:1981 Meenakshipuram conversion
{{Short description|Mass conversion of Hindus to Islam in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Islamization}}
The 1981 Meenakshipuram Conversion was a mass religious conversion that took place in the Indian village of Meenakshipuram, Tamil Nadu, in which hundreds of "oppressed" caste Hindus converted to Islam. This incident sparked debate over freedom of religion in India and the government decided to introduce anti-conversion legislation.{{cite news | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sudden-spurt-in-conversions-of-harijans-to-islam-forces-govt-to-study-the-issue/1/402155.html | title=Sudden spurt in conversions of Harijans to Islam forces govt to study the 'issue' | work=India Today | date=11 November 2013 | accessdate=25 December 2014}} Later, many converts converted back to Hinduism, citing the lack of fulfillment of promises made during the conversions.
Conversion
Meenakshipuram is a village in the Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu, India. The scheduled caste members in the village were segregated by the other castes, who referred to them as untouchables on the basis of the Indian caste system.{{cite book|author=Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai|title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vekq6s2RyYC&pg=PA12|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-529-2|pages=12–13}} The district had a long history of caste-related violence.{{cite book|author=Manjari Katju|title=Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b70nKb-8YuMC&pg=PA32|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2476-7|page=32}} They embraced Islam, tired of upper caste atrocities, mostly by the landed OBC Thevar community in the village.{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/flashback-how-800-dalit-hindus-were-converted-to-islam-33-years-45123.html|title = Flashback: How 800 Dalit Hindus in Meenakshipuram were converted to Islam 33 years ago|date = 12 December 2014}}{{cite book|title=India Briefind, 1991|first=Philip|last=Oldenburg|year=1991|page=119|publisher=Avalon |isbn=9780813382548|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bWRDxm8ObUC}} The scheduled caste members, who belonging to the Pallar community, had historically tussled with the majority Maravar community. The Pallars were considered untouchable by the majority community. They were predominantly employed as farm labour and their income and education was lower. During the time of conversion, there was reportedly 40 per cent of Pallar youths were educated who induced the conversion.{{cite book|title=Subaltern revolts in Tamilnadu|last=B.S.|first=Chandrababu|publisher= JJ Publications|location=Madurai|year=2001|pages=53–6}} Though originally 220 families were registered for conversions, about 40 of them changed their mind and 180 families attended the ceremony held on 19 February 1981.{{cite book|title=Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today|page=[https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn/page/346 346]|publisher=Duke University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn|url-access=registration|year=1990|isbn=9780822310297}}
Aftermath
After the incident, the Tamil Nadu government set up an inquiry commission to investigate the conversion. The commission in its report suggested an anti-conversion bill to be passed by the state government, but the government put it on hold.{{cite news | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalithaas-anti-conversion-law-causes-political-polarisation-in-tamil-nadu/1/218669.html | title=Jayalalithaa's anti-conversion law causes political polarisation in Tamil Nadu | work=India Today | date=18 November 2002 | accessdate=24 December 2014}}
The media reported that the conversion took place by force, using foreign funding.{{Cite book|title=Cultures of Conversions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-W-wOgKI9cC&dq=press&pg=PA2|author1=Jan N. Bremmer|author2=Wout Jac. van Bekkum|author3=Arie L. Molendijk|year = 2006|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn = 9789042917538}}{{cite book|title=Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today|page=[https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn/page/347 347]|publisher=Duke University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn|url-access=registration|year=1990|isbn=9780822310297}}{{cite book|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|page=162|first=Christophe|last=Jaffrelot|publisher=Primus Books}} While some converts denied the allegations,{{cite web | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/12/05/ayodhya-the-battle-for-indias-soul-chapter-three/ | title=Ayodhya, the Battle for India's Soul: Chapter Three | work=WSJ | date=5 December 2012 | accessdate=24 December 2014}} others said that they had been bribed. Ayyappan, a resident of Meenakshipuram, said that he had declined an offer of Rs. 500 in cash to convince him to renounce his faith.{{cite book|title=Politics of Conversion|page=30|first=Devendra|last=Swarup|publisher=Deendayal Research Institute|year=1986}} One news paper had also printed a photo of a currency note from a Gulf country.
The official report of SC / ST, the Government of India on the conversions said: "Dalits were those who contacted Muslims for the first time ... they went to Tirunelveli to ask Muslim leaders to join Islam; Their elders have considered converting to Islam for 20 years. Converts contributed Rs 41,000 for their conversion ceremony. An estimated of 1,100 scheduled caste members from the village had converted to Islam.{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/flashback-how-800-dalit-hindus-were-converted-to-islam-33-years-45123.html|title = Flashback: How 800 Dalit Hindus in Meenakshipuram were converted to Islam 33 years ago|date = 12 December 2014}}
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was reportedly unhappy, and Home Minister Zail Singh questioned if "a conspiracy or political motivation" was involved in these conversions. A number of press reporters and politicians such as Atal Bihari Vajpayee{{cite book|title=Mass-conversions of Meenakshipuram: a sociological enquiry|page=49|author=Mumtaz Ali Khan|year=1983|publisher=Christian Literature Society}} and Yogendra Makwana{{cite book|title=MGR: A Life|page=276|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2017}} visited the village.
Most of the converted Dalits became supporters of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), while the upper caste Thevars have aligned with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/flashback-how-800-dalit-hindus-were-converted-to-islam-33-years-45123.html|title = Flashback: How 800 Dalit Hindus in Meenakshipuram were converted to Islam 33 years ago|date = 12 December 2014}}
The BJP later took the issue of Meenakshipuram conversion to the Parliament when it reached the Lok Sabha in 1984 with two seats. Its cause gathered momentum over the years and culminated with the Babri Masjid demolition in 1992.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2019/11/10041638/1196679/Meenakshipuram-TNs-link-to-Babri-demolition-now-prays-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216055411/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2019/11/10041638/1196679/Meenakshipuram-TNs-link-to-Babri-demolition-now-prays-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2021|title = Meenakshipuram, TN's link to Babri demolition, now prays for harmony|website=DT Next |date = 10 November 2019}}
Many of the converts left Islam later on.{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19830315-meenakshipuram-in-tamil-nadu-becomes-battleground-of-hindu-zealots-and-muslim-fanatics-770499-2013-07-24|title=Meenakshipuram in Tamil Nadu becomes battleground of Hindu zealots and Muslim fanatics|date=15 March 1983|publisher=India Today|accessdate=30 June 2020}} By July 1981, some of the converts returned to Hinduism.{{cite book|title=The Demolition: India at the Crossroads|quote=Meenakshipuram. In July 1981, some of the converts to Islam had re-converted to Hinduism.|page=129|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461144}} In 1991, a decade later, 900 out of 1,100 converts returned to Hinduism, citing the lack of fulfillment of promises made during the conversions.{{cite news|title=Meenakshipuram Harijans flip-flop between Islam and Hinduism|date=1991|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/meenakshipuram-harijans-flip-flop-between-islam-and-hinduism/1/318269.html}} In 2015, 33 years after the incident, Rediff.com conducted a survey in the village and reported that those who converted to Islam said they were happy.{{cite news | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/meenakshipuram-33-years-on-muslims-happy-hindus-not/20150112.htm | title=Meenakshipuram, 33 years on: Muslims happy, Hindus not | publisher=Rediff | date=12 January 2015 | accessdate=22 October 2017}} In 2019, The Muslims insist that they are now being accorded dignity and respect.{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/in-meenakshipuram-conversions-continue-in-hope-of-social-dignity/articleshow/68913456.cms|title=In Meenakshipuram, conversions continue in hope of social dignity | Chennai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=17 April 2019 }} Of the many who continue to remain Muslims, almost all have reconverted to Hinduism after conversion.{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19910430-meenakshipuram-harijans-flip-flop-between-islam-and-hinduism-814434-1991-04-30|title = Meenakshipuram: Harijans flip-flop between Islam and Hinduism}}