yellow cardinal
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{about-distinguish-text|the endangered South American finch-like tanager|northern cardinals with a rare genetic mutation making them yellow instead of red}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Yellow cardinal
| image =Gubernatrix cristata - Yellow cardinal (male); Iberá marshes, Corrientes, Argentina.jpg
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = {{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}
| genus = Gubernatrix
| parent_authority = Lesson, 1837
| species = cristata
| authority = (Vieillot, 1817)
| range_map = Gubernatrix cristata map.svg
}}
The yellow cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata) is a species of South American bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is the only member of its genus, Gubernatrix. It is very rare and can only be found in South America.
Taxonomy
The yellow cardinal was formally described in 1817 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot under the binomial name Coccothraustes cristata.{{ cite book | last=Vieillot | first=Louis Pierre | author-link=Louis Pierre Vieillot | year=1817 | title=Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. | volume=13 | place=Paris | publisher=Deterville | page=531| doi=10.5962/bhl.title.20211 | language=French | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18057677 }}{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=210 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483445 }} The specific epithet is from the Latin cristatus meaning "crested" or "plumed".{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=122 }} The species was moved to its own genus Gubernatrix by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1837.{{ cite book | last=Lesson | first=René | author-link=René Lesson | year=1837 | title=Histoire Naturelle Générale et Particulière des Mammifères et des Oiseaux Décoverts Depuis la Mort de Buffon | volume=8 Oiseaux | language=French | location=Paris | publisher=Pourrat Frères | page=295 | url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89064338874&view=1up&seq=305 }} The genus name is the Latin word for "governess".{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=180 }}
Although traditionally included in the family Emberizidae, a study published in 2011 found that the species was more closely related to the tanager family Thraupidae.{{Cite journal | last1=Campagna | first1=L. | last2=Geale | first2=K. | last3=Handford | first3=P. | last4=Lijtmaer | first4=D.A. | last5=Tubaro | first5=P.L. | last6=Lougheed | first6=S.C. | date=2011 | title=A molecular phylogeny of the Sierra-Finches (Phrygilus, Passeriformes): Extreme polyphyly in a group of Andean specialists | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=61 | issue=2 | pages=521–533 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.011| pmid=21807104 | bibcode=2011MolPE..61..521C | hdl=11336/68885 | hdl-access=free }} A comprehensive study of the tanagers published in 2014 found strong support for a sister relationship between the yellow cardinal and the diuca finch.{{cite journal| last1=Burns | first1=K.J. | last2=Shultz | first2=A.J. | last3=Title | first3=P.O. | last4=Mason | first4=N.A. | last5=Barker | first5=F.K. | last6=Klicka | first6=J. | last7=Lanyon | first7=S.M. | last8=Lovette | first8=I.J. | year=2014 | title=Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| volume=75| pages=41–77 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006 | pmid=24583021 | bibcode=2014MolPE..75...41B | url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3613&context=biosci_pubs | url-access=subscription }} The two species are known to hybridize. The yellow cardinal is monotypic and no subspecies are recognised.{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2020 | title=Tanagers and allies | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/tanagers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=20 October 2020 }}{{cite web |title=Common Diuca-Finch x Yellow Cardinal (hybrid) |url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=7CDA440E41FB507D&sec=summary&ssver=1 |website=Avibase |access-date=10 October 2023}}
Distribution and habitat
It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
Its natural habitats are dry savanna, temperate shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, and temperate grassland.
It is threatened by habitat loss and from pet trade trappers for sale as exotic pets.Barilla, James. "Zoopolis." My Backyard Jungle: The Adventures of an Urban Wildlife Lover Who Turned His Yard into Habitat and Learned to Live with It. New Haven: Yale UP, 2014. 296-97. Print. Males are trapped at a higher rate than females, and the yellow cardinal is considered endangered due to the constant entrapment.{{Cite journal|last1=Domínguez|first1=Marisol|last2=Tiedemann|first2=Ralph|last3=Reboreda|first3=Juan C.|last4=Segura|first4=Luciano|last5=Tittarelli|first5=Fabián|last6=Mahler|first6=Bettina|date=2017-10-01|title=Genetic structure reveals management units for the yellow cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata), endangered by habitat loss and illegal trapping|journal=Conservation Genetics | volume=18|issue=5|pages=1131–1140|doi=10.1007/s10592-017-0964-4|bibcode=2017ConG...18.1131D |s2cid=3948404 |issn=1572-9737|url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/133287 |hdl=11336/56419|hdl-access=free}} Countering woody plant encroachment can contribute to habitat restoration.{{Cite journal |last1=Rebollo |first1=María Emilia |last2=Reyes |first2=Marcos Matías |last3=Santillán |first3=Miguel Ángel |last4=López |first4=Fernando Gabriel |last5=Galmes |first5=Maximiliano Adrián |last6=Peñalba |first6=Pablo Díaz |last7=Romero |first7=Isabel María Luque |last8=Bragagnolo |first8=Laura Araceli |last9=Liébana |first9=María Soledad |last10=Grande |first10=Juan Manuel |date=2024-09-25 |title=Habitat restoration for the endangered Yellow Cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata): a forest treatment without affecting bird diversity at the center of Argentina |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-024-02216-6 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=166 |issue=1 |pages=263–274 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10336-024-02216-6 |bibcode=2025JOrni.166..263R |issn=2193-7206|url-access=subscription }}
There was a study conducted that looked at the vocalization of the yellow cardinal in its habitat. It was found that there was some variation with the diuca finch.{{clarify|date=May 2020}}{{Cite journal |last1=Domínguez |first1=Marisol|last2=Reboreda|first2=Juan Carlos|last3=Mahler|first3=Bettina|date=2016|title=Effects of fragmentation and hybridization on geographical patterns of song variation in the endangered Yellow Cardinal Gubernatrix cristata| journal=Ibis| volume=158|issue=4| pages=738–746|doi=10.1111/ibi.12388|issn=1474-919X|hdl=11336/61397|hdl-access=free}}
Status
The current global population of Gubernatrix cristata is between 1000 and 2000.BirdLife International (2019) Species factsheet: Gubernatrix cristata. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 13/04/2019 Studies have shown that there are some genetic differences between different populations.Domínguez, M., Tiedemann, R., Reboreda, J.C. et al. Conserv Genet (2017) 18: 1131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-017-0964-4 Another study has shown that the yellow cardinal presents plasticity in song production, with small differences in song among four different populations.Domínguez, M. , Reboreda, J. C. and Mahler, B. (2016), Effects of fragmentation and hybridization on geographical patterns of song variation in the endangered Yellow Cardinal Gubernatrix cristata. Ibis, 158: 738-746. doi:10.1111/ibi.12388
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category|Gubernatrix cristata}}
- [https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Gubernatrix-cristata Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the yellow cardinal]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q550274}}
Category:Birds described in 1817
Category:Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
{{Thraupidae-stub}}