:1947 BSAA Avro Lancastrian Star Dust accident

The accident aircraft, an Avro 691 Lancastrian 3, was built as constructor's number 1280 for the Argentine Ministry of Supply to carry thirteen passengers, and first flew on 27 November 1945. Its civil certificate of airworthiness (CofA) number 7282 was issued on 1 January 1946. It was delivered to BSAA on 12 January 1946, was registered on 16 January as G-AGWH and given the individual aircraft name "Star Dust".{{cite book | chapter-url = http://www.flywiththestars.co.uk/Airline/Fleet/fleet.htm | chapter = Aircraft operated by British South American Airways | title = Fly With the Stars, a history of British South American Airways | first1 = Susan | last1 = Ottaway | first2 = Ian | last2 = Ottaway | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7509-4448-9 | publisher = Speedman Press Limited}}{{page needed|date=July 2020}}

Star Dust carried six passengers and a crew of five on its final flight. The captain, Reginald Cook, was an experienced former Royal Air Force pilot with combat experience during the Second World War, as were his first officer, Norman Hilton Cook, and second officer, Donald Checklin DFC. Cook had been awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). The radio operator, Dennis Harmer, also had a record of wartime as well as civilian service. Iris Evans, who had previously served in the Women's Royal Naval Service ("Wrens") as a chief petty officer, was the flight attendant.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/618829.stm | title=Lost plane found in Andes | work=BBC News | date=26 January 2000 | access-date=18 August 2011}}

Star Dust{{'s}} last flight was the final leg of BSAA Flight CS59, which had started in London on an Avro York named Star Mist on 29 July 1947, landing in Buenos Aires on 1 August.{{Sfn|Rayner|2002|pp=119–122}} The passengers were one woman and five men of Palestinian, Swiss, German and British nationality. One was a British diplomatic courier, a King's Messenger. Marta Limpert, a German émigré, was the only passenger known for certain to have initially boarded Star Mist in London{{Sfn|Rayner|2002|p=119}} before changing aircraft in Buenos Aires to continue on to Santiago with the other passengers.{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vanished/sten_report.html | title=Vanished: 1947 Official Accident Report | website=pbs.org | publisher=PBS | access-date=18 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523161259/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vanished/sten_report.html | archive-date=23 May 2012 | url-status=live }}

File:Tupungato volcano in the Chilean-Argentinian Andes.jpg seen from the air]]

Star Dust left Buenos Aires at 1:46 pm on 2 August.{{Sfn|Rayner|2002|p=124}} This leg of the flight was apparently uneventful until the radio operator (Harmer) sent a routine message in Morse code to the airport in Santiago at 5:41 pm, announcing an expected arrival of 5:45 pm. However, Star Dust never arrived, no more radio transmissions were received by the airport, and intensive efforts by both Chilean and Argentine search teams, as well as by other BSAA pilots, failed to uncover any trace of the aircraft or of the people on board.{{cite episode | title=Stardust Lost in the Andes | series=Vanishings! | network=History International | airdate=27 September 2003}} The head of BSAA, Air Vice Marshal Don Bennett, personally directed an unsuccessful five-day search.{{cite book | title=Can Anyone See Bermuda? Memories of an Airline Pilot (1941–1976) | author=Jackson, Archie | year=1997 | publisher=Cirrus Associates | location=Gillingham, Dorset | isbn=0-9515598-5-0 | page=75}}

A report by an amateur radio operator who claimed to have received a faint SOS signal from Star Dust initially raised hopes that there might have been survivors, but all subsequent attempts over the years to find the vanished aircraft failed. In the absence of any hard evidence, numerous theories arose—including rumours of sabotage (compounded by the later disappearance of two other aircraft also belonging to BSAA);{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/vanished_transcript.shtml |title=Vanished: The Plane That Disappeared |work=BBC |date=2 November 2000 |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121065705/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/vanished_transcript.shtml |archive-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=live }} speculation that Star Dust might have been blown up to destroy diplomatic documents being carried by the King's Messenger; or even the suggestion that Star Dust had been taken or destroyed by a UFO (an idea fuelled by unresolved questions about the flight's final Morse code message).

File:Stardust Wheel Wreckage.png

In 1998, two Argentine mountaineers climbing Mount Tupungato—about {{convert|60|mi|abbr=on|-1}} west-southwest of Mendoza, and about {{convert|50|mi|abbr=on}} east of Santiago—found the wreckage of a Rolls-Royce Merlin aircraft engine, along with twisted pieces of metal and shreds of clothing, in the Tupungato Glacier at an elevation of {{convert|15000|ft|abbr=on}}.

In 2000, an Argentine Army expedition found additional wreckage—including a propeller and wheels (one of which had an intact and inflated tyre)—and noted that the wreckage was well localised, a fact which pointed to a head-on impact with the ground, and which also ruled out a mid-air explosion.{{Sfn|Rayner|2002|p=212}} Human remains were also recovered, including three torsos, a foot in an ankle boot and a manicured hand. By 2002, the bodies of five of the eight British victims had been identified through DNA testing.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/sep/06/owenbowcott1|title=DNA clues reveal 55-year-old secrets behind crash of the Star Dust|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 September 2002|access-date=18 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826155056/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/sep/06/owenbowcott1|archive-date=26 August 2013|url-status=live}}

A recovered propeller showed that the engine had been running at near-cruising speed at the time of the impact. Additionally, the condition of the wheels proved that the undercarriage was still retracted, suggesting controlled flight into terrain rather than an attempted emergency landing.{{Sfn|Rayner|2002|p=213}} During the final portion of Star Dust{{'s}} flight, heavy clouds would have blocked visibility of the ground. It has therefore been suggested that, in the absence of visual sightings of the ground due to the clouds, a navigational error could have been made as the aircraft flew through the jet stream—a phenomenon not well understood in 1947, in which high-altitude winds can blow at high speed in directions different from those of winds observed at ground level.{{Sfn|Rayner|2002|p=214}} If the airliner, which had to cross the Andes mountain range at {{convert|24000|ft}}, had entered the jet-stream zone—which in this area normally blows from the west and south-west, resulting in the aircraft encountering a headwind—this would have significantly decreased the aircraft's ground speed.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Mistakenly assuming their ground speed to be faster than it really was, the crew might have deduced that they had already safely crossed the Andes, and so commenced their descent to Santiago, whereas in fact they were still a considerable distance to the east-north-east and were approaching the cloud-enshrouded Tupungato Glacier at high speed. Some BSAA pilots, however, expressed scepticism at this theory; convinced that Cook would not have started his descent without a positive indication that he had crossed the mountains; they have suggested that strong winds may have brought down the craft in some other way.{{Sfn|Rayner|2002|pp=215–216}} One of the pilots recalled that "we had all been warned not to enter cloud over the mountains as the turbulence and icing posed too great a threat."

A set of events similar to those that doomed Star Dust also caused the crash of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 in 1972 (depicted in the film Alive), although there were survivors from that crash because it involved a glancing blow to a mountainside rather than a head-on collision.{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/topics/alive | title=I Am Alive: The Crash of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 | website=History.com | access-date=18 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005093529/http://www.history.com/topics/alive | archive-date=5 October 2012 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}

Star Dust is likely to have flown into a nearly vertical snowfield near the top of the glacier, causing an avalanche that buried the wreckage within seconds and concealed it from searchers. As the compressed snow turned to ice, the wreckage would have been incorporated into the body of the glacier, with fragments emerging many years later and much further down the mountain. Between 1998 and 2000, about ten per cent of the total expected wreckage emerged from the glacier, prompting several re-examinations of the accident. More debris is expected to emerge in future, not only as a result of normal glacial motion, but also as the glacier melts.

A 2000 Argentine Air Force investigation cleared Cook of any blame, concluding that the crash had resulted from "a heavy snowstorm" and "very cloudy weather", as a result of which the crew "were unable to correct their positioning".

The last Morse code message sent by Star Dust was "ETA SANTIAGO 17.45 HRS STENDEC". The Chilean Air Force radio operator at Santiago airport described this transmission as coming in "loud and clear" but very fast; as he did not recognise the last word, he requested clarification and heard "STENDEC" repeated twice in succession before contact with the aircraft was lost.{{citation | url = http://wiki.gark.net/images/0/06/Star_Dust_Report.pdf | author = Ministry of Civil Aviation | title = Ministry of Civil Aviation, Civil Aircraft Accident: Report on the accident to Lancastrian III G-AGWH which occurred on 2nd August 1947 in the Andes Mountains South America (Accidents Investigation Branch Report No. C.A. 106) | location = London | publisher = His Majesty's Stationery Office | year = 1948 | access-date = 7 January 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140810225516/http://wiki.gark.net/images/0/06/Star_Dust_Report.pdf | archive-date = 10 August 2014 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}{{Sfn|Rayner|2002|p=125}} This word has not been definitively explained and has given rise to much speculation.{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/vanished_stendec.shtml | title='STENDEC' – Stardust's final mysterious message | work=BBC | date=2 November 2000 | access-date=18 August 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120143422/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/vanished_stendec.shtml | archive-date=20 January 2012 | url-status=live }}

The staff of the BBC television series Horizon—which presented an episode in 2000 on the Star Dust disappearance—received hundreds of messages from viewers proposing explanations of "STENDEC." These included suggestions that the radio operator, possibly suffering from hypoxia, had scrambled the word "DESCENT" (of which "STENDEC" is an anagram); that "STENDEC" may have been the initials of some obscure phrase or that the airport radio operator had misheard the Morse code transmission despite it reportedly having been repeated multiple times. The Horizon staff concluded that, with the possible exception of some misunderstanding based on Morse code, none of these proposed solutions was plausible.

The simplest explanation put forward to date is that the spacing of the rapidly sent message was misheard or sloppily sent. In Morse code, determining accurate spacing between characters is vital to properly interpret the message; "STENDEC" uses exactly the same dot/dash sequence as "SCTI AR" (SCTI being the ICAO four-letter code for Los Cerrillos Airport in Santiago, AR being the Morse abbreviation for "over").{{citation | url = http://www.sartechnology.ca/sartechnology/ST_STENDEC_ColdCase.htm | title = SAR Technology – Aviation Cold Case Response | access-date = 3 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180929171233/http://sartechnology.ca/sartechnology/ST_STENDEC_ColdCase.htm | archive-date = 29 September 2018 | url-status = live }} Alternatively, the Morse spelling for "STENDEC" is one character off from instead spelling VALP, the call sign for the airport at Valparaiso, 110 kilometers north of Santiago.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntskeptics.org/2010/2010december/december2010.pdf |title=STENDEC Solved |work=The North Texas Skeptic |access-date=11 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102222345/http://www.ntskeptics.org/2010/2010december/december2010.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2019 |url-status=live }}

• BSAA Star Tiger disappearance
• BSAA Star Ariel disappearance
• LAN Chile Flight 621
• Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book | last=Rayner |first=Jay | title=Star Dust Falling: The Story of the Plane that Vanished | year=2002 | publisher=Doubleday | isbn=0-385-60226-X }}

• [http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/vanished.shtml BBC Horizon programme on the Star Dust accident]
• [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vanished/ PBS NOVA programme] (US version of the Horizon programme)
• [http://www.summitpost.org/mountains/photo_link.pl?photo_id=66086&object_id=2365&type=mountain&mountain_id=2365&route_id= Aerial photo of the Tupungato area]
• {{ASN accident|id=19470802-0}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140810225516/http://wiki.gark.net/images/0/06/Star_Dust_Report.pdf Ministry of Civil Aviation official report on the accident, 1948]
• [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1946/1946%20-%201594.html "Over the Andes"] a 1946 Flight article on the BSAA route
• [https://jiaac.gob.ar/es/file-search/?nro_exp=5470792 Argentinian Investigation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914022258/https://jiaac.gob.ar/es/file-search/?nro_exp=5470792 |date=14 September 2018 }} at JIAAC (Junta de Investigación de Accidentes de Aviación Civil)
• {{Skeptoid | id= 4231| number= 231| title=The Mystery of STENDEC | date= 9 November 2010| last= Dunning| first= Brian| access-date=}}

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Category:Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain

Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Argentina

Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1947

Category:British South American Airways accidents and incidents

Category:August 1947 in South America

Category:1947 disasters in Argentina