yakgwa

Yakgwa ({{Korean|hangul=약과|hanja=藥菓|labels=no}}), consisting of two syllables, yak ({{Korean|hangul=약|hanja=藥|labels=no}}; "medicine") and gwa ({{Korean|hangul=과|hanja=菓|labels=no}}; "confection"), means "medicinal confection".{{Cite news|last=Wood|first=Alecia|title="Fairy floss with butterscotch, caramel and vanilla": meet the exciting single-flower honeys of Australia|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2016/06/21/fairy-floss-butterscotch-caramel-and-vanilla-meet-exciting-single-flower-honeys|work=SBS|date=29 June 2016|access-date=19 August 2017}} This name comes from the large amount of honey that is used to prepare it,{{Cite web|url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0035294|title=Yakgwa|last=염|first=초애|website=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture|publisher=Academy of Korean Studies|language=ko|script-title=ko:약과|access-date=19 August 2017}} because pre-modern Koreans considered honey to be medicinal and so named many honey-based foods yak ("medicine").

"Honey cookie" is a common English translation for this confection's name.{{Cite news|last=Morueats|title=A Taste of Seoul: 25 Must-Try, Popular Korean Snacks That You'll Love!|url=https://morueats.com/blogs/inspire/taste-of-seoul-popular-korean-snacks|date=10 August 2016|access-date=10 August 2023}}

Yakgwa is a food with a long history. It was made for Buddhist rites during the Later Silla era (668–935).{{Cite web|url=http://www.hansik.org/en/board.do?cmd=view&bbs_id=211&menu=PEN3020000&lang=en&art_id=37092|title=Hangwa[Korean Sweets]|website=Korean Food Foundation|access-date=25 May 2017|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190328/http://www.hansik.org/en/board.do?cmd=view&bbs_id=211&menu=PEN3020000&lang=en&art_id=37092|url-status=dead}} It was popular during the Goryeo Dynasty and was enjoyed by royal families, aristocrats, temples, and private houses.{{Cite web|title=약과|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?cid=48169&docId=740919&categoryId=48222|access-date=2021-06-20|website=terms.naver.com|language=ko}} During the Goryeo era (918–1392), yakgwa was used for pyebaek (a formal greeting) in the wedding ceremony of Goryeo kings and Yuan princesses.{{cite book|last=Yoon|first=Seo-seok|title=Festive Occasions: The Customs in Korea|year=2008|publisher=Ewha Womans University Press|location=Seoul|isbn=9788973007813|pages=122–123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSIsb4qmoQcC&pg=PA122|access-date=19 August 2017}}

Yakgwa was originally made in the shape of birds and animals, but it became flatter for ease of stacking during the Joseon era (1392–1897). Each pattern signifies a wish; butterflies represent a happy marriage, bats bring fortune, and pine trees symbolize the beginning of a new year. One would print a lotus for harmony and a pomegranate for fertility. Then, in the Joseon Kingdom, it was simplified into a sphere. However, the balls were not suitable for presenting at the table for ancestral rites. So it transformed into a cube. Eventually, the yakgwa was stylized to take its current shape, round with a rippled edge.{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/01/135_103227.html.|title=Art and history of 'hangwa|last=Hyun-gi|first=Noh|date=19 January 2012|website=The Korea Times}}

In pre-modern Korea, yakgwa was mostly enjoyed by the upper classes, as wheat was a rare and cherished ingredient, and honey was also regarded highly. Today yakgwa is common to serve with tea, but can also be gifts for special occasions.

A report released by the food science and biotechnology department in Inha University, South Korea researched effects of Jupcheong (soaking syrup) with and without ginger powder in the yakgwa recipe and then storing it for a few weeks. The dough pieces were deep fried in soy bean oil at 90 to 150 °C, soaked in syrup with and without ginger powder, and lastly stored at 30 °C in the dark for 8 weeks. It was found that jupcheong, especially with ginger, could improve the lipid oxidative stability of yakgwa by higher protection of tocopherols and lignans than polyphenols from degradation, and tocopherols were the most important antioxidants in reducing lipid oxidation of yakgwa. The use of ginger powder instead of the traditional ginger juice used in the recipe helps support the lipid oxidative in yakgwa. The lipid oxidative in yakgwa deteriorates fat and has other health benefits.{{Cite journal|title=Effects of jupcheong (soaking in syrup) with ginger powder on the lipid oxidation and antioxidant stability of yakgwa (Korean deep-fried confection)|last=Ah-lee|first=Kyung|journal = Food Science and Biotechnology|volume = 28|issue = 2|pages = 329–335|pmc = 6431320|pmid = 30956844|doi = 10.1007/s10068-018-0471-5|year = 2019}}

Additionally, in 2014 the Dong Eui University academic cooperation foundation and Sancheon Korea medicine yakchs patent application for health functional yakgwa. The Korean intellectual released the following abstract, "The present invention relates to a health functional fried honey cake using medicinal plants and a method for manufacturing the same. The health functional fried honey cake according to the present invention is manufactured by being baked in an oven instead of a traditional way using Eucommia, monarchy, Angelica, mulberry leaves, or tea powder, thereby reducing more calories and fat than when fried honey cake is manufactured by the traditional way and improving antioxidant functions, flavor, and health."

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Category:Korean desserts

Category:Hangwa