:Ancud

Numerous glaciations have dredged the Chacao Channel to the north, separating Chiloé Island from mainland Chile to the north, marking the border between two natural regions of Chile, Zona Sur to the north and Zona Austral to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies on the west as the Chilean Coastal Range continues as a chain of islands. To the southeast of the commune is Quemchi and Dalcahue to the south. The commune has a surface area of {{convert|1752.4|sqkm|0|abbr=on}}. To the west are the coastal villages of Pumillahue and Quetalmahue, among others. 25 kilometers west of Ancud lies Islotes de Puñihuil Natural Monument, a group of preserved islands that provide habitat to various penguin species.

Prior to its establishment as a Spanish settlement the site of Ancud was known as Puerto Inglés (lit. English port). It was on here that Hendrik Brouwer, the leader of the Dutch expedition to Valdivia died on August 7, 1643, before reaching Valdivia.{{cite web|first=Robbert|last=Kock|url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutchchile.html|title=Dutch in Chile|publisher=Colonial Voyage.com|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229232448/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutch-chile/|archive-date=29 February 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Kris E. |title=Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRgFqADzOLkC&q=Brouwer |year=1998 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-76560-256-5|page=89}}

As consequence of the Seven Years' War the Spanish authorities had the coastal fortification system of Chile updated and expanded.{{Citation

| url = http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-printer-94644.html

| title = Lugares estratégicos

| work = Memoria chilena

| publisher = Biblioteca Nacional de Chile

| language =es

| access-date =30 December 2015

}}{{Citation

| url = http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-3522.html

| title = Ingeniería Militar durante la Colonia

| work = Memoria chilena

| publisher = Biblioteca Nacional de Chile

| language =es

| access-date =30 December 2015

}} Inspired in the recommendations of former governor Antonio Narciso de Santa María, the Spanish founded the "city-fort" of Ancud in 1767–1768 and separated Chiloé from the Captaincy General of Chile into a direct dependency of the Viceroyalty of Peru.{{cite journal |last=Urbina Carrasco |first=María Ximena |date=2014 |title=El frustrado fuerte de Tenquehuen en el archipiélago de los Chonos, 1750: Dimensión chilota de un conflicto hispano-británico |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-71942014000100006&script=sci_arttext |journal=Historia |volume=47 |issue=I |access-date=28 January 2016}} As with other 18th-century forts in Chile, the establishment of Ancud led through the new Ancud-Castro road to an expansion on local trade and agriculture.{{cite journal |last1=Sahady Villanueva |first1=Antonio |last2=Bravo Sánchez |first2=José |last3=Quilodrán Rubio |first3=Carolina |date=2010 |title=Flandes Indiano Chiloense: un patrimonio invencible en el tiempo |url=http://www.anales-ii.ing.uchile.cl/index.php/RU/article/viewFile/11055/11360 |journal=Revista de Urbanismo |volume=23 |pages=1–27 |access-date=30 January 2016 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220065835/http://www.anales-ii.ing.uchile.cl/index.php/RU/article/viewFile/11055/11360 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}

Between 1839 and 1864 the Chilean Navy ran the Ancud Nautical School ({{langx|es|Escuela Náutica de Ancud}}) in the town.{{Cite web |url=https://www.armadores-chile.cl/formacion-de-dotaciones/ |title=Formación de dotaciones |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=armadores-chile.cl |publisher=Asociación Nacional de Armadores A.G. |language=Spanish}} Among its alumni was Francisco Hudson.{{Citation

|last = Sepúlveda Ortíz

|first = Jorge

|title = Francisco Hudson, un destacado marino poco conocido en nuestra historia

|journal = Revista de Marina

|year = 1998

|pages = 1–20

|url = http://revistamarina.cl/revistas/1998/6/sepulved.pdf

|language = es

|access-date = 2022-05-20

|archive-date = 2019-01-23

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190123230452/http://revistamarina.cl/revistas/1998/6/sepulved.pdf

|url-status = dead

}}

Ancud has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) with significant precipitation in each month.{{cite journal| last = Kottek | first = M.|author2=J. Grieser |author3=C. Beck |author4=B. Rudolf |author5=F. Rubel | title =World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated| journal =Meteorol. Z.| volume =15 | pages =259–263| url =http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf| doi =10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130| access-date = December 27, 2012| year =2006| issue = 3}} Winters are cool and wet with a July average of {{convert|7.5|C|1}}. Precipitation during this time of the year is very high, averaging around {{convert|350|mm|in|0}} and humidity is high, averaging around 87-88%. Summers are mild with a January average of {{convert|15.0|C|1}} and during this time, precipitation is lower though still significant, averaging {{convert|125|mm|in|0}} in January. Temperatures rarely exceed {{convert|30|C|1}}. The average annual precipitation is {{convert|2540|mm|in|0}} and there are 200 days with measureable precipitation. However, precipitation is highly variable from year to year with 1993 being the driest, recording only {{convert|759|mm|in|0}} and 1977 being the wettest at {{convert|3712|mm|in|0}}. The record high was {{convert|32.7|C|1}} on January 27, 1975, and the record low was {{convert|-3.0|C|1}} on June 30, 1970.

{{Weather box

|width = auto

| location = Ancud

| metric first = yes

| single line = yes

| Jan record high C = 32.7

| Feb record high C = 28.2

| Mar record high C = 31.0

| Apr record high C = 24.7

| May record high C = 17.8

| Jun record high C = 19.2

| Jul record high C = 20.0

| Aug record high C = 17.2

| Sep record high C = 22.1

| Oct record high C = 23.6

| Nov record high C = 25.2

| Dec record high C = 30.0

| year record high C = 32.7

| Jan high C = 17.8

| Feb high C = 17.8

| Mar high C = 16.5

| Apr high C = 13.8

| May high C = 11.6

| Jun high C = 9.8

| Jul high C = 9.4

| Aug high C = 10.0

| Sep high C = 11.3

| Oct high C = 13.0

| Nov high C = 14.8

| Dec high C = 16.5

| year high C = 13.5

| Jan mean C = 15.0

| Feb mean C = 14.8

| Mar mean C = 13.6

| Apr mean C = 11.4

| May mean C = 9.7

| Jun mean C = 7.9

| Jul mean C = 7.5

| Aug mean C = 8.0

| Sep mean C = 9.1

| Oct mean C = 10.6

| Nov mean C = 12.3

| Dec mean C = 13.9

| year mean C = 11.1

| Jan low C = 10.9

| Feb low C = 10.3

| Mar low C = 9.6

| Apr low C = 8.2

| May low C = 7.2

| Jun low C = 5.6

| Jul low C = 5.2

| Aug low C = 5.4

| Sep low C = 6.1

| Oct low C = 7.0

| Nov low C = 8.6

| Dec low C = 10.0

| year low C = 7.8

| Jan record low C = 1.6

| Feb record low C = 0.9

| Mar record low C = 0.9

| Apr record low C = 0.0

| May record low C = 0.0

| Jun record low C = -3.0

| Jul record low C = -2.8

| Aug record low C = -2.2

| Sep record low C = -2.0

| Oct record low C = 0.2

| Nov record low C = 1.8

| Dec record low C = 0.0

| year record low C = -3.0

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 124.6

| Feb precipitation mm = 107.4

| Mar precipitation mm = 129.6

| Apr precipitation mm = 195.4

| May precipitation mm = 354.2

| Jun precipitation mm = 361.4

| Jul precipitation mm = 326.6

| Aug precipitation mm = 271.4

| Sep precipitation mm = 221.3

| Oct precipitation mm = 172.3

| Nov precipitation mm = 146.9

| Dec precipitation mm = 128.5

| Jan precipitation days = 14

| Feb precipitation days = 11

| Mar precipitation days = 13

| Apr precipitation days = 16

| May precipitation days = 20

| Jun precipitation days = 21

| Jul precipitation days = 20

| Aug precipitation days = 20

| Sep precipitation days = 19

| Oct precipitation days = 16

| Nov precipitation days = 16

| Dec precipitation days = 14

| Jan humidity = 74

| Feb humidity = 76

| Mar humidity = 79

| Apr humidity = 84

| May humidity = 88

| Jun humidity = 88

| Jul humidity = 87

| Aug humidity = 85

| Sep humidity = 82

| Oct humidity = 78

| Nov humidity = 76

| Dec humidity = 75

| source 1 = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile{{cite web

|url = http://164.77.222.61/climatologia/publicaciones/Estadistica_ClimatologicaII.pdf

|title = Estadisca Climatologica Tomo II

|access-date = December 27, 2012

|publisher = Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil

|language = es

|date = March 2001

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180012/http://164.77.222.61/climatologia/publicaciones/Estadistica_ClimatologicaII.pdf

|archive-date = 2016-03-03

|url-status = dead

}}

| date = December 2012

}}

{{Weather box|width=auto

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|collapsed = Y

|location = Punta Corona

|Jan high C = 16.7

|Feb high C = 16.7

|Mar high C = 15.1

|Apr high C = 13.7

|May high C = 11.9

|Jun high C = 10.7

|Jul high C = 10.2

|Aug high C = 10.3

|Sep high C = 11.0

|Oct high C = 12.5

|Nov high C = 13.5

|Dec high C = 15.1

| year high C =

|Jan mean C = 13.7

|Feb mean C = 13.5

|Mar mean C = 12.7

|Apr mean C = 11.2

|May mean C = 9.6

|Jun mean C = 8.7

|Jul mean C = 8.3

|Aug mean C = 8.2

|Sep mean C = 8.7

|Oct mean C = 9.9

|Nov mean C = 10.9

|Dec mean C = 12.4

| year mean C =

|Jan low C = 10.5

|Feb low C = 10.3

|Mar low C = 9.6

|Apr low C = 8.2

|May low C = 7.0

|Jun low C = 6.1

|Jul low C = 5.7

|Aug low C = 5.5

|Sep low C = 5.9

|Oct low C = 7.1

|Nov low C = 8.1

|Dec low C = 9.5

| year low C =

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 83.5

|Feb precipitation mm = 109.8

|Mar precipitation mm = 153.9

|Apr precipitation mm = 213.3

|May precipitation mm = 328.0

|Jun precipitation mm = 332.8

|Jul precipitation mm = 315.0

|Aug precipitation mm = 273.7

|Sep precipitation mm = 205.2

|Oct precipitation mm = 124.5

|Nov precipitation mm = 141.1

|Dec precipitation mm = 119.7

|year precipitation mm =

| Jan humidity = 85

| Feb humidity = 86

| Mar humidity = 88

| Apr humidity = 89

| May humidity = 89

| Jun humidity = 89

| Jul humidity = 89

| Aug humidity = 88

| Sep humidity = 86

| Oct humidity = 86

| Nov humidity = 85

| Dec humidity = 86

| year humidity =

|source 1 = Bioclimatografia de Chile{{cite web

| first1 = Ernst

| last1 = Hajek

| first2 = Francesco

| url = http://www.ecolyma.cl/documentos/bioclimatografia_de_chile.pdf

| title = Bioclimatografia de Chile

| access-date = 27 May 2024

| last2 = Castri

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091122225453/http://www.ecolyma.cl/documentos/bioclimatografia_de_chile.pdf

|archive-date = 22 November 2009

| language = es

| year = 1975}}

}}

According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Ancud spans an area of {{convert|1252.4|sqkm|0|abbr=on}} and has 39,946 inhabitants (19,793 men and 20,153 women). Of these, 27,292 (68.3%) lived in urban areas and 12,654 (31.7%) in rural areas. The population grew by 6.5% (2,430 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. The demonym of a person from Ancud is Ancuditano for a man and Ancuditana for a woman.

As a commune, Ancud is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Federico Krüger Finterbüch.

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Ancud is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Mr. Gabriel Ascencio (PDC) and Mr. Alejandro Santana (RN) as part of the 58th electoral district, together with Castro, Quemchi, Dalcahue, Curaco de Vélez, Quinchao, Puqueldón, Chonchi, Queilén, Quellón, Chaitén, Hualaihué, Futaleufú and Palena. The commune is represented in the Senate by Camilo Escalona Medina (PS) and Carlos Kuschel Silva (RN) as part of the 17th senatorial constituency (Los Lagos Region).

Previously the area had a German school, Deutsche Schule Ancud-Chiloe."[http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/04/036/0403672.pdf Deutscher Bundestag 4. Wahlperiode Drucksache IV/3672]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160312191648/http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/04/036/0403672.pdf Archive]). Bundestag (West Germany). 23 June 1965. Retrieved on 12 March 2016. p. 21/51.

{{expand section|date=February 2016}}

The Cathedral of Ancud is the main religious temple of the city, and it is a building built after the 1960 earthquake, in the same place as the temple destroyed during that event.

File:Fuerte_San_Antonio_Ancud.jpg

{{further|Coastal fortifications of colonial Chile}}

The fort system of Ancud together with nearby the forts of Agüi one of the four fort systems that existed in colonial Chiloé.{{cite journal |last1=Sahady Villanueva |first1=Antonio |last2=Bravo Sánchez |first2=José |last3=Quilodrán Rubio |first3=Carolina |date=2011 |title=Fuertes españoles en Chiloé: las huellas de la historia en medio del paisaje insular |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-83582011000300005 |journal=Revista INVI |volume=73 |issue=26 |pages=133–165 |doi= 10.4067/S0718-83582011000300005|access-date=30 January 2016|doi-access=free }} The fort system of Ancud is made up of two forts and four batteries. Fuerte Real de San Carlos was built as late as 1824 by orders of Antonio de Quintanilla, the last Spanish governor of Chiloé. The arsenal (polvorín) of this can still be seen at the centre of a small plaza. The battery of San Antonio is the best preserved part of the fort system.

File:Ancud-Fuerte San Antonio.jpg|Fuerte San Antonio

File:AncudCostanera.jpg|Avenida Salvador Allende

File:AncudCostanera2.jpg|Avenida Salvador Allende

File:AncudCatedral.jpg|Cathedral

File:AncudPlaza.jpg|Plaza de Armas and Town Hall

File:AncudMonumento.jpg|Firebrigade Monument

• Ancud Volcanic Complex
• Churches of Chiloé
• Islotes de Puñihuil Natural Monument
• Mahlon Williamson (barque)

{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Ancud}}

• {{wikivoyage-inline|Ancud}}
• {{in lang|es}} [http://www.ancud.cl/ Municipality of Ancud]
• [http://local.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Ancud,+Chile&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=8&ll=-42.730874,-73.416138&spn=1.997374,5.39978&t=k&iwloc=addr Satellite view of the Chiloé Archipelago (Google maps)]
• [http://local.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Ancud,+Chile&ie=UTF8&z=12&t=k&om=1&iwloc=addr Satellite view of Ancud (Google maps)]

{{Communes in Los Lagos Region}}

{{Chiloe Archipelago}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Communes of Chile

Category:Port cities in Chile

Category:Populated places established in 1768

Category:Populated places in Chiloé Province

Category:1768 establishments in the Spanish Empire

Category:Populated coastal places in Chile