Spaces en Mendoza con equipos de Microsoft|access-date=July 17, 2017}}

In August 2011, Industry Canada, the Canadian ministry for industry, launched a consultation on "Consultation on a Policy and Technical Framework for the Use of Non-Broadcasting Applications in the Television Broadcasting Bands Below 698 MHz"{{cite web|title=Consultation on a Policy and Technical Framework for the Use of Non-Broadcasting Applications in the Television Broadcasting Bands Below 698 MHz|date=August 26, 2011|url=http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf10058.html|publisher=Industry Canada|access-date=20 January 2012}} ([http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/vwapj/consultation-smse012e.pdf/$FILE/consultation-smse012e.pdf pdf]). The consultation closed on November 4, 2011. Submissions were [http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf10085.html received] from a wide range of organisations from the telecoms and broadcast industries.

In Colombia, the National Spectrum Agency (ANE) implemented a dynamic spectrum allocation platform to manage TV white space (TVWS) frequencies and support broadband initiatives in underserved areas. The system allows TVWS devices to access available channels based on a centralized geolocation database. The initiative, launched in 2020, was designed to align with national and international spectrum policies aimed at increasing rural internet access.{{cite web|url=https://www.ane.gov.co/Sliders/prensa/presentaciones/2020/10.%20OCTUBRE/20201029%20TVWS%20DSA_VF.pdf|title=TVWS Phase 1 - DSA Platform Implementation in Colombia|website=ANE|date=29 October 2020|access-date=26 May 2025}}

A pilot project by Indigo Telecom/Microsoft and the Kenyan government is reportedly delivering bandwidth speeds of up to 16 Mbit/s to three rural communities, which lack electricity - Male, Gakawa and Laikipia, using a solar-powered network.{{cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/03/solar-power-and-white-spaces-bring-internet-to-towns-without-electricity/|title = Solar power, white spaces bring 16Mbps broadband to towns without electricity}}

{{As of|2014|July|3|df=US}}, a pilot project called Citizen Connect, a collaboration between the Microsoft 4Afrika Initiative, the MyDigitalBridge Foundation, and the MCA-N (Millennium Challenge Account Namibia), is slated to deliver broadband Internet to "twenty-seven schools and seven circuit offices of the Ministry of Education in Omusati, Oshana and Ohangwena", using "TV White Space technology".{{Cite web

| last = Mutenda

| first = Memory

| title = 27 schools get internet connectivity

| work = Informante

| access-date = 2014-07-06

| date = 2014-07-03

| url = http://www.informante.web.na/27-schools-get-internet-connectivity.14351

}}{{Cite web

| last = Ageng'o

| first = Carlos

| title = Mydigitalbridge Foundation, Microsoft Pilot Whitespaces Project Brings Broadband to Namibia

| work = Techweez

| access-date = 2014-07-06

| date = 2014-01-15

| url = http://www.techweez.com/2014/01/15/microsoft-whitespaces-broadband-namibia/

}}

In 2014, Microsoft worked with the Philippine government to pilot a program for digitizing the management of remote fishermen.{{Cite web |title=TV White Space Deployment in PH the Largest in Asia {{!}} DICT |url=https://dict.gov.ph/tv-white-space-deployment-in-ph-the-largest-in-asia/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |language=en-US}}

After FCC, Singapore Info-communications Media Development Authority is the second regulator in the world to have TV White Space regulated, ahead of UK and Canada. The Singapore efforts were driven mainly by the Singapore White Spaces Pilot Group (SWSPG) {{cite web|url=https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/inner/pcdg/consultations/20140422_proposedallocationspectrumimt/singapore-white-spaces-pilot-group.pdf?la=en |access-date=2023-10-27| title=About the SWSPG}} founded by the Institute for Infocomm Research, Microsoft and StarHub. The Institute for Infocomm Research subsequently spun off Whizpace{{Cite web|url=https://www.a-star.edu.sg/i2r/PARTNERSHIP/ITEM/itemId/23|title = PageNotFound}} to commercialize TV White Space radio using strong IPs that were developed in the institute since 2006.

In South Korea, the government has supported the use of TV white space (TVWS) technologies as part of initiatives to expand rural internet access and enhance disaster communications. In 2020, the Ministry of Science and ICT selected a portable Wi-Fi device based on TVWS, developed by Innonet Co., Ltd., as an official R&D Innovation Product.{{cite web|url=https://m.dongascience.com/news.php?idx=38867|title=우수 R&D 혁신 제품에 배낭 와이파이 포함|website=Dong-A Science|date=7 August 2020|access-date=26 May 2025}}

That same year, the company participated in a regulatory sandbox pilot to test wireless public internet services using TVWS on cruise ships and buses in remote areas.{{cite web|url=https://www.ikbc.co.kr/article/view/kbc202206080013|title=비번 필요 없는 공공와이파이...이노넷, TVWS 실증 사례|website=KBC|date=8 June 2022|access-date=26 May 2025}} Innonet’s technologies have since been used internationally, including deployments in South Africa, Tanzania, and Colombia.

Google, in a partnership with the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA), [http://www.csir.co.za CSIR], [http://www.meraka.org.za Meraka Institute], the Wireless Access Providers Association ([http://www.wapa.org.za WAPA]) and [http://www.carlsonwireless.com/ Carlson wireless] delivers wireless access to 10 schools through 3 base stations at the campus of Stellenbosch University’s Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences in Tygerberg, Cape Town. There was an initial trial that took place within 10 schools in order to deliver affordable internet to the selected schools in South Africa without TV interference, and to spread awareness about future TVWS technologies in South Africa. The trial took place over 10 months, from March 25, 2013 to September 25, 2013.{{cite web|url=http://www.tenet.ac.za/tvws/|title=The Cape Town TV White Spaces Trial|website=TENET|access-date=March 1, 2017}}

File:TVWS KZN-WA0028.jpg

A second trial involved providing point-to-point Internet connectivity to five rural secondary schools in Limpopo province, with equally good results.{{cite journal|url=https://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/handle/10204/8369|title=Network performance analysis of the Limpopo TV white space (TVWS) trial network|website=CSIR|date=September 2015 |access-date=May 29, 2020|last1=Masonta |first1=Moshe T. |last2=Kola |first2=L. M. |last3=Lysko |first3=Albert A. |last4=Pieterse |first4=L. |last5=Velempini |first5=M. }}

ICASA subsequently issued regulations on the use of television white spaces in 2018.{{cite web|url=https://www.icasa.org.za/legislation-and-regulations/regulations-on-the-use-of-television-white-spaces-2018|title=Regulations On The Use Of Television White Spaces 2018|website=ICASA|access-date=May 29, 2020}} Three temporary TV white space spectrum licenses were issued by ICASA in April 2020, response to the Covid-19 pandemic, in the 470–694 MHz band, to Mthinthe Communications, Levin Global & Morai Solutions.{{cite web|url=https://www.icasa.org.za/news/2020/temporary-radio-frequency-spectrum-issued-to-qualifying-applicants-in-an-effort-to-deal-with-covid-19-communication-challenges|title=Temporary radio frequency spectrum issued to qualifying applicants in an effort to deal with COVID-19 communication challenges|website=ICASA|access-date=May 29, 2020}}

In 2023, South Korea-based telecommunications company Innonet Co., Ltd. partnered with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) to provide 24 TV white space communication units aimed at improving internet connectivity in rural areas of South Africa. The collaboration, supported by the Korean government, included training and support for local small and medium-sized enterprises (SMMEs) to operate and manage the deployed TVWS equipment across five provinces, including Limpopo and Mpumalanga.{{cite web|url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/south-africas-rural-internet-connectivity-receives-massive-boost-2023-11-23|title=South Africa's rural internet connectivity receives massive boost|website=Engineering News|date=November 23, 2023|access-date=May 26, 2025}}

Ofcom, the licensing body of spectrum in the UK, has made white-space free to use.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/spectrum/radio-spectrum-and-the-law/licence-exempt-radio-use/licence-exempt-devices#collapsible-85766|title=Licence-exempt devices|date=October 25, 2019}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/spectrum/spectrum-management/TV-white-space-databases|title=Spectrum management|date=July 28, 2020}}

On June 29, 2011, one of the largest commercial tests of white space Wi-Fi was conducted in Cambridge, England. The trial was conducted by Microsoft using technology developed by Adaptrum and backed by a consortium of ISP's and tech companies including Nokia, BSkyB, the BBC, and BT, with the actual network hardware being provided by Neul. In the demonstration, the Adaptrum whitespace system provided the broadband IP connectivity allowing a client-side Microsoft Xbox to stream live HD videos from the Internet. Also as part of the demo, a live Xbox/Kinect video chat was established between two Xbox/Kinect units connected through the same TV whitespace connection. These applications were demonstrated under a highly challenging radio propagation environment with more than 120 dB link loss through buildings, foliage, walls, furniture, people etc. and with severe multipath effects.{{cite news|url=http://www.accel-networks.com/blog/index.php?q=/2011/07/adaptrums-white-space-super-wi-fi-tests.html|title=Adaptrum's White Space Wi-Fi Tests Positively in Cambridge|date=2011-07-05|access-date=2011-07-05}}

In 2017, Microsoft further expanded their research to show that small cell LTE eNodeB's operating in TV White Space could be used to provide cost effective broadband to affordable housing residents.{{Cite news|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/project-belgrade/|title=Project Belgrade - Microsoft Research|work=Microsoft Research|access-date=2018-02-17|language=en-US}}

Full power analog television broadcasts, which operated between the 54 MHz and 806 MHz (54–72, 76–88, 174–216, 470–608, and 614–806){{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2009-title47-vol1/pdf/CFR-2009-title47-vol1-part2.pdf|title=FCC Rules and Regulations Pt2}} television frequencies (Channels 2-69), ceased operating on June 12, 2009 per a United States digital switchover mandate. At that time, full power TV stations were required to switch to digital transmission and operate only between 54 MHz and 698 MHz. This is also the timetable that the White Spaces Coalition has set to begin offering wireless broadband services to consumers. The delay allows time for the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to test the technology and make sure that it does not interfere with existing television broadcasts. Similar technologies could be used worldwide as much of the core technology is already in place.Eric Bangeman. [https://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/hardware/white-space.ars/1 The White Spaces Coalition's plans for fast wireless broadband: Fast broadband without fiber... or even wires]", Ars Technica, 2007-4-17. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.

Theatrical producers and sports franchises hoped to derail or delay the decision, arguing that their own transmissions – whether from television signals or from wireless microphones used in live music performances – could face interference from new devices that use the white spaces. However, the FCC rejected their arguments, saying enough testing has been done, and through new regulations, possible interference will be minimized.

More of the broadcast spectrum was needed for wireless broadband Internet access, and in March 2009, Massachusetts Senator John Kerry introduced a bill requiring a study of efficient use of the spectrum.{{cite web|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/356595-Broadcasters_Tackle_Spectrum_Sharing_Debate.php?rssid=20065&q=digital+tv

|title=Broadcasters Tackle Spectrum-Sharing Debate|first=John|last=Eggerton|work=Broadcasting & Cable|date=2009-10-05|access-date=2009-10-09}} Academics have studied the matter and have promoted the idea of using computing technology to capture the benefits of the white space.[http://ssrn.com/abstract=732483 Patrick S. Ryan, Wireless Communications and Computing at a Crossroads: New Paradigms and Their Impact on Theories Governing the Public's Right to Spectrum Access. Journal on Telecommunications & High Technology Law, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 239, 2005]

The White Spaces Coalition was formed in 2007 by eight large technology companies that planned to deliver high speed internet access beginning in February 2009 to United States consumers via existing white space in unused television frequencies between 54 MHz and 698 MHz (TV Channels 2-51). The coalition expected speeds of 80 Mbit/s and above, and 400 to 800 Mbit/s for white space short-range networking. The group included Microsoft, Google, Dell, HP, Intel, Philips, Earthlink, and Samsung Electro-Mechanics.{{Cite news |author= Eric Bangeman |url= https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2007/04/white-space/ |title= The White Spaces Coalition's plans for fast wireless broadband: The technology |work= Ars Technica |date= April 17, 2007 |access-date= May 23, 2013 }}

Many of the companies involved in the White Spaces Coalition were also involved in the Wireless Innovation Alliance.{{Cite web |title= Wireless Innovation Alliance |url= http://www.wirelessinnovationalliance.org/ |work= Web site |access-date= May 23, 2013 }} Another group calling itself the White Space Alliance was formed in 2011.{{Cite news |title= WhiteSpace Alliance Formed to Deliver Affordable, High-Speed Broadband Internet Access to 3.5 Billion Households |work= News release |url= http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20111215005492/en/WhiteSpace-Alliance-Formed-Deliver-Affordable-High-Speed-Broadband |access-date= May 23, 2013 }}

Google sponsored a campaign named Free the Airwaves with the purpose of switching over the white spaces that were cleared up in 2009 by the DTV conversion process by the FCC and converted to an un-licensed spectrum that can be used by Wi-Fi-like devices.{{citation |url= http://www.freetheairwaves.com/ |title= Free the Airwaves |url-status= dead |archive-date= February 7, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090207105849/http://www.freetheairwaves.com/ }}{{cite web |url= https://www.crn.com/blogs-op-ed/the-google-channel/210101637/google-to-fcc-free-the-airwaves.htm |title= Google to FCC: Free The Airwaves |publisher= CRN |first= Caitlin |last= Moriarity |date= Aug 18, 2008 }} The National Association of Broadcasters disapproved of the project because they claimed it would reduce the broadcast quality of their TV signals.{{cite news |first= Marguerite |last= Reardon |url= https://www.cnet.com/news/debate-rages-over-free-wireless-spectrum/ |title= Debate rages over free wireless spectrum |work= Wireless |publisher= CNET |date= Aug 18, 2008 |access-date= May 23, 2013 }}

The Federal Communications Commission's Office of Engineering and Technology released a report dated July 31, 2007 with results from its investigation of two preliminary devices submitted. The report concluded that the devices did not reliably sense the presence of television transmissions or other incumbent users, hence are not acceptable for use in their current state and no further testing was deemed necessary.Initial Evaluation of the Performance of Prototype TV Band White Space Devices [http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-275666A1.pdf], 2007-7-31. Retrieved on August 2, 2007.

However, on August 13, 2007, Microsoft filed a document with the FCC in which it described a meeting that its engineers had with FCC engineers from the Office of Engineering and Technology on August 9 and 10. At this meeting the Microsoft engineers showed results from their testing done with identical prototype devices and using identical testing methods that "detected DTV signals at a threshold of -114 dBm in laboratory bench testing with 100 percent accuracy, performing exactly as expected." In the presence of FCC engineers, the Microsoft engineers took apart the device that the FCC had tested to find the cause of the poor performance. They found that "the scanner in the device had been damaged and operated at a severely degraded level" which explained the FCC unit's inability to detect when channels were occupied. It was also pointed out that the FCC was in possession of an identical backup prototype that was in perfect operating condition that they had not tested.Microsoft: FCC tested broken white spaces device, neglected backup unit [https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070814-microsoft-fcc-used-broken-white-spaces-device-for-test-neglected-backup-unit.html], 2007-8-15. Retrieved on August 15, 2007.

TV broadcasters and other incumbent users of this spectrum (both licensed and unlicensed, including makers of wireless audio systems) feared that their systems would no longer function properly if unlicensed devices were to operate in the same spectrum. However, the FCC's Office of Engineering and Technology released a report dated October 15, 2008, which evaluated prototype TV-band white spaces devices submitted by Adaptrum, [http://www.i2r.a-star.edu.sg The Institute for Infocomm Research], Motorola and Philips. The report concluded that these devices had met the burden of proof of concept in their ability to detect and avoid legacy transmissions,Evaluation of the

Performance of Prototype TV Band White Space Devices, Phase II [http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-08-2243A3.pdf], 2008-10-15. Retrieved on October 24, 2008. although none of the tested devices adequately detected wireless microphone signals in the presence of a digital TV transmitter on an adjacent channel.

On November 4, 2008, the FCC voted 5-0 to approve the unlicensed use of white space,Harold Feld [http://www.wetmachine.com/totsf/item/1375 And now the moment we've all been waiting for WHITE SPACES]", WetMachine.com, November 4, 2008. Retrieved on November 5, 2008 thereby silencing opposition from broadcasters. The actual Second Report and Order was released ten days later and contains some serious obstacles for the development and use of TV Band Devices as they are called by FCC. Devices must both consult an FCC-mandated database to determine which channels are available for use at a given location, and must also monitor the spectrum locally once every minute to confirm that no legacy wireless microphones, video assist devices or other emitters are present. If a single transmission is detected, the device may not transmit anywhere within the entire 6 MHz channel in which the transmission was received.[http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-08-260A.pdf Second Report and Order] It was hoped that, within a year, this new access will lead to more reliable Internet access and other technologies.

On September 23, 2010, the FCC released a Memorandum Opinion and Order that determined the final rules for the use of white space for unlicensed wireless devices.[http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-10-174A1.pdf FCC Second Memorandum and Order, September 23, 2010] The new rules removed mandatory sensing requirements which greatly facilitates the use of the spectrum with geolocation based channel allocation. The final rules{{cite web | url=https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=3437b1ccb4bfc915385716218f45f73c&mc=true&node=sp47.1.15.h&rgn=div6 | title=Federal Register :: Request Access }} adopt a proposal from the White Spaces Coalition for very strict emission rules that prevent the direct use of IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) in a single channel effectively making the new spectrum unusable for Wi-Fi technologies.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

On February 27, 2009, the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) and the Association for Maximum Service Television asked a Federal court to shut down the FCC's authorization of white space wireless devices. The plaintiffs allege that portable, unlicensed personal devices operating in the same band as TV broadcasts have been proven to cause interference despite FCC tests to the contrary. The lawsuit was filed in a United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The petition for review states that the FCC's decision to allow white space personal devices "will have a direct adverse impact" on MSTV's and NAB's members, and that the Commission's decision is "arbitrary, capricious, and otherwise not in accordance with law.".[http://lasarletter.net/docs/nabpet4review.pdf Petition for Review] A Motion to Govern the case was due to be considered on February 7, 2011.{{cite web|url=https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-11-11A1.pdf |title=REPORT AND ORDER AND FURTHER NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING |access-date=2023-10-27}} In May 2012, the NAB announced it was dropping its court challenge of rules that allow the unlicensed use of empty airwaves between existing broadcast channels.{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainment-us-fcc-broadcasters-spectr-idUSBRE84217520120503 | work=Reuters | title=Broadcasters withdraw "white spaces" challenge | date=May 3, 2012}}

On October 16, 2009, researchers at Microsoft Research Redmond, Washington built and deployed a white space network called WhiteFi.{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Nate|title=WiFi on steroids? First "WhiteFi" prototypes hit testing stage|date=August 27, 2009|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/08/wifi-on-steroids-first-whitefi-devices-hit-testing-stage/|publisher=ArsTechnica|access-date=November 11, 2014}}{{cite news|last1=Shields|first1=Todd|title=Microsoft Tests Super-Size Wireless Hot Spot in TV Gaps|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-12/microsoft-tests-super-size-wireless-hot-spot-in-tv-channel-gaps.html|access-date=November 11, 2014|publisher=Bloomberg|date=September 13, 2010}} In this network, multiple clients connected to a single access point over UHF frequencies. The deployment included experiments to test how much data could be sent before interference became audible to nearby wireless microphones.

On February 24, 2010, officials in Wilmington, North Carolina, which was the test market for the transition to digital television, unveiled a new municipal wireless network, after a month of testing. The network used the white spaces made available by the end of analog TV. Spectrum Bridge was to work to make sure TV stations in the market do not receive interference ("no interference issues" have been reported). The smart city network will not compete with cell phone companies but will instead be used for "national purposes", including government and energy monitoring. TV Band Service, made up of private investors, has put up cameras in parks, and along highways to show traffic. Other uses include water level and quality, turning off lights in ball parks, and public Wi-Fi in certain areas. TV Band had an 18-month experimental license.{{cite news|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/450679-Wilmington_Tests_WiFi_in_White_Spaces_.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv|title=Wilmington Tests WiFi in White Spaces|last=Eggerton|first=John|work=Broadcasting & Cable|date=2010-02-24|access-date=2010-02-25}}

In 2011, the Yurok Tribe in Humboldt County, California began white space trials with telecommunications equipment provider Carlson Wireless of Arcata, California.{{cite news |title= California's Yurok Tribe Takes Advantage of White Spaces Technology |url=http://www.radioresourcemag.com/newsArticle.cfm?news_id=7126 |date= June 14, 2011 |work= Radio Resource Magazine |access-date= May 23, 2013 }}

In July 2013, West Virginia University became the first university in the United States to use vacant broadcast TV channels to provide the campus and nearby areas with wireless broadband Internet service.{{cite news |title= Nation's first campus 'Super Wi-Fi' network launches at West Virginia University |url=http://wvutoday.wvu.edu/n/2013/07/09/nation-s-first-campus-super-wi-fi-network-launches-at-west-virginia-university |date= June 9, 2013 |work= WVUToday |access-date= July 9, 2013 }}

Also in July 2013, the Port of Pittsburgh evaluated White Space spectrum for enhancing inland waterway safety and utility with telecommunications equipment provider Metric Systems Corporation of Vista, California.{{Cite web|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/port_of_pittsburgh_evaluates_white_space_spectrum_use_for_enhancing_inland_waterway_safety_and_utility/prweb11006653.htm|title=Port of Pittsburgh Evaluates White Space Spectrum Use for Enhancing Inland Waterway Safety and Utility}}

In 2022, South Korea-based telecommunications company Innonet Co., Ltd. conducted a pilot demonstration of TV white space (TVWS) technology in Tanzania. The demonstration, organized in partnership with the Korea Internet & Security Agency (KISA), was held during the Tanzania Annual ICT Conference (TAIC) and supported by the Korean Public Procurement Service. The project evaluated the feasibility of using TVWS for broadband deployment in rural and infrastructure-limited regions.{{cite web|url=https://www.idsn.co.kr/news/view/1065595950506456|title=이노넷, 탄자니아서 TVWS 기술 시연...디지털 격차 해소 기대|website=IDSN|date=25 October 2022|access-date=26 May 2025}}

• 2008 United States wireless spectrum auction
• Digital dividend after digital television transition
• Spectrum auction
• Super Wi-Fi
• TV White Space Database

{{reflist|30em}}

• [https://www.whitespaceforus.com LS telcom, Database]
• [https://www.google.com/get/spectrumdatabase/channel/ Google Spectrum Database] - Map of white space spectrum in the United States

{{Federal Communications Commission}}

Category:Broadcasting

Category:Metropolitan area networks

Category:Wireless networking

Category:Internet access