yellow-blotched map turtle

{{Speciesbox

| image = Graptemys.flavimaculata.JPG

| status = VU

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| status_ref = {{cite iucn |last1=van Dijk |first1=P.P. |year=2011 |errata=2016 |title=Graptemys flavimaculata |volume=2011 |page=e.T9498A97418378 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013.RLTS.T9498A12996484.en |access-date=29 October 2022 }}

|status2=LT

|status2_system=ESA

|status2_ref={{cite web|url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/7730|title=Yellow-blotched map turtle (Graptemys flavimaculata)|access-date=22 May 2023|website=Environmental Conservation Online System|publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service}}{{Federal Register|56|1459}}

| genus = Graptemys

| species = flavimaculata

| authority = Cagle, 1954

| synonyms =

Graptemys flavimaculata
Cagle, 1954
Graptemys oculifera flavimaculata — Mertens & Wermuth, 1955
Malaclemys flavomaculata McDowell, 1964 (ex errore)
Malaclemys flavimaculata
— Cochran & Goin, 1970{{Cite journal | journal = Vertebrate Zoology | title = Checklist of Chelonians of the World | year = 2007 | first = Uwe | last = Fritz |author2=Havaš, Peter | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 187 | doi = 10.3897/vz.57.e30895 | doi-access = free }}
Graptemys flavimaculata
— Conant, 1975Conant, R. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Houghton Mifflin. Boston. xviii + 429 pp. + 48 plates. {{ISBN|0-395-19977-8}} (paperback). (Graptemys flavimaculata, p. 59 + Plate 8 + Map17.)

}}

The yellow-blotched map turtle (Graptemys flavimaculata), or yellow-blotched sawback, is a species of turtle in the family Emydidae. It is part of the narrow-headed group of map turtles, and is endemic to the southern United States.

Geographic range

Image:Pascagoularivermap.png

Its distribution is limited to the Pascagoula River of Mississippi and most of its tributaries (a range it shares with the Pascagoula map turtle).

Home range

Males have a mean home range area of 1.12 ha (2.77 acres) and a mean home range length of {{convert|1.8|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Females have a mean home range area of 5.75 ha (14.20 acres), due to nesting activities, and a mean home range length of {{convert|1.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}.{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=R. L. |title=Home Range and Seasonal Movements of the Turtle Graptemys flavimaculata |journal=Journal of Herpetology |date=1996 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=376–385 |doi=10.2307/1565175 |jstor=1565175 }}

Description

Yellow-blotched map turtles are medium- to small-sized turtles, with males ranging from 3.5 to 4.5 in (9-11.5 cm) in carapace length as adults. Adult females are larger, about 5 to 7.5 in (13–19 cm) in carapace length. The yellow-blotched map turtle has the highest central keel of all map turtles.{{fact|date=October 2022}}

Diet

Yellow-blotched map turtles feed mostly on insects, but are opportunistic feeders, so also consume crustaceans, fish, and some fresh plant matter.{{fact|date=October 2022}}

Conservation status

This species is listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act due to a recent decline. This can be attributed to a low reproductive frequency as compared with most other map turtles. A high level of nest mortality due to fish crow predation and river flooding are also attributed to endangerment. Unexpectedly high occurrences of nesting in shaded areas could possibly be attributed to human disturbances on and near sandbars, which raises mortality rates.{{cite journal |last1=Horne |first1=Brian D. |last2=Brauman |first2=Robert J. |last3=Moore |first3=Megan J. C. |last4=Seigel |first4=Richard A. |title=Reproductive and Nesting Ecology of the Yellow-Blotched Map Turtle, Graptemys flavimaculata: Implications for Conservation and Management |journal=Copeia |date=December 2003 |volume=2003 |issue=4 |pages=729–738 |doi=10.1643/HA02-213.1 |s2cid=86331793 }} Human disturbances are primarily boating activities that are popular in the Pascagoula of Mississippi increasing the female turtle's energetic cost of nesting overall preventing their population to grow.{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Megan J. C. |last2=Seigel |first2=Richard A. |title=No place to nest or bask: Effects of human disturbance on the nesting and basking habits of yellow-blotched map turtles (Graptemys flavimaculata) |journal=Biological Conservation |date=1 July 2006 |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=386–393 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.01.001 |bibcode=2006BCons.130..386M }}

Also, its habitat suffers from pollution and agricultural changes to water levels, affecting nesting beaches. "Turtle plinking", shooting turtles for casual target practice, kills significant portions of this endangered turtle's population each year.{{cite press release |url=https://turtleconservationfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/top25.pdf |title=Top 25 Turtles On Death Row |publisher=Turtle Conservation Fund |date=15 May 2003 }}

Since yellow-blotched map turtles are freshwater turtles mainly found in the Pascagoula River of Mississippi, human disturbances like an increase in boats in the area of inhabitance, also leads to many physiological issues due to less time to bask or endangerment of the nest.{{cite journal |last1=Selman |first1=Will |last2=Qualls |first2=Carl |last3=Owen |first3=Jennifer C. |title=Effects of human disturbance on the behavior and physiology of an imperiled freshwater turtle: Disturbance Impacts on Turtles |journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management |date=July 2013 |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=877–885 |doi=10.1002/jwmg.538 |jstor=43188086 }}

As a member of the listed Graptemys genus, G. flavimaculata receives protection under Appendix III of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).{{cite web|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|title=Appendices I, II and III|publisher=Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora|access-date=22 May 2023|date=21 May 2023}}