wildlife corridor

File:GreenCorridorEcologicalDesignLilleLMCU2010.JPG.]]

Habitat corridors can be considered a management tool in areas where the destruction of a natural habitats has severely impacted native species, whether due to human development or natural disasters. When land is fragmented, wildlife populations may become unstable or isolated from larger populations.{{Cite journal |last1=Beier |first1=Paul |last2=Majka |first2=Daniel R. |last3=Spencer |first3=Wayne D. |date=August 2008 |title="Forks in the Road: Choices in Procedures for Designing Wildland Linkages" |url=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00942.x |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=836–851 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00942.x |pmid=18544090 |bibcode=2008ConBi..22..836B |issn=0888-8892}} These management tools are used by ecologists, biologists, indigenous tribes, and other concerned parties that oversee wildlife populations. Corridors help reconnect these fragmented populations and reduce negative population fluctuations by supporting these key aspects that stabilize populations:{{Cite journal |last1=Barbosa |first1=Soraia |last2=Mestre |first2=Frederico |last3=White |first3=Thomas A. |last4=Paupério |first4=Joana |last5=Alves |first5=Paulo C. |last6=Searle |first6=Jeremy B. |date=September 2018 |title="Integrative approaches to guide conservation decisions: Using genomics to define conservation units and functional corridors" |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.14806 |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=17 |pages=3452–3465 |doi=10.1111/mec.14806 |bibcode=2018MolEc..27.3452B |issn=0962-1083}}

• Colonization: Animals can move and occupy new areas when food sources or other natural resources are scarce in their primary habitat.
• Migration: Species that relocate seasonally can do so more safely and effectively without interference from human development barriers.
• Interbreeding: Animals can find new mates in neighboring regions, increasing genetic diversity.
• Tribes: Indigenous groups use wildlife corridors as an effective management strategy to sustain their physical and spiritual needs.

Daniel Rosenberg et al.{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Daniel K. |last2=Noon |first2=Barry R. |last3=Meslow |first3=E. Charles |title=Towards a definition of wildlife corridor |journal=Integrating People and Wildlife for a Sustainable Future |date=1995 |pages=436–9 |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/3662 |access-date=14 September 2018 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331220816/https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/3662 |url-status=live }} were among the first to define the concept of wildlife corridors, developing a model that emphasized the corridors' role in facilitating movement unrestricted by the end of native vegetation or intermediate target patches of habitat.{{cite web|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813015552/https://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/documents/Conceptual%20Background/What%20is%20a%20Landscape/What%20is%20a%20Landscape.htm|url=https://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/documents/Conceptual%20Background/What%20is%20a%20Landscape/What%20is%20a%20Landscape.htm|title=What is a landscape?}}

File:Camel underpass in Qatar.jpgs to safely cross.]]

Wildlife corridors also have significant indirect effects on plant populations by increasing pollen and seed dispersal through animals movement, of various species between isolated habitat patches.{{cite journal |last1=Tewksbury |first1=Joshua |date=October 1, 2002 |title=Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=20 |pages=12923–6 |bibcode=2002PNAS...9912923T |doi=10.1073/pnas.202242699 |pmc=130561 |pmid=12239344 |doi-access=free}} Corridors must be large enough to support minimum critical populations, reduce migration barriers, and maximize connectivity between populations.{{Cite journal |first1=Allison M.|last1=Fleury|first2= Robert D. |last2= Brown |year=1997 |title=A framework for the design of wildlife conservation corridors With specific application to southwestern Ontario |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169204697800023 |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |language=en |publisher=Elsevier |volume=37 |issue=3–4 |pages=163–186 |doi=10.1016/S0169-2046(97)80002-3 |bibcode= 1997LUrbP..37..163F |access-date=2022-10-28 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10214/4617 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028095343/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169204697800023 |url-status=live }}

Wildlife corridors may also include aquatic habitats often referred to as riparian ribbons,{{Cite web |last=Repayment" |first="Debt |date=2021-08-30 |title=The Riparian Ribbon |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/537a6541676241b1979ad54dfcc65763 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-us |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520234641/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/537a6541676241b1979ad54dfcc65763 |url-status=live }} and are typically found in the form of rivers and streams. Terrestrial corridors take the form of wooded strips connecting forested areas or an urban hedgerows.

Wildlife corridors can connect into federal, state, private, and tribal land which can influence the opposition or acceptance of including wildlife corridors. The development of man made structures and expansion into natural areas can have an impact on both human and wildlife.{{Cite journal |last1=Gurney |first1=Georgina G. |last2=Darling |first2=Emily S. |last3=Ahmadia |first3=Gabby N. |last4=Agostini |first4=Vera N. |last5=Ban |first5=Natalie C. |last6=Blythe |first6=Jessica |last7=Claudet |first7=Joachim |last8=Epstein |first8=Graham |last9=Estradivari |last10=Himes-Cornell |first10=Amber |last11=Jonas |first11=Harry D. |last12=Armitage |first12=Derek |last13=Campbell |first13=Stuart J. |last14=Cox |first14=Courtney |last15=Friedman |first15=Whitney R. |date=July 26, 2021 |title=Biodiversity needs every tool in the box: use OECMs |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02041-4 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=595 |issue=7869 |pages=646–649 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02041-4|pmid=34312552 |bibcode=2021Natur.595..646G }} Although expressions such as "freedom to roam" promote the idea of wildlife freely moving throughout natural landscapes, this same ideology does not apply to indigenous peoples.{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Nicholas Anthony |date=2022-03-04 |title=Continental Land Back: Managing Mobilities and Enacting Relationalities in Indigenous Landscapes |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17450101.2021.2012503 |journal=Mobilities |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=252–268 |doi=10.1080/17450101.2021.2012503 |issn=1745-0101 |via=Taylor & Francis Online}} The theoretical ideas of landscape connectivity present them in a purely scientific and non-political manner that fails to account for political factors that can impact success within wildlife corridors and restorative ecological practices.{{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=Jennifer Rebecca |date=October–December 2019 |title=A Sociocultural Perspective: Human Conflict with Jaguars and Pumas in Costa Rica |url=https://journals.lww.com/coas/fulltext/2019/17040/a_sociocultural_perspective__human_conflict_with.4.aspx |journal=Conservation and Society |language=en-US |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=355 |doi=10.4103/cs.cs_17_141 |doi-access=free |issn=0972-4923 |via=Wolters Kluwer}} Attempts to restore habitat over time require support from the local communities that surround the habitat area, oftentimes these communities are indigenous, that a restoration project is being placed around.{{Cite journal |last1=Haq |first1=Shiekh Marifatul |last2=Pieroni |first2=Andrea |last3=Bussmann |first3=Rainer W. |last4=Abd-ElGawad |first4=Ahmed M. |last5=El-Ansary |first5=Hosam O. |date=2023-08-10 |title=Integrating traditional ecological knowledge into habitat restoration: implications for meeting forest restoration challenges |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=33 |doi=10.1186/s13002-023-00606-3 |doi-access=free |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=10413632 |pmid=37559120}}

Indigenous knowledge of ecological landscape features across history is usually substituted with European explorers' of landscape ecology recollections when developing widescale corridor plans and within the broader ecological field.{{Cite journal |last1=Gordon (Iñupiaq) |first1=Heather Sauyaq Jean |last2=Ross |first2=J. Ashleigh |last3=Cheryl Bauer-Armstrong |last4=Moreno |first4=Maria |last5=Byington (Choctaw) |first5=Rachel |last6=Bowman (Lunaape/Mohican) |first6=Nicole |date=2023-02-01 |title=Integrating Indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge of land into land management through Indigenous-academic partnerships |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264837722004963 |journal=Land Use Policy |volume=125 |pages=106469 |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106469 |bibcode=2023LUPol.12506469G |issn=0264-8377}} As such there is a distinction in the use of ecological and indigenous knowledge when taking into account where wildlife populations are found, species composition within a community, and even seasonal patterns lengths and changes.{{Cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=Julia A. |last2=Hopping |first2=Kelly A. |last3=Yeh |first3=Emily T. |last4=Nyima |first4=Yonten |last5=Boone |first5=Randall B. |last6=Galvin |first6=Kathleen A. |date=September 2014 |title=Unexpected climate impacts on the Tibetan Plateau: Local and scientific knowledge in findings of delayed summer |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959378014000557 |journal=Global Environmental Change |language=en |volume=28 |pages=141–152 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.03.007|bibcode=2014GEC....28..141K }} Widespread efforts that actively involve the input of a variety of political and environmental groups are not always used in ecological restoration efforts. Currently there are some collaborations ongoing between indigenous groups surrounding wildlife corridor habitat such as the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative which promote the conversion of previously stolen land into indigenously managed land. The concern regarding land once used and lived upon by indigenous people, which now makes up habitat within wildlife corridors, and developed land that corridors cut across contribute to the Land Back movement.

Managing both terrestrial and aquatic lands can have a positive economic impact on Indigenous groups that continue to rely on wildlife populations for cultural practices, fishing, hunting, etc. in a variety of natural landscapes.{{Cite web |date=May 2023 |title=The Economic, Socio-Cultural, and Ecological Benefits of Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas in British Columbia |url=https://y2y.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Y2Y-Issue_Sheet-IPCA-2023-v2.pdf |access-date=December 9, 2024 |website=Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative}} Indigenous groups face financial inequities despite the large benefits of conservation efforts; this if the result of a lack of consideration placed on how wildlife corridors can impact local communities. The overlap of wildlife, specifically larger predator species, poses a physical danger to local communities.{{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=Jennifer Rebecca |date=December 2019 |title=A Sociocultural Perspective: Human Conflict with Jaguars and Pumas in Costa Rica |url=https://journals.lww.com/coas/fulltext/2019/17040/a_sociocultural_perspective__human_conflict_with.4.aspx |journal=Conservation and Society |language=en-US |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=355 |doi=10.4103/cs.cs_17_141 |doi-access=free |issn=0972-4923}} Economic revenue for local groups nearby or within heavily forested areas poses a threat to human property, crops, and livestock with higher chances of wildlife encounters; fisheries can also be negatively impacted by wilderness areas. Many indigenous tribes manage wildlife populations within tribal lands that are legally recognized by governments, yet these tribes lack the finances to effectively manage large swathes of habitat. The Tribal Wildlife Corridors Act would allow indigenous groups across the U.S. to implement wildlife corridors with both the finances and cooperation of neighboring governmental allies to help manage tribal lands.

Most species can be categorized into one of two groups: passage users and corridor dwellers.

Passage users occupy corridors for brief periods. These animals use corridors for such events as seasonal migration, juvenile dispersal or moving between different parts of a large home range. Large herbivores, medium to large carnivores, and migratory species are typical passage users.{{r|Beier & Loe 1992}}

Corridor dwellers, on the other hand, can occupy a corridor for several years. Species such as plants, reptiles, amphibians, birds, insects, and small mammals may spend their entire lives in linear habitats. In such cases, the corridor must provide enough resources to support such species.{{r|Beier & Loe 1992}}

Habitat corridors can be categorized based on their width, with wider corridors generally supporting greater wildlife use.{{Cite journal |date=1993 |title=Wildlife, forest, and forestry. Principles of managing forests for biological diversity |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=271 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(93)90732-g |issn=0006-3207}} However, the overall effectiveness of a corridor depends more on its design that its width. The following are three main categories of corridor widths:

• Regional – (>{{convert|500|m}} wide); connect major ecological gradients such as migratory pathways.
• Sub-regional – (>{{convert|300|m}} wide); connect larger vegetated landscape features such as ridge lines and valley floors.
• Local – (some <{{convert|50|m}}); connect remnant patches of gullies, wetlands, ridge lines, etc.

Habitat corridors can also be classified based on their continuity. Continuous corridors are uninterrupted strips of habitat, while "stepping stone" corridors consist of small, separate patches of suitable habitat. However, stepping-stone corridors are more vulnerable to edge effects, which can reduce their effectiveness.

File:Wildlife overpass in Singapore.jpeg|alt=Singapore highway]]

Corridors can also take the form of wildlife crossings, such an underpasses or overpasses that allow animals to cross man-made structures like roads, helping to reduce human-wildlife conflict, such as roadkill. Observations that underpasses tend to be more than overpasses as many animals are too timid to cross over a bridge in front of traffic and prefer the cover of an underpass.{{Cite journal |first1=Sandra J.|last1=Ng|first2=Jim W.|last2=Dole| first3=Raymond M. | last3=Sauvajot |first4=Seth P.D |last4=Riley |first5=Thomas J. |last5=Valone |date=2004 |title=Use of highway undercrossings by wildlife in southern California |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320703001666 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=499–507 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00166-6 |bibcode=2004BCons.115..499N |access-date=2022-10-31 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031100008/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320703001666 |url-status=live }}

{{Tone|section|date=March 2008}}

File:Mark Recapture P7221380 (21232000838).jpg

Researchers use mark-recapture techniques and hair snares to assess genetic flow and observe how wildlife utilizes corridors.{{Cite journal |last1=Dixon |first1=Jeremy D. |last2=Oli |first2=Madan K. |last3=Wooten |first3=Michael C. |last4=Eason |first4=Thomas H. |last5=McCown |first5=J. Walter |last6=Paetkau |first6=David |date=2006 |title=Effectiveness of a Regional Corridor in Connecting Two Florida Black Bear Populations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3591161 |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=155–162 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00292.x |jstor=3591161 |pmid=16909668 |bibcode=2006ConBi..20..155D |s2cid=15106420 |issn=0888-8892 |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519234334/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3591161 |url-status=live }} Marking and recapturing animals helps track individual movement.{{Cite journal |last1=Mech |first1=Stephen G. |last2=Hallett |first2=James G. |date=April 2001 |title=Evaluating the Effectiveness of Corridors: a Genetic Approach |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002467.x |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=467–474 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002467.x |bibcode=2001ConBi..15..467M |s2cid=84520743 |issn=0888-8892 |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813182628/https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002467.x |url-status=live }}

Genetic testing is also used to evaluate migration and mating patterns. By analyzing gene flow within a population, researchers can better understand the long- term role of corridors in migration and genetic diversity.

Wildlife corridors are most effective when designed with the ecology of their target species in mind. Factors such as seasonal movement, avoidance behavior, dispersal patterns, and specific habitat requirements must also be considered.{{Cite journal |last=Newmark |first=William D. |date=1993 |title=The Role and Design of Wildlife Corridors with Examples from Tanzania |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4314138 |journal=Ambio |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=500–504 |jstor=4314138 |issn=0044-7447 |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519234333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4314138 |url-status=live }}

Corridors are more successful when they include some degree of randomness or asymmetry and are oriented perpendicular to habitat patches.{{cite web |title=Designing wildlife corridors |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081020135221.htm |access-date=4 August 2015 |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102042737/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081020135221.htm |url-status=live }} However, they are vulnerable to edge effects; habitat quality along the edge of a habitat fragment is often much lower than in core habitat areas.

While wildlife corridors are essential for large species that require expensive ranges; they are also crucial for smaller animals and plants, acting as ecological connectors to move between isolated habitat fragments. {{Cite web |first1=Julieta|last1=Benitez-Malvido| first2=Víctor | last2=Arroyo-Rodríguez |date=2008 |title=Habitat fragmentation, edge effects and biological corridors in tropical ecosystems |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242075972 |access-date=2022-11-02}} Additionally wildlife corridors are designed to reduce human-wildlife conflicts.{{Cite journal |last=Maulana |first=Rheza |date=2023-04-01 |title=Architecture for Wildlife: The Possible Solution to Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Indonesia |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=1169 |issue=1 |pages=012046 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/1169/1/012046|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023E&ES.1169a2046M }}{{Cite journal |last1=Huijser |first1=Marcel P. |last2=Fairbank |first2=Elizabeth R. |last3=Camel-Means |first3=Whisper |last4=Graham |first4=Jonathan |last5=Watson |first5=Vicki |last6=Basting |first6=Pat |last7=Becker |first7=Dale |date=2016-05-01 |title=Effectiveness of short sections of wildlife fencing and crossing structures along highways in reducing wildlife–vehicle collisions and providing safe crossing opportunities for large mammals |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320716300350 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=197 |pages=61–68 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2016.02.002 |bibcode=2016BCons.197...61H |issn=0006-3207}}

In Alberta, Canada, overpasses have been constructed to keep animals off the Trans-Canada Highway, which passes through Banff National Park. The tops of the bridges are planted with trees and native grasses, with fences present on either side to help guide animals.{{Cite web |last=Dickie |first=Gloria |author-link=Gloria Dickie |date=2022-07-22 |title=As Banff's famed wildlife overpasses turn 20, the world looks to Canada for conservation inspiration |url=https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/as-banffs-famed-wildlife-overpasses-turn-20-the-world-looks-to-canada-for-conservation-inspiration/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Canadian Geographic |language=en-US}}

File:Bear underpass écoducOurs.jpg|alt=Florida highway]]

In Southern California, 15 underpasses and drainage culverts were observed to see how many animals used them as corridors. They proved to be especially effective on wide-ranging species such as carnivores, mule deer, small mammals, and reptiles, even though the corridors were not intended specifically for animals. Researchers also learned that factors such as surrounding habitat, underpass dimensions, and human activity played a role in the frequency of usage.{{Cite journal |last1=Ng |first1=Sandra J |last2=Dole |first2=Jim W |last3=Sauvajot |first3=Raymond M |last4=Riley |first4=Seth P.D |last5=Valone |first5=Thomas J |date=2003-03-20 |title=Use of highway undercrossings by wildlife in southern California |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320703001666 |journal=Biological Conservation |language=en |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=499–507 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00166-6|bibcode=2004BCons.115..499N }}

In South Carolina, five remnant areas of land were monitored; one was put in the center with the other four surrounding it. Then, a corridor was put between one of the remnants and the center. Butterflies that were placed in the center habitat were two to four times more likely to move to the connected remnant rather than the disconnected ones. Furthermore, male holly plants were placed in the center region, and female holly plants in the connected region increased by 70 percent in seed production compared to those plants in the disconnected region. Plant seed dispersal through bird droppings was noted to be the dispersal method with the largest increase within the corridor-connected patch of land.{{Cite web |last=Susan Milius |date=2002-10-22 |title=Insects, pollen, seeds travel wildlife corridors |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/insects-pollen-seeds-travel-wildlife-corridors |archive-date=4 November 2022 |website=Science News |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104061201/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/insects-pollen-seeds-travel-wildlife-corridors |url-status=live }}

In Florida June 2021, the Florida Wildlife Corridor act was passed, securing a statewide network of nearly 18 million acres of connected ecosystems.{{Cite web |last=Realm |first=Visual |title=About The Corridor |url=https://floridawildlifecorridor.org/about/about-the-corridor/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Florida Wildlife Corridor Foundation |language=en-US}} Starting from the Alabama state line, through the Florida panhandle and all the way to the Florida Keys. Containing state parks, national forests, and wildlife management areas supporting wildlife and human occupation.

The positive effects on the rates of transfer and interbreeding in vole populations. A control population in which voles were confined to their core habitat with no corridor was compared to a treatment population in their core habitat with passages that they use to move to other regions. Females typically stayed and mated within their founder population, but the rate of transfer through corridors in the males was very high.{{Cite journal |first1=Jon|last1=Aars|first2= Rolf A. |last2= Ims |title=The Effect of Habitat Corridors on Rates of Transfer and Interbreeding Between Vole Demes |journal=Ecology |date=1999-07-01 |volume=80 |issue=5 |page=1648 |doi=10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1648:TEOHCO]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0012-9658 |url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1648:TEOHCO]2.0.CO;2 |access-date=2022-11-04 |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104063040/https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080%5B1648:TEOHCO%5D2.0.CO;2 |url-status=live }}

In 2001, a wolf corridor was restored through a golf course in Jasper National Park, Alberta, which successfully altered wildlife behavior and showed frequent use by the wolf population.{{Cite journal|author1=Shepherd, B|author2=J. Whittington |date=2006|title=Response of wolves to corridor restoration and human use management|journal=Ecology and Society |volume=11 |issue=2|doi=10.5751/ES-01813-110201 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|first1=Daniel K.|last1=Rosenberg|first2=Barry R. |last2=Noon |first3=E. Charles |last3=Meslow|title=Biological Corridors: Form, Function, and Efficacy|journal=BioScience|volume=47|issue=10 |date=November 1997|pages=677–687|jstor=1313208|doi=10.2307/1313208|doi-access=free}}File:Elevated stretch of NH 44 through Pench Tiger Reserve.png]]

• The Paséo Pantera (also known as the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor or Paséo del Jaguar){{Cite web |title=Paseo Pantera Project |url=http://www.afn.org/~wcsfl/pp.htm |access-date=2022-11-09 |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109084435/http://www.afn.org/~wcsfl/pp.htm |url-status=live }}
• The Eastern Himalayan Corridor{{cite web|url=https://wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/img/original/ecoregion.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412132445/https://wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/img/original/ecoregion.jpg |archive-date= 2023-04-12 |title=Map of Nepal}}
• China-Russia Tiger Corridor{{Cite web |title=New corridor links Amur tiger habitats in Russia and China |url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?206504/New-corridor-links-Amur-tiger-habitats-in-Russia-and-China |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=WWF |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109084430/https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?206504/New-corridor-links-Amur-tiger-habitats-in-Russia-and-China |url-status=live }}
• Tandai Tiger Corridor{{cite web|url=http://www.panthera.org/programs/tiger/tiger-corridor-initiative|title=Panthera|publisher=Panthera.org|access-date=4 August 2015|archive-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122022348/http://www.panthera.org/programs/tiger/tiger-corridor-initiative|url-status=dead}}
• The European Green Belt{{Cite web |title=European Green Belt Initiative |url=https://www.europeangreenbelt.org/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111100540/https://www.europeangreenbelt.org/ |url-status=live }}
• The Siju-Rewak Corridor, located in the Garo Hills of India, protects an important population of elephants (thought to be approximately 20% of all the elephants that survive in the country). This corridor project links together the Siju Wildlife Sanctuary and the Rewak Reserve Forest in Meghalaya State, close to the India-Bangladesh border. This area lies within the meeting place of the Himalayan Mountain Range and the Indian Peninsula and contains at least 139 other species of mammals, including tigers, clouded leopards and the Himalayan black bear.{{Cite web |date=2012-05-02 |title=Siju-Rewak Corridor |url=https://conservationcorridor.org/digests/2012/05/siju-rewak-corridor/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=CONSERVATION CORRIDOR |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109084439/https://conservationcorridor.org/digests/2012/05/siju-rewak-corridor/ |url-status=live }}
• The Ecologische hoofdstructuur is a network of corridors and habitats created for wildlife in the NetherlandsEcologische Hoofdstructuur
• The {{convert|16|km}} long Kanha-Pench elevated corridor on NH 44.{{Cite news|last=Gandhi|first=Divya|date=2019-09-07|title=A wild, wild road|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/a-wild-wild-road/article29360610.ece|access-date=2020-09-17|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109084439/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/a-wild-wild-road/article29360610.ece|url-status=live}}
• Two elephant passes and two minor bridges on NH 54 in Assam’s Lumding Reserve Forest.{{Cite web|date=2020-02-25|title=Why This Elevated Stretch On National Highway 44 Is A Hit With Animals In Pench Tiger Reserve|url=https://indiainfrahub.com/2020/main-featured/why-this-elevated-stretch-on-national-highway-44-is-a-hit-with-animals-in-pench-tiger-reserve/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=India Infra Hub|language=en-US|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109084438/https://indiainfrahub.com/2020/main-featured/why-this-elevated-stretch-on-national-highway-44-is-a-hit-with-animals-in-pench-tiger-reserve/|url-status=live}}{{Cite book|author=Singh A.P.|author2=Singh A.K.|author3=Mishra D.K.|author4=Bora P.|author5=Sharma A.|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/ensuring_safe_access_to_wildlife_in_lumding_reserve_forest.pdf|title=Ensuring safe access to wildlife in Lumding Reserve Forest, Assam, India, Mitigating the impacts of up-gradation of Doboka-Silchar National Highway (NH54E)|publisher=WWF-India|year=2010|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215230504/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/ensuring_safe_access_to_wildlife_in_lumding_reserve_forest.pdf|url-status=live}}
• Three elephant underpasses, each with {{convert|6|m}} of vertical clearance on NH 72 and NH 58 in Uttarakhand, India.{{Cite web |first=Shivani |last=Azad |date=2019-01-18 |title=Elephant underpass in Rajaji hanging for 9 yrs, NGT orders NHAI to deposit Rs 2 cr |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/elephant-underpass-in-rajaji-hanging-for-9-yrs-ngt-orders-nhai-to-deposit-rs-2-cr/articleshow/67593263.cms |access-date=2022-11-09 |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109095320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/elephant-underpass-in-rajaji-hanging-for-9-yrs-ngt-orders-nhai-to-deposit-rs-2-cr/articleshow/67593263.cms |url-status=live }}
• Terai Arc Landscapes, Lower Himalayan Region.{{Cite web|last=Chauhan|first=Priya|date=2021-04-01|title=26 Important Wildlife Corridors Providing Safe Passage to Species|language=en-IN|work=Planet Custodian|url=https://www.planetcustodian.com/important-wildlife-corridors-world/12788/|access-date=2021-04-23|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423070609/https://www.planetcustodian.com/important-wildlife-corridors-world/12788/|url-status=live}}

Some species are more likely to utilize habitat corridors depending on migration and mating patterns, making it essential that corridor design is targeted towards a specific species.{{cite web |author=Fran |title=Elephant corridors in Botswana to protect the herds |url=http://www.yourafricansafari.com/articles/new-way-to-protect-africas-elephant-herds |access-date=4 August 2015 |website=Your African Safari |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104094947/https://www.yourafricansafari.com/articles/new-way-to-protect-africas-elephant-herds/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last1=Green |first1=Siân E. |last2=Davidson |first2=Zeke |last3=Kaaria |first3=Timothy |last4=Doncaster |first4=C. Patrick |date=December 2018 |title=Do wildlife corridors link or extend habitat? Insights from elephant use of a Kenyan wildlife corridor |journal=African Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=860–871 |doi=10.1111/aje.12541 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018AfJEc..56..860G }}

Due to space constraints, buffers are not usually implemented. Without a buffer zone, corridors can become affected by disturbances from human land use change. There is a possibility that corridors could aid in the spread of invasive species, threatening native populations.{{Cite journal |last1=Beier |first1=Paul |last2=Noss |first2=Reed F. |date=December 1998 |title=Do Habitat Corridors Provide Connectivity? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.98036.x |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=1241–1252 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.98036.x |bibcode=1998ConBi..12.1241B |s2cid=16770640 |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813182628/https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.98036.x |url-status=live }}

{{Portal|Environment|Ecology|Earth sciences|Biology}}

{{div col}}

• Aquatic organism passage
• Biolink zones
• Emerald network
• Habitat conservation
• Habitat destruction
• Landscape connectivity
• Linear park
• Marine Protected Area
• Natura 2000
• The Pollinator Pathway
• Roadkill
• Gary Tabor, wildlife corridor conservationist
• Tugay
• Wildlife crossing
• Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative

{{div col end}}

• {{Cite journal |date=December 1998 |title= Do Habitat Corridors Provide Connectivity? |journal= Conservation Biology |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages= 1241–1252 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.98036.x|bibcode=1998ConBi..12.1241B |s2cid=16770640 |last1= Beier |first1= Paul |last2= Noss |first2= Reed F. }}
• Bennett, A.F. 1999. Linkages in the Landscape: The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation. The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.
• De Chant, T. 2007. A Future of Conservation. Northfield Habitat Corridors Community Plan, Northfield, Minnesota.{{cite web |url=http://www.de-chant.com/tim/nhc/index.html |title=Northfield Habitat Corridors |publisher=De-chant.com |access-date=2015-08-11 |archive-date=3 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803055449/http://www.de-chant.com/tim/nhc/index.html |url-status=live }}
• Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC). 2004. Wildlife Corridors. DEC, New South Wales.
• Dole, J.W., Ng, S.J., Sauvajot, R.M. 2003. Use of Highway Undercrossings by Wildlife in Southern California. Biology Conservation, 115 (3):499-507.
• Foreman, Dave. Rewilding North America: a Vision for Conservation in the 21st Century. Washington: Island, 2004.
• {{cite journal | last1 = Fleury | first1 = A.M. | last2 = Brown | first2 = R.D. | year = 1997 | title = A Framework for the Design of Wildlife Conservation Corridors with Specific Application to Southwestern Ontario | journal = Landscape and Urban Planning | volume = 37 | issue = 8| pages = 163–186 | doi = 10.1016/S0169-2046(97)80002-3 | bibcode = 1997LUrbP..37..163F | hdl = 10214/4617 | hdl-access = free }}
• M., S. 2002. Ecology: Insects, Pollen, Seeds, Travel Wildlife Corridors. Science News, 162 (10):269.
• {{cite journal | last1 = Mech | first1 = S.G. | last2 = Hallett | first2 = J.G. | year = 2001 | title = Evaluating the Effectiveness of Corridors: a Genetic Approach | journal = Conservation Biology | volume = 15 | issue = 2| pages = 467–474 | doi = 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002467.x | bibcode = 2001ConBi..15..467M | s2cid = 84520743 }}
• Roach, J. 2006. First Evidence that Wildlife Corridors Boost Biodiversity, Study Says. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060901-plant-corridors.html |title=First Evidence That Wildlife Corridors Boost Biodiversity, Study Says |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=2010-10-28 |access-date=2015-08-11 |archive-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221040127/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060901-plant-corridors.html |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Rosenberg | first1 = D.K. | last2 = Noon | first2 = B.R. | last3 = Meslow | first3 = E.C. | year = 1997 | title = Biological Corridors: Form, Function, and Efficacy | journal = BioScience | volume = 47 | issue = 10| pages = 667–687 | doi = 10.2307/1313208 | jstor = 1313208 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Simberloff | first1 = D. | last2 = Farr | first2 = J.A. | last3 = Cox | first3 = J. | last4 = Mehlman | first4 = D.W. | year = 1992 | title = Movement Corridors: Conservation Bargains or Poor Investments? | journal = Conservation Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 4| pages = 492–504 | doi = 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.06040493.x | bibcode = 1992ConBi...6..493S }}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Sutcliffe | first1 = O.L. | last2 = Thomas | first2 = C.D. | year = 1996 | title = Open Corridors Appear to Facilitate Dispersal by Ringlet Butterflies (Aphantopus hyperantus) between Woodland Clearings | journal = Conservation Biology | volume = 10 | issue = 5| pages = 1359–1365 | doi = 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10051359.x | bibcode = 1996ConBi..10.1359S }}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Tewksbury | first1 = J.J. | last2 = Levey | first2 = D.J. | last3 = Haddad | first3 = N.M. | last4 = Sargent | first4 = S. | last5 = Orrock | first5 = J.L. | last6 = Weldon | first6 = A. | last7 = Danielson | first7 = B.J. | last8 = Brinkerhoff | first8 = J. | last9 = Damschen | first9 = E.I. | last10 = Townsend | first10 = P. | year = 2002 | title = Corridors Affect Plants, Animals, and Their Interactions in Fragmented Landscapes | journal = PNAS | volume = 99 | issue = 20| pages = 12923–12926 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.202242699 | pmid = 12239344 | pmc = 130561 | bibcode = 2002PNAS...9912923T | doi-access = free }}

{{Reflist|refs=

{{Cite journal|author1=Beier, P. |author2=Loe, S. |year= 1992 |title= In My Experience: A Checklist for Evaluating Impacts to Wildlife Movement Corridors |journal= Wildlife Society Bulletin |volume=20 |number= 4 |pages= 434–440 }}

}}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.mma.es/portal/secciones/biodiversidad/desarrollo_rural_paisaje/fragmentacion_rural/pdf/2_Desfragmentacion_Belgica.pdf Defragmentation in Belgium (Flanders) - Connecting nature, connecting people. Accessed: 22 January 2009]
• [https://regeneration.org/nexus/wildlife-corridors Wildlife Corridors] Project Regeneration
• [http://www.mma.es/portal/secciones/biodiversidad/desarrollo_rural_paisaje/fragmentacion_rural/pdf/1_Desfragmentacion_Holanda.pdf Wildlife passages - De-Fragmentation in the Netherlands - How to evaluate their effectiveness? Accessed: 22 January 2009]
• [http://corridordesign.org CorridorDesign.org - GIS tools for designing wildlife corridors Accessed: 9 March 2010]
• [http://www.conservationcorridor.org/ ConservationCorridor.org - information, tools and links to connect the science of landscape corridors to conservation in practice. Accessed: 14 September 2012]

{{Authority control}}

{{Conservation of species}}

Category:Conservation biology

Category:Conservation projects

Category:Ecological connectivity

Category:Ecological restoration

Category:Environmental conservation

Category:Habitat

Category:Habitats

Category:Systems ecology

Category:Urban studies and planning terminology

Category:Wildlife conservation

Category:Animal migration