xanthoferrin
{{Short description|Siderophore chelating agent}}
Xanthoferrin is an α-hydroxycarboxylate-type of siderophore produced by xanthomonads. Xanthomonas spp. secrete xanthoferrin to chelate iron under low-iron conditions.{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-019-00207-x | doi=10.1007/s42770-019-00207-x | title=Genetic and structural determinants on iron assimilation pathways in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. Citri and Xanthomonas sp | date=2020 | last1=Guerra | first1=Gabriel Soares | last2=Balan | first2=Andrea | journal=Brazilian Journal of Microbiology | volume=51 | issue=3 | pages=1219–1231 | pmid=31848911 | pmc=7455652 }}{{cite journal |last1=Helfrich |first1=Eric J. N. |last2=Vogel |first2=Christine M. |last3=Ueoka |first3=Reiko |last4=Schäfer |first4=Martin |last5=Ryffel |first5=Florian |last6=Müller |first6=Daniel B. |last7=Probst |first7=Silke |last8=Kreuzer |first8=Markus |last9=Piel |first9=Jörn |last10=Vorholt |first10=Julia A. |title=Bipartite interactions, antibiotic production and biosynthetic potential of the Arabidopsis leaf microbiome |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=August 2018 |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=909–919 |doi=10.1038/s41564-018-0200-0|pmid=30038309 |pmc=7115891 }}{{cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=Raj Kumar |last2=Biswas |first2=Anindya |last3=Kakkar |first3=Akanksha |last4=Lomada |first4=Santosh Kumar |last5=Pradhan |first5=Binod Bihari |last6=Chatterjee |first6=Subhadeep |title=A Bacteriophytochrome Mediates Interplay between Light Sensing and the Second Messenger Cyclic Di-GMP to Control Social Behavior and Virulence |journal=Cell Reports |date=September 2020 |volume=32 |issue=13 |pages=108202 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108202|pmid=32997993 |doi-access=free }} The xanthoferrin siderophore mediated iron uptake supports bacterial growth under iron-restricted environment.{{Cite journal |pmid=34289715 |date=2022 |last1=Pandey |first1=S. S. |last2=Chatterjee |first2=S. |title=Insights into the Cell-to-Cell Signaling and Iron Homeostasis in Xanthomonas Virulence and Lifestyle |journal=Phytopathology |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=209–218 |doi=10.1094/PHYTO-11-20-0513-RVW }}
Origin
The xanthoferrin term was coined first time for the unique siderophore produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004, a member of Xanthomonas group of plant pathogens.{{Cite journal |pmid=27348422 |date=2017 |last1=Pandey |first1=S. S. |last2=Patnana |first2=P. K. |last3=Rai |first3=R. |last4=Chatterjee |first4=S. |title=Xanthoferrin, the α-hydroxycarboxylate-type siderophore of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris, is required for optimum virulence and growth inside cabbage |journal=Molecular Plant Pathology |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=949–962 |doi=10.1111/mpp.12451 |pmc=6638303 }}
Xanthoferrin producing organisms
The xanthoferrin siderophores are reportedly produced by Xanthomonas campestris pathovars, Xanthomonas orayzae pv. oryzae, Xanthomonas citri pathovars, and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola.{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa516 | doi=10.1093/jxb/eraa516 | title=Iron in plant–pathogen interactions | date=2021 | last1=Liu | first1=Yi | last2=Kong | first2=Danyu | last3=Wu | first3=Hui-Lan | last4=Ling | first4=Hong-Qing | journal=Journal of Experimental Botany | volume=72 | issue=6 | pages=2114–2124 | pmid=33161430 }} However, the xanthoferrin synthesis genes are conserved throughout the members of Xanthomonas group of plant pathogens and several other bacteria like Vibrio spp. but the xanthoferrin or similar siderophores productions in many of them are yet to be investigated.{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.01116-20|doi = 10.1128/mSystems.01116-20|title = Dissecting Disease-Suppressive Rhizosphere Microbiomes by Functional Amplicon Sequencing and 10× Metagenomics|year = 2021|last1 = Tracanna|first1 = Vittorio|last2 = Ossowicki|first2 = Adam|last3 = Petrus|first3 = Marloes L. C.|last4 = Overduin|first4 = Sam|last5 = Terlouw|first5 = Barbara R.|last6 = Lund|first6 = George|last7 = Robinson|first7 = Serina L.|last8 = Warris|first8 = Sven|last9 = Schijlen|first9 = Elio G. W. M.|last10 = Van Wezel|first10 = Gilles P.|last11 = Raaijmakers|first11 = Jos M.|last12 = Garbeva|first12 = Paolina|last13 = Medema|first13 = Marnix H.|journal = mSystems|volume = 6|issue = 3|pages = e0111620|pmid = 34100635|pmc = 8269251}} {{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnx279 | doi=10.1093/femsle/fnx279 | title=Vibrioferrin production by the food spoilage bacterium Pseudomonas fragi | date=2018 | last1=Stanborough | first1=Tamsyn | last2=Fegan | first2=Narelle | last3=Powell | first3=Shane M. | last4=Tamplin | first4=Mark | last5=Chandry | first5=P Scott | journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters | volume=365 | issue=6 | pmid=29272380 }}
Role of xanthoferrin in virulence
The role of xanthoferrin in virulence varies among different Xanthomonas spp. Xanthoferrin mediated iron uptake contributes to the optimum virulence of Xanthomonas oryzicola and Xanthomonas campestris on their respective hosts but does not play any role in the virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae.{{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=S |last2=Sonti |first2=RV |title=rpfF mutants of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae are deficient for virulence and growth under low iron conditions |journal=Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions |date=May 2002 |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=463–71 |doi=10.1094/MPMI.2002.15.5.463 |pmid=12036277|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A |last2=Sonti |first2=RV |title=Role of the FeoB protein and siderophore in promoting virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae on rice |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |date=June 2010 |volume=192 |issue=12 |pages=3187–3203 |doi=10.1128/JB.01558-09 |pmid=20382771|pmc=2901680 }}