yellow-shouldered grosbeak
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak.jpg
| image_caption = In Yasuni National Park,
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Parkerthraustes
| parent_authority = Remsen, 1997
| species = humeralis
| authority = (Lawrence, 1867)
| synonyms =
- Caryothraustes humeralis (protonym)
- Pitylus humeralis
| range_map = Parkerthraustes humeralis map.svg
}}
The yellow-shouldered grosbeak (Parkerthraustes humeralis) is a species of bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is the only member of its genus Parkerthraustes.
It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Taxonomy
The yellow-shouldered grosbeak was formally described in 1867 by the American amateur ornithologist George Newbold Lawrence. He coined the Latin name Pytilus (Caryothrautes) humeralis.{{ cite journal | last=Lawrence | first=George Newbold | author-link=George Newbold Lawrence | year=1867 | title=Descriptions of new species of American Birds | journal=Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York | volume=8 | pages=466–482 [467–468] | doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1867.tb00333.x | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16022715 }} Following information from molecular genetics the species was moved from genus Caryothrautes[https://www.hbw.com/dictionary/definition/caryothraustes Caryothraustes combines 'karuon "nut" and thraustēs "breaker"]. to its own genus Parkerthraustes in 1997 by James Van Remsen Jr., to honour the late ornithologist Theodore A. Parker III.{{cite book | last1=Remsen, Jr.| first1=J. V.| author-link=James Van Remsen, Jr. | date=1997 | chapter=A new genus for the yellow-shouldered grosbeak | series=Ornithological Monographs | volume=48 | title=Studies in Neotropical Ornithology Honoring Ted Parker | issue=48| location=Washington, DC | publisher=The American Ornithologist's Union | pages=89–90 | doi=10.2307/40157528| jstor=40157528 | chapter-url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/om/om048.pdf#page=103}}{{cite journal| last1=Bates | first1=John M. | last2=Schulenberg | first2=Thomas S. | title=In Memoriam: Theodore A. Parker III, 1953–1993 | journal=The Auk | volume=114 | issue=1 | year=1997 | pages=110 | url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v114n01/p0110-p0110.pdf | doi=10.2307/4089070| jstor=4089070 }} The specific epithet humeralis'' is Late Latin, meaning "of the shoulders".{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=196 }}
The yellow-shouldered grosbeak was traditionally considered a member of the cardinal family Cardinalidae.{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=226 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483461}} It was moved to the tanager family based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2007.{{cite journal | last1=Klicka | first1=J. | last2=Burns | first2=K. |last3=Spellman | first3=G. M. | date= December 2007 | title=Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume= 45 | issue=3 | pages=1014–1032 | doi= 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.006 | pmid=17920298 | bibcode=2007MolPE..45.1014K }}{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2020 | title=Tanagers and allies | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/tanagers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=22 November 2020 }} It is placed in the subfamily Orchesticinae with the brown tanager in its own genus Orchesticus.{{cite journal| last1=Burns | first1=K.J. | last2=Shultz | first2=A.J. | last3=Title | first3=P.O. | last4=Mason | first4=N.A. | last5=Barker | first5=F.K. | last6=Klicka | first6=J. | last7=Lanyon | first7=S.M. | last8=Lovette | first8=I.J. | year=2014 | title=Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| volume=75| pages=41–77 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006 | pmid=24583021 | bibcode=2014MolPE..75...41B | url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3613&context=biosci_pubs }} The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Passeroidea|T.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q251930}}
Category:Birds of the Amazon rainforest
Category:Birds of the Ecuadorian Amazon
Category:Birds of Peruvian Amazonia
Category:Birds of the Bolivian Amazon
Category:Taxa named by George Newbold Lawrence
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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