yabghu
{{Short description|State office in the early Turkic states, roughly equivalent to viceroy}}
{{Royal and noble ranks in Iran, Turkey, Caucasus, the Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan}}
Yabghu ({{langx|otk|𐰖𐰉𐰍𐰆|yabɣu}},Entry [https://bitig.kz/index.php?l=J&wi=92&lang=e&mod=3 "𐰖𐰉𐰍𐰆 [yabγu] йабғұ"] in "Ethno-Cultural Dictionary" Türik Bitig {{zh|t=葉護|s=叶护|p=Yèhù}}), also rendered as Jabgu, Djabgu or Yabgu, was a state office in the early Turkic states, roughly equivalent to viceroy. The title carried autonomy in different degrees, and its links with the central authority of Khagan varied from economical and political subordination to superficial political deference. The title had also been borne by Turkic princes in the upper Oxus region in post-Hephthalite times.[https://books.google.com/books?id=URUZAQAAIAAJ Encyclopaedia Iranica, 2007, p. 316]
The position of Yabgu was traditionally given to the second highest member of a ruling clan (Ashina), with the first member being the Kagan himself. Frequently, Yabgu was a younger brother of the ruling Kagan, or a representative of the next generation, called Shad (blood prince). Mahmud Kashgari defined the title Yabgu as "position two steps below Kagan", listing heir apparent Shad a step above Yabgu.Golden P.B., "Khazar studies", Budapest, Vol. 2, 1980, pp. 188–190, {{ISBN|963-05-1548-2}}
As the Khaganate decentralized, the Yabgu gained more autonomous power within the suzerainty, and historical records name a number of independent states with "Yabgu" being the title of the supreme ruler. One prominent example was the Oguz Yabgu state in Middle Asia, which was formed after the fragmentation of the Second Türkic Kaganate in the 740s. Another prominent example was the Karluk Yabghu, the head of the Karluks which in the 766 occupied Suyab in the Jeti-su area, and eventually grew into a powerful Karakhanid state.W. Barthold, "Four Studies In History Of Central Asia", Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1962, Vol.1 p. 87
Etymology
There are at least several proposals regarding the origin of yabgu:
- Yabghu might be a derivation from native Turkic root *yap- "to do, to carry out; to come nearer to help" and so might mean "the assistant (of the khagan)".
- Others suggest that the word is a derivation of the early Turkic davgu;Temporini, Hildegard; Haase, Wolfgang; "Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt", 1972, {{ISBN|3-11-001885-3}}. however, the d /ð/ to y /j/ sound change happened late (e.g. not before Sui period (561 - 618 CE)).Golden, Peter B. (1992) An Introduction to the History of Turkic Peoples. p. 155
- It is believed by some scholars to be of Kushan (Chinese: Guishuang 貴霜) political tradition, borrowed by the Göktürks from an Indo-European language, and preserved by the Hephtalites.Klyashtorny S.G., Sultanov T.I., "States and peoples of Eurasian steppe", PB, SPb, 2004, {{ISBN|5-85803-255-9}} For example, Harold Bailey reconstructs *{{lang|mis|yavuka}} ~ *{{lang|mis|yāvuka}}, which means "gatherer of troops" or "troop-leader" and is from base yau-, yū-, and yu- "to bring together", cognate with Avestan yavayeiti, yūta and Old Indian yú- "companion" and yūthá- "group";Bailey, Harold (1978) [http://afghandata.org:8080/jspui/bitstream/azu/3100/1/azu_acku_pamphlet_ds353_h36_a34_1978_w.pdf "The Orbit of Afghan Studies"] in Hammond, Norman (ed.) Afghan Studies 1. p. 3
- Others, such as Sims-Williams, considered that the word yabgu in Turkic languages had been borrowed from Old Chinese i̯əp-g’u > xīhóu,Bosworth, C. Edmund, {{iranica|jabguya|"Jabğuya"}} in Encyclopædia Iranica rendered in Chinese characters as 翕侯Hou Hanshu "Vol. 88: Greater Yuezhi nation" [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B788#%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F%E5%9C%8B text] "初，月氏為匈奴所滅，遂遷於大夏，分其國為休密、雙靡、貴霜、駙頓、都密，凡五部翕侯。" [https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html#sec13 translation] "Formerly, the Yuezhi were defeated by the Xiongnu. They then moved to Daxia (Bactria) and divided up this kingdom between five xihou (‘Allied Princes’), which were those of Xiumi (Western Wakhān and Zibak), Shuangmi (Shughnān), Guishuang (Badakhshān and the adjoining territories north of the Oxus), Xidun (the region of Balkh), and Dumi (the region of Termez)." by John E. Hill.[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes13.html The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu, Section 13] or 翖侯 Conversely, Friedrich Hirth suggested that yabgu was transcribed literary Chinese, with regard to Kushan and Turkic contexts, as *xiap-g’u > xīhóu.Hirth F. Nachworte zur Inschrift des Tonjukuk // ATIM, 2. Folge. StPb. 1899, pp. 48–50. It was equivalent to the title yavugo found on Kushan coins from Kabul, and the yabgu on ancient Turkic monuments. The second part of this compound Chinese word, hou ("g’u"), referred to the second-ranking of five hereditary noble ranks. Chinese sources do not make clear whether the title was a descriptive term used only in reference to foreign leaders, or whether it indicated an ally or subject of a Chinese empire;
- Another theory postulates a Sogdian origin for both titles, "Yabgu" and "Shad". The rulers of some Sogdian principalities are known to have title "Ikhshid";W. Barthold, "Four Studies In History Of Central Asia", Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1962, Vol.1 p.10
- Yury Zuev considered Yabgu to be a "true Tocharian" title.Zuev Yu.A., Early Türks: Essays of history and ideology, Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p.31, {{oclc|52662897}}