Köppen climate classification

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|+ Köppen climate classification scheme symbols description table{{Cite journal |last=Peel |first=M. C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B. L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |url=https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |doi=10.5194/Hess-11-1633-2007 |issn=1027-5606 |doi-access=free}}

!scope="col"| 1st

!scope="col"| 2nd

!scope="col"| 3rd

|-

! scope="row" | A (Tropical)

|

• f (Rainforest)
• m (Monsoon)
• w (Savanna, dry winter)
• s (Savanna, dry summer)

|

|-

! scope="row" | B (Dry)

|

• W (Arid desert)
• S (Semi-arid steppe)

|

• h (Hot)
• k (Cold)

|-

! scope="row" | C (Temperate)

|

• w (Dry winter)
• f (No dry season)
• s (Dry summer)

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• a (Hot summer)
• b (Warm summer)
• c (Cold summer)

|-

! scope="row" | D (Continental)

|

• w (Dry winter)
• f (No dry season)
• s (Dry summer)

|

• a (Hot summer)
• b (Warm summer)
• c (Cold summer)
• d (Very cold winter)

|-

! scope="row" | E (Polar)

|

• T (Tundra)
• F (Ice cap)

|

|}

The Köppen climate classification scheme divides climates into five main climate groups: A (tropical), B (arid), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar).{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Koppen climate classification {{!}} climatology |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Koppen-climate-classification |access-date=4 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804183630/https://www.britannica.com/science/Koppen-climate-classification |archive-date=4 August 2017}} The second letter indicates the seasonal precipitation type, while the third letter indicates the level of heat.{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Hans |last2=Chen |first2=Deliang |author-link2=Chen Deliang |title=Köppen climate classification |url=http://hanschen.org/koppen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814145617/http://hanschen.org/koppen/ |archive-date=14 August 2017 |access-date=4 August 2017 |website=hanschen.org}} Summers are defined as the six-month period that is warmer either from April to September and/or October to March, while winter is the six-month period that is cooler.

Tropical climates have an average temperature of {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}} or higher every month of the year, with significant precipitation.

• Af = Tropical rainforest climate; average precipitation of at least {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in every month.
• Am = Tropical monsoon climate; driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with precipitation less than {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, but at least $100-\backslash left\; (\; \backslash frac\{\backslash mathrm\{total\backslash ,annual\backslash ,precipitation\backslash ,(mm)\}\}\{25\}\; \backslash right\; )$.
• Aw or As = Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate; with the driest month having precipitation less than {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and less than $100-\backslash left\; (\; \backslash frac\{\backslash mathrm\{total\backslash ,annual\backslash ,precipitation\backslash ,(mm)\}\}\{25\}\; \backslash right\; )$.

Desert and semi-arid climates are defined by low precipitation in a region that does not fit the polar (EF or ET) criteria of no month with an average temperature greater than {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}.

The precipitation threshold in millimeters is determined by multiplying the average annual temperature in Celsius by 20, then adding:{{ordered list |type=lower-alpha

| 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the spring and summer months (April–September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October–March in the Southern), or

| 140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer, or

| 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer.}}

If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate).

A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Here, h signifies low-latitude climates (average annual temperature above {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}}) while k signifies middle-latitude climates (average annual temperature less than 18 °C). In addition, n is used to denote a climate characterized by frequent fog and H for high altitudes.{{Cite web |title=Clasificación climática de Köppen |url=http://www.gep.uchile.cl/Biodiversidad/medio_fisico/clima_01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122045953/http://www.gep.uchile.cl/Biodiversidad/medio_fisico/clima_01.html |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=21 January 2018 |publisher=University of Chile |language=es}}{{Cite web |last=Inzunza |first=Juan |title=Capitulo 15. Climas de Chile |url=http://nimbus.com.uy/weather/Cursos/Curso_2006/Textos%20complementarios/Meteorologia%20descriptiva_Inzunza/cap15_Inzunza_Climas%20de%20Chile.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122051833/http://nimbus.com.uy/weather/Cursos/Curso_2006/Textos%20complementarios/Meteorologia%20descriptiva_Inzunza/cap15_Inzunza_Climas%20de%20Chile.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2018 |access-date=22 January 2018 |website=Meteorología Descriptiva y Aplicaciones en Chile |page=427 |language=es}}

• BWh = Hot desert climate
• BWk = Cold desert climate
• BSh = Hot semi-arid climate
• BSk = Cold semi-arid climate

Temperate climates have the coldest month averaging between {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}} and at least one month averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. For the distribution of precipitation in locations that both satisfy a dry summer (Cs) and a dry winter (Cw), a location is considered to have a wet summer (Cw) when more precipitation falls within the summer months than the winter months while a location is considered to have a dry summer (Cs) when more precipitation falls within the winter months. This additional criterion applies to locations that satisfies both Ds and Dw as well.

• Cfa = Humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), at least one month's average temperature above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
• Cfb = Temperate oceanic climate or subtropical highland climate; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), all months with average temperatures below {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
• Cfc = Subpolar oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
• Cwa = Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), at least one month's average temperature above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
• Cwb = Subtropical highland climate or Monsoon-influenced temperate oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), all months with average temperatures below {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
• Cwc = Cold subtropical highland climate or Monsoon-influenced subpolar oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
• Csa = Hot-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), at least one month's average temperature above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|40|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.
• Csb = Warm-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), all months with average temperatures below {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|40|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.
• Csc = Cold-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|40|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.

Continental climates have at least one month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and at least one month averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}.

• Dfa = Hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), at least one month's average temperature above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
• Dfb = Warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), all months with average temperatures below {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
• Dfc = Subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
• Dfd = Extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|−38|°C|°F|1}} and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
• Dwa = Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), at least one month's average temperature above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
• Dwb = Monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), all months with average temperatures below {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}, and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
• Dwc = Monsoon-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
• Dwd = Monsoon-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|−38|°C|°F|1}} and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
• Dsa = Mediterranean-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), average temperature of the warmest month above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}} and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|30|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.
• Dsb = Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}), average temperature of the warmest month below {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}} and at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|30|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.
• Dsc = Mediterranean-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}) and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|30|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.
• Dsd = Mediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below {{convert|−38|°C|°F|1}} and 1–3 months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}. At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than {{convert|30|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.

Polar and alpine climates has every month of the year with an average temperature below {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}.

• ET = Tundra climate; average temperature of warmest month between {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}} and {{convert|10|°C|°F|0}}.
• EF = Ice cap climate; eternal winter, with all 12 months of the year with average temperatures below {{convert|0|°C|°F|0}}.

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_A_1991–2020.svg

Tropical climates are characterized by constant high temperatures (at sea level and low elevations); all 12 months of the year have average temperatures of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher; and generally high annual precipitation. They are subdivided as follows:

{{Main|Tropical rainforest climate}}

All 12 months have an average precipitation of at least {{Convert|60|mm|abbr=on}}. These climates usually occur within 10° latitude of the equator. This climate has no natural seasons in terms of thermal and moisture changes. When it is dominated most of the year by the doldrums low-pressure system due to the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and when there are no cyclones then the climate is qualified as equatorial. When the trade winds dominate most of the year, the climate is a tropical trade-wind rainforest climate.{{Cite book |last=Estienne |first=Pierre |title=Climatologie |last2=Godard |first2=Alain |publisher=Éditions Armand Colin |isbn=2-200-31042-0 |pages=308–323 |language=fr |chapter=Chapitre XVI}}

{{div col|colwidth=50}}

• Alofi, Niue, New Zealand
• Antalaha, Madagascar
• Apia, Samoa
• Atuona, Hiva Oa, French Polynesia
• Avarua, Cook Islands
• Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
• Bluefields, Nicaragua
• Bocas del Toro, Panama
• Boende, Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Buenaventura, Colombia
• Castries, Saint Lucia (bordering on Am)
• Changuinola, Panama
• Cocos Island, Costa Rica
• Colombo, Sri Lanka
• Davao, Philippines
• Easter Island, Chile
• Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States (bordering on Am)
• Funafuti, Tuvalu
• Georgetown, Guyana
• Hagåtña, Guam
• Hamilton, Bermuda (bordering on Cfa)
• Higüey, Dominican Republic (bordering on Am)
• Hilo, Hawaii, United States
• Honiara, Solomon Islands
• Innisfail, Queensland, Australia
• Ipoh, Malaysia
• Iquitos, Peru
• Ishigaki, Japan
• Johor Bahru, Malaysia
• Kampala, Uganda
• Kisumu, Kenya
• Koror, Palau
• Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• Kuching, Malaysia
• Kurunegala, Sri Lanka (bordering on Am)
• La Ceiba, Honduras
• Lae, Papua New Guinea
• Majuro, Marshall Islands
• Manaus, Brazil
• Mata Utu, Wallis and Futuna, French Polynesia
• Medan, Indonesia
• Moroni, Comoros
• Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
• Narathiwat, Thailand (bordering on Am)
• Nuku'alofa, Tonga
• Orchid Island, Taiwan
• Padang, Indonesia
• Pago Pago, American Samoa
• Palembang, Indonesia
• Palikir, Micronesia
• Paramaribo, Suriname
• Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
• Pitcairn Island, United Kingdom
• Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe (bordering on Am)
• Polomolok, Philippines
• Port Antonio, Jamaica
• Port Vila, Vanuatu
• Puerto Barrios, Guatemala
• Punta Gorda, Belize
• Puyo, Ecuador
• Quibdó, Colombia
• Ratnapura, Sri Lanka
• Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
• Salvador da Bahia, Brazil
• Santos, Brazil
• Singapore
• Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, Sri Lanka (bordering on Am)
• St. George's, Grenada
• Suva, Fiji
• Tabubil, Papua New Guinea
• Tacloban, Philippines
• Tarawa, Kiribati
• Toamasina, Madagascar
• Tubuai, Austral Islands, France
• Victoria, Seychelles
• Villa Tunari, Bolivia
• West Palm Beach, Florida, United States (bordering on Am)
• Yaren, Nauru

{{div col end}}

Some of the places with this climate are indeed uniformly and monotonously wet throughout the year (e.g., the northwest Pacific coast of South and Central America, from Ecuador to Costa Rica; see, for instance, Andagoya, Colombia), but in many cases, the period of higher sun and longer days is distinctly wettest (as at Palembang, Indonesia) or the time of lower sun and shorter days may have more rain (as at Sitiawan, Malaysia). Among these places, some have a pure equatorial climate (Balikpapan, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Lae, Medan, Paramaribo, Pontianak, and Singapore) with the dominant ITCZ aerological mechanism and no cyclones or a subequatorial climate with occasional hurricanes (Davao, Ratnapura, Victoria).

(The term aseasonal refers to the lack in the tropical zone of large differences in daylight hours and mean monthly (or daily) temperature throughout the year. Annual cyclic changes occur in the tropics, but not as predictably as those in the temperate zone, albeit unrelated to temperature, but to water availability whether as rain, mist, soil, or groundwater. Plant response (e.g., phenology), animal (feeding, migration, reproduction, etc.), and human activities (plant sowing, harvesting, hunting, fishing, etc.) are tuned to this 'seasonality'. Indeed, in tropical South America and Central America, the 'rainy season' (and the 'high water season') is called {{lang|es|invierno}} (Spanish) or {{lang|pt|inverno}} (Portuguese), though it could occur in the Northern Hemisphere summer; likewise, the 'dry season (and 'low water season') is called {{lang|es|verano}} or {{lang|pt|verão}}, and can occur in the Northern Hemisphere winter).

{{Main|Tropical monsoon climate}}

This type of climate results from the monsoon winds which change direction according to the seasons. This climate has a driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with rainfall less than {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, but at least $100-\backslash left\; (\backslash frac\{\backslash mathrm\{total\backslash ,annual\backslash ,precipitation\backslash ,(mm)\}\}\{25\}\; \backslash right)$ of average monthly precipitation.{{rp|208}}

{{div col|colwidth=50}}

• Alor Setar, Malaysia
• Aracaju, Brazil
• Baguio, Philippines (bordering on Cwb)
• Bandung, Indonesia (bordering on Af)
• Barrancabermeja, Colombia
• Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
• Bata, Equatorial Guinea
• Batticaloa, Sri Lanka (bordering on As)
• Belmopan, Belize
• Cà Mau, Vietnam
• Cali, Colombia
• Cairns, Queensland, Australia{{Cite book |last=Linacre |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkZa1KLHCAQC&pg=PA379 |title=Climates and Weather Explained |last2=Geerts |first2=Bart |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-12519-2 |location=London |page=379}}
• Cayenne, French Guiana (bordering on Af)
• Chichijima, Japan (bordering on Aw and Cfa)
• Chittagong, Bangladesh
• Christmas Island, Australia
• Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico
• Conakry, Guinea
• Curepipe, Mauritius
• Da Nang, Vietnam
• David, Panama
• Douala, Cameroon
• Freetown, Sierra Leone
• Fort Myers, Florida, United States (bordering on Cfa)
• Guanare, Venezuela
• Hat Yai, Thailand (bordering on Aw)
• Huế, Vietnam
• Jakarta, Indonesia
• Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Kochi, Kerala, India
• Ko Samui, Thailand (bordering on Af)
• Langkawi, Malaysia
• Libreville, Gabon
• Maceió, Brazil
• Makassar, Indonesia
• Managua, Nicaragua
• Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
• Malé, Maldives
• Mangalore, Karnataka, India
• Manila, Philippines
• Mérida, Venezuela
• Miami, Florida, United States
• Monrovia, Liberia
• Nassau, The Bahamas (bordering on Aw)
• Panama City, Panama
• Pattani, Thailand
• Phuntsholing, Bhutan (bordering on Cwa){{Cite web |title=Climate Data Book of Bhutan, 2018 |url=https://www.nchm.gov.bt/attachment/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Climate%20Data%20Book%20of%20Bhutan%2C%202018.pdf |access-date=13 July 2021 |publisher=National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology}}
• Pingtung, Taiwan
• Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
• Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
• Pucallpa, Peru
• Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela
• Puerto Maldonado, Peru{{Cite web |title=Puerto Maldonado Climate Normals 1961–1990 |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/PR/84658.TXT |access-date=23 April 2015 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
• Qionghai, China{{Cite web |title=Experience Template |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |access-date=17 June 2023 |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language=zh-hans}}
• Quezon City, Philippines
• Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
• Roseau, Dominica
• Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands, United States (bordering on Af)
• San Juan, Puerto Rico
• Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
• Sihanoukville, Cambodia
• Sylhet, Bangladesh (bordering on Cwa)
• Taitung, Taiwan
• Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
• Trinidad, Bolivia
• Villahermosa, Mexico
• Wanning, China
• Wenchang, China
• Yangon, Myanmar
• Zanzibar City, Tanzania

{{div col end}}

{{Main|Tropical savanna climate}}

Aw climates have a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and less than $100-\backslash left\; (\backslash frac\{\backslash mathrm\{total\backslash ,annual\backslash ,precipitation\backslash ,(mm)\}\}\{25\}\; \backslash right)$ of average monthly precipitation.{{rp|208–211}}

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• Abidjan, Ivory Coast
• Abuja, Nigeria
• Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (bordering on Cwb)
• Bamako, Mali
• Bangkok, Thailand
• Bangui, Central African Republic
• Banjul, The Gambia
• Barranquilla, Colombia
• Belo Horizonte, Brazil
• Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
• Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
• Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
• Brasília, Brazil
• Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
• Bridgetown, Barbados
• Bujumbura, Burundi
• Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (bordering on Am)
• Caracas, Venezuela
• Cartagena, Colombia
• Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
• Chipata, Zambia
• Chinandega, Nicaragua
• Cotonou, Benin
• Cuernavaca, Mexico (bordering on Cwa){{Cite web |title=Estado de Morelos-Estacion: Cuernavaca |url=http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL17004.TXT |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205016/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL17004.TXT |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=25 April 2015 |website=Normales Climatologicas 1951–2010 |publisher=Servicio Meteorologico Nacional |language=es}}
• Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
• Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
• Dhaka, Bangladesh
• Dili, East Timor
• Dongfang, Hainan, China
• Guatemala City, Guatemala (bordering on Cwa)
• Guayaquil, Ecuador
• Haikou, Hainan, China (bordering on Cwa){{Cite web |title=Pure tabular statistics |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=ArcGIS Experience Builder |publisher=China Meteorological Administration}}
• Havana, Cuba (bordering on Af)
• Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
• Hyderabad, Telangana, India (bordering on BSh)
• Juba, South Sudan
• Kano, Nigeria
• Kaohsiung, Taiwan
• Key West, Florida, United States
• Khulna, Bangladesh
• Kigali, Rwanda
• Kingston, Jamaica (bordering on BSh)
• Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
• Kolkata, West Bengal, India
• Kumasi, Ghana
• Kupang, Indonesia
• Lagos, Nigeria
• Lomé, Togo
• Malanje, Angola (bordering on Cwa and Cwb)
• Managua, Nicaragua
• Mandalay, Myanmar (bordering on BSh)
• Maputo, Mozambique (bordering on BSh)
• Minamitorishima, Japan
• Moundou, Chad
• Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (bordering on Am)
• Naples, Florida, United States
• Phnom Penh, Cambodia
• Port-au-Prince, Haiti
• Port Louis, Mauritius
• Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
• Porto-Novo, Benin
• Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (bordering on Am)
• San Pedro Sula, Honduras (bordering on Am)
• San Cristóbal Island, Ecuador
• San José, Costa Rica
• San Salvador, El Salvador
• Sansha, Hainan, China
• Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (bordering on Af)
• Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
• Sanya, Hainan, China
• St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda
• Surabaya, Indonesia
• Tangail, Bangladesh
• Tegucigalpa, Honduras
• Townsville, Queensland, Australia
• Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico
• Vientiane, Laos
• Wake Island, United States
• Yaoundé, Cameroon
• Ziguinchor, Senegal{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 — Ziguinchor |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Senegal/CSV/Ziguinchor_61695.csv |access-date=10 January 2024 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}

{{div col end}}

Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone from the low teens to the mid-20s latitudes, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies. The Caribbean coast, eastward from the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombia–Panama border to the Orinoco River delta, on the Atlantic Ocean (about {{Convert|4000|km|abbr=on}}), have long dry periods (the extreme is the BWh climate (see below), characterized by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the Guajira, and Coro, western Venezuela, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive <{{Convert|300|mm|abbr=on}} total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months).

This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the circum-Caribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminish inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon River—which flows eastward, just south of the equatorial line—the climate is Af. East from the Andes, between the dry, arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon are the Orinoco River's Llanos or savannas, from where this climate takes its name.

Sometimes As is used in place of Aw if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days (during summer).{{Cite web |title=JetStream Max: Addition Köppen-Geiger Climate Subdivisions |url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/climate_max |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224025419/https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/climate_max |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |publisher=National Weather Service}} This is the case in parts of Hawaii, northwestern Dominican Republic, East Africa, southeast India and northeast Sri Lanka, and the Brazilian Northeastern Coast. In places that have this climate type, the dry season occurs during the time of high sun and longer days generally because of rain shadow effects.

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}

• Cape Coast, Ghana (both Aw/As)
• Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (bordering on Aw)
• Fortaleza, Brazil
• Jaffna, Sri Lanka
• Kapalua, Hawaii, United States
• Lanai City, Hawaii, United States
• Mombasa, Kenya
• Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
• Nha Trang, Vietnam
• Nouméa, New Caledonia
• São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe
• Trincomalee, Sri Lanka

{{div col end}}

{{Main|Desert climate|Semi-arid climate}}

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_B_1991–2020.svg distribution]]

These climates are characterized by the amount of annual precipitation less than a threshold value that approximates the potential evapotranspiration.{{rp|212}} The threshold value (in millimeters) is calculated as follows:

Multiply the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then add{{ordered list|type=lower-alpha

| 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun half of the year (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October through March in the Southern), or

| 140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or

| 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is so received.}}

According to the modified Köppen classification system used by modern climatologists, total precipitation in the warmest six months of the year is taken as a reference instead of the total precipitation in the high-sun half of the year.{{Cite web |last=Critchfield, H.J. |year=1983 |title=Criteria for classification of major climatic types in modified Köppen system |url=http://snow.cals.uidaho.edu/Clim_Map/koppen_criteria.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930221104/http://snow.cals.uidaho.edu/Clim_Map/koppen_criteria.htm |archive-date=30 September 2009 |publisher=University of Idaho |edition=4}}

If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate).

A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Here, h signifies low-latitude climate (average annual temperature above 18 °C) while k signified middle-latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18 °C).

Desert areas situated along the west coasts of continents at tropical or near-tropical locations characterized by frequent fog and low clouds, although these places rank among the driest on earth in terms of actual precipitation received, can be labeled BWn with the n denoting a climate characterized by frequent fog.{{Cite journal |last=Cereceda |first=P. |last2=Larrain |first2=H. |last3=osses |first3=P. |last4=Farias |first4=M. |last5=Egaña |first5=I. |year=2008 |title=The climate of the coast and fog zone in the Tarapacá Region, Atacama Desert, Chile |journal=Atmospheric Research |volume=87 |issue=3–4 |pages=301–311 |bibcode=2008AtmRe..87..301C |doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.11.011 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10533/139314}} An equivalent BSn category can be found in foggy coastal steppes.{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Atlas Agroclimático de Chile–Estado Actual y Tendencias del Clima (Tomo I: Regiones de Arica Y Parinacota, Tarapacá y Antofagasta |url=http://www.agrimed.cl/atlas/tomo1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222105247/http://www.agrimed.cl/atlas/tomo1.html |archive-date=22 December 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |publisher=Universidad de Chile |language=es}}

{{main|Desert climate}}

{{div col|colwidth=50}}

• ʽAziziya, Jafara, Libya
• Aden, Yemen
• Agadez, Niger
• Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
• Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
• Almería, Andalusia, Spain (bordering on BSh)
• Arica, Chile
• Ascension Island, United Kingdom
• Baghdad, Iraq
• Bakersfield, California,United States of America
• Biskra, Algeria{{Cite web |title=World Weather Information Service |url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1436 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=worldweather.wmo.int |publisher=WMO}}
• Cairo, Egypt
• Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
• Coober Pedy, Australia
• Dallol, Ethiopia, location of the hottest average annual temperature on Earth
• Death Valley, California, United States, location of the hottest air temperature ever reliably recorded on Earth
• Djibouti City, Djibouti
• Doha, Qatar
• Dubai, United Arab Emirates
• Eilat, Southern District, Israel
• Faya-Largeau, Chad
• Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain{{Cite web |title=Valores Climatológicos Normales – España 1981–2010 |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia |publisher=AEMET}}
• Gabès, Tunisia (bordering on BSh)
• Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico (bordering on BSh)
• Iquique, Chile (bordering on BWk)
• Jalalabad, Nangarhar, Afghanistan
• Jamestown, Saint Helena, United Kingdom
• Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
• Karachi, Pakistan
• Keetmanshoop, Namibia
• Khartoum, Sudan
• Kufra, Libya
• Kuwait City, Kuwait
• Laayoune, Western Sahara
• Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain
• Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
• Lima, Peru
• Luxor, Egypt
• Manama, Bahrain
• Mary, Turkmenistan
• Mecca, Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia
• Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
• Moçâmedes, Angola
• Muscat, Oman
• Nouakchott, Mauritania
• Phoenix, Arizona, United States
• Praia, Cape Verde
• Punto Fijo, Venezuela
• Qom, Iran
• Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
• Sabha, Libya
• Semnan, Iran (bordering on BWk)
• Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
• Tamanrasset, Algeria
• Trujillo, Peru
• Timbuktu, Mali
• Upington, Northern Cape, South Africa
• Yazd, Iran

{{div col end}}

{{div col|colwidth=50}}

• Aktau, Kazakhstan
• Antofagasta, Chile
• Aral, Kazakhstan
• Arequipa, Peru
• Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
• Bamyan, Afghanistan
• Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico (bordering on BWh)
• Dalanzadgad, Mongolia
• Damascus, Syria
• Golmud, Qinghai, China
• Isfahan, Iran
• Kerki, Uzbekistan (bordering on BWh)
• Kerman, Iran
• Khovd, Mongolia
• Kingman, Arizona, United States
• Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan
• Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States (bordering on BWh)
• Leh, India
• Lorca, Spain (bordering on BWh){{Cite web |title=Evolución de los climas de Koppen en España: 1951–2020 |url=https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia |publisher=AEMET}}
• Mendoza, Argentina
• Naâma, Algeria (bordering on BSk)
• Neuquén, Argentina
• Nukus, Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan
• Ölgii, Mongolia{{Cite web |script-title=ru:КЛИМАТ УЛАН-БАТОРА |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate4.php?id=44214 |access-date=4 January 2015 |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |language=ru}}
• St. George, Utah, United States (bordering on BWh)
• San Juan, Argentina (BWk/BWh)
• Sanaa, Yemen (bordering on BSk)
• Swakopmund, Namibia
• Tabernas, Spain (bordering on BWh)
• Turpan, Xinjiang, China
• Walvis Bay, Erongo Region, Namibia
• Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

{{div col end}}

{{main|Semi-arid climate}}

{{div col|colwidth=50}}

• Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India (bordering on Aw)
• Airolaf, Djibouti
• Accra, Ghana (bordering on Aw)
• Aguascalientes (city), Mexico
• Alexandria, Egypt (bordering on BWh)
• Alicante, Spain
• Barquisimeto, Venezuela
• Broome, Western Australia, Australia
• Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
• Bushehr, Iran
• Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
• Dakar, Senegal
• Dezful, Iran
• Gaborone, Botswana
• Hargeisa, Somaliland
• Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
• Kandahar, Afghanistan (bordering on BWh)
• Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa
• Kiritimati, Kiribati
• Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
• Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan (bordering on Cwa)
• Lampedusa, Sicily, Italy
• Los Angeles, California, United States (bordering on Csa)
• Luanda, Angola
• Mafikeng, South Africa
• Malakal, South Sudan
• Maracaibo, Venezuela
• Marrakesh, Morocco
• Mogadishu, Somalia
• Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic (bordering on As)
• Monterrey, Mexico (bordering on Cfa){{Cite web |title=Estado de Nuevo Leon-Estacion: Monterrey |url=https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales5110/NORMAL19049.TXT |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=Normales Climatologicas 1951–2010 |publisher=Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |language=es}}
• Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq (bordering on Csa){{Cite web |title=World Weather Information Service |url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1467 |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=worldweather.wmo.int |publisher=WMO}}
• Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia
• Murcia, Spain
• N'Djamena, Chad
• Niamey, Niger
• Nicosia, Cyprus
• Odessa, Texas, United States (bordering on BSk)
• Oranjestad, Aruba
• Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
• Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
• Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
• Piraeus, Greece
• Polokwane, South Africa
• Querétaro City, Querétaro, Mexico
• Santiago del Estero, Argentina{{Cite web |title=Clima en la Argentina: Guia Climática por Santiago del Estero Aero |url=https://www.smn.gob.ar/estadisticas |access-date=5 April 2023 |website=Caracterización: Estadísticas de largo plazo |publisher=Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |language=Spanish}}
• Sfax, Tunisia
• Shiraz, Iran (bordering on BSk)
• Toliara, Madagascar
• Tripoli, Libya
• Valencia, Spain (bordering on Csa)
• Windhoek, Namibia
• Yuanmou, Yunnan, China

{{div col end}}

{{div col|colwidth=50}}

• Albacete, Spain
• Aleppo, Syria
• Alexandra, New Zealand (bordering on Cfb)
• Amman, Jordan (bordering on BSh and Csa)
• Ankara, Turkey (bordering on Csa)
• Asmara, Eritrea
• Astrakhan, Russia
• Atyrau, Kazakhstan (bordering on BWk)
• Baku, Azerbaijan (bordering on BWk)
• Batna, Algeria{{Cite web |title=Climate Normals for Batna |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/AL/60468.TXT |access-date=11 February 2013}}
• Bloemfontein, South Africa{{Cite web |title=Climate data for Bloemfontein |url=http://old.weathersa.co.za/Climat/Climstats/BloemfonteinStats.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315025056/http://old.weathersa.co.za/Climat/Climstats/BloemfonteinStats.jsp |archive-date=15 March 2012 |access-date=7 March 2010 |publisher=South African Weather Service}}
• Boise, Idaho, United States
• Choibalsan, Mongolia
• Cochabamba, Bolivia{{Cite web |title=Bolivia – Cochabamba |url=http://www.ucm.es/info/cif/station/bo-cocha.htm |access-date=28 January 2014 |publisher=Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial}}
• Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
• Daraa, Syria (bordering on BSh){{Cite web |title=World Weather Information Service |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/099/c01266.htm |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=World Weather |publisher=WMO}}
• Denver, Colorado, United States
• Essaouira, Morocco (bordering on BSh)
• Gevgelija, North Macedonia
• Herat, Afghanistan
• Kabul, Afghanistan
• Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia (bordering on BSh/BWh/BWk)
• Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
• Karaj, Iran
• Konya, Turkey
• Kyzyl, Tuva, Russia (bordering on Dwb)
• L'Agulhas, Western Cape, South Africa
• La Quiaca, Jujuy, Argentina
• Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada (bordering on Dfb)
• Lhasa, Tibet, China (bordering on Cwb and Dwb)
• Madrid, Spain
• Mashhad, Iran
• Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh, Afghanistan (bordering on BSh/BWh/BWk)
• Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada (bordering on Dfb)
• Mildura, Victoria, Australia (bordering on BSh)
• Mörön, Mongolia
• Navoiy, Uzbekistan (bordering on BWk)
• Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
• Quetta, Pakistan
• Reno, Nevada, United States
• Saiq, Oman
• Samarkand, Uzbekistan
• Santiago, Chile
• Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
• Skardu, Pakistan
• Sulina, Romania{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Sulina |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Sulina_15360.csv |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=NOAA |format=CSV}}
• Tabriz, Iran (bordering on Dsa)
• Taraz, Kazakhstan
• Tehran, Iran (bordering on BSh and Csa)
• Thala, Tunisia (bordering on Csa)
• Thessaloniki, Greece (bordering on BSh/Cfa/Csa)
• Tianjin, China (bordering on Dwa)
• Turkistan, Kazakhstan
• Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (bordering on Dwb and Dwc)
• Ulan-Ude, Buryatia, Russia (bordering on Dwb and Dwc)
• Viedma, Argentina
• Yerevan, Armenia (bordering on Dfa)
• Zacatecas City, Zacatecas, Mexico
• Zaragoza, Spain

{{div col end}}

{{Main|Temperate climate}}

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_C_1991–2020.svg distribution]]

In the Köppen climate system, temperate climates are defined as having an average temperature above {{convert|0|°C|°F}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}, as noted previously) in their coldest month but below {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}}. The average temperature of {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}} roughly coincides with the equatorward limit of frozen ground and snow cover lasting for a month or more.

The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern—w indicates dry winters (driest winter month average precipitation less than one-tenth wettest summer month average precipitation). s indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer. f means significant precipitation in all seasons (neither above-mentioned set of conditions fulfilled).

The third letter indicates the degree of summer heat—a indicates warmest month average temperature above {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}} while b indicates warmest month averaging below 22 °C but with at least four months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|1}}, and c indicates one to three months averaging above {{convert|10|°C|°F|1}}.

{{Main|Mediterranean climate}}

These climates usually occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 30° and 45°.{{Cite web |last=George |first=Melvin R. |title=Mediterranean Climate |url=http://californiarangeland.ucdavis.edu/Mediterranean_Climate/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235950/http://californiarangeland.ucdavis.edu/Mediterranean_Climate/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2015 |website=UCRangelands |publisher=University of California}} These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather. Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the subtropical high-pressure systems, except in the immediate coastal areas, where summers are milder due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents that may bring fog but prevent rain.{{rp|221–223}}

{{div col|colwidth=50}}

• Adelaide, Australia
• Algiers, Algeria
• Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira Island, Portugal (bordering on Csb/Cfa/Cfb)
• Antalya, Turkey
• Athens, Greece (bordering on BSh)
• Barcelona, Spain (bordering on Cfa)
• Beirut, Lebanon
• Casablanca, Morocco
• Chitral, Pakistan (bordering on BSk)
• Dubrovnik, Croatia
• Dushanbe, Tajikistan
• Erbil, Iraq
• Faro, Portugal
• Fez, Morocco
• Funchal, Portugal (bordering on As)
• Gibraltar
• Heraklion, Greece
• Homs, Syria{{Cite web |title=World Weather Information service |url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1267 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=World Weather |publisher=WMO}}
• Ilam, Iran{{Cite web |title=FORM 1: STATION ILAM |url=http://www.irimo.ir/english/statistics/climanormals/ilam/ILAM.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508054914/http://www.irimo.ir/english/statistics/climanormals/ilam/ILAM.txt |archive-date=8 May 2012 |access-date=18 November 2011 |publisher=Iranian Meteorological Organization}}
• Irbid, Jordan{{Cite web |title=Weather Information for Irbid |url=http://jometeo.gov.jo/ |access-date=27 November 2016 |publisher=Jordan Meteorological}}
• İzmir, Turkey
• Jerusalem, Israel
• Kardzhali, Bulgaria (bordering on Cfa){{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Bulgaria-Kardzhali |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Bulgaria/CSV/Kardzhali_15730.csv |access-date=3 January 2024 |publisher=NOAA |format=CSV}}
• Kermanshah, Iran
• Latakia, Syria
• Lisbon, Portugal
• Marseille, France
• Maymana, Afghanistan
• Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
• Mersin, Turkey
• Monaco
• Naples, Italy (bordering on Cfa)
• Nice, France
• Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai, Russia (bordering on Cfa)
• Palermo, Italy
• Patras, Greece
• Perth, Western Australia, Australia
• Podgorica, Montenegro (bordering on Cfa)
• Prodromos, Cyprus
• Provo, Utah, United States (bordering on Dsa)
• Rome, Italy
• Sacramento, California, United States
• Seville, Spain
• Sanandaj, Iran (bordering on Dsa)
• Shkodër, Albania (bordering on Cfa)
• Split, Croatia
• Tangier, Morocco
• Tashkent, Uzbekistan (bordering on BSk)
• Tecate, Baja California, Mexico
• Tel Aviv, Israel
• Tlemcen, Algeria{{Cite web |title=World Weather Information Service–Tlemcen |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1440 |access-date=21 October 2016 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization}}
• Tunis, Tunisia
• Urfa, Turkey
• Valletta, Malta
• Vatican City
• Walla Walla, Washington, United States
• Zhetisay, Kazakhstan (bordering on Dsa and BSk)

{{div col end}}

Dry-summer climates sometimes extend to additional areas where the warmest month average temperatures do not reach {{convert|22|C|1}}, most often in the 40s latitudes. These climates are classified as Csb.

{{div col|colwidth=50}}

• Albany, Western Australia, Australia
• Aluminé, Neuquén Province, Argentina
• Bayda, Libya
• Cape Town, South Africa (bordering on Csa)
• Concepción, Chile
• Guarda, Portugal
• Ibarra, Ecuador
• Ipiales, Colombia (bordering on Cfb)
• Karlskrona, Sweden (bordering on Cfb)
• Korçë, Albania (bordering on Dsb){{Cite web |title=Korçë Climate Normals 1961–1990 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG__VI/AB/13629.TXT |access-date=22 January 2023 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}{{Cite web |title=Global Surface Summary of the Day – GSOD |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=global-summary-of-the-day&stations=13629099999&startDate=1700-01-01&endDate=2023-12-31&dataTypes=MAX,MIN,PRCP |access-date=22 January 2023 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
• Kütahya, Turkey (bordering on Dsb){{Cite web |title=Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020) |url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=KUTAHYA |access-date=1 May 2021 |publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |language=tr}}
• León, Spain
• Linares, Chile
• Lonquimay, Araucanía Region, Chile (bordering on Cfb)
• Mount Gambier, South Australia, Australia
• Nakuru, Kenya
• Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
• Ohrid, North Macedonia
• Pasto, Colombia
• Port Lincoln, South Australia, Australia (bordering on Cfb)
• Portland, Oregon, United States
• Porto, Portugal
• Rieti, Italy
• Salamanca, Spain
• San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
• San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
• San Francisco, California, United States
• San Martín de los Andes, Neuquén Province, Argentina (bordering on Cfb)
• Segovia, Spain
• Seattle, Washington, United States
• Siah Bisheh, Iran
• Sintra, Portugal
• Tulcán, Ecuador (bordering on Cfb)
• Valladolid, Spain
• Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

{{div col end}}

Cold summer Mediterranean climates (Csc) exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to coastal Csb climate areas, where the strong maritime influence prevents the average winter monthly temperature from dropping below {{Convert|0|°C|abbr=on}}. This climate is rare and is predominantly found in climate fringes and isolated areas of the Cascades and Andes Mountains, as the dry-summer climate extends further poleward in the Americas than elsewhere. Rare instances of this climate can be found in some coastal locations in the North Atlantic and at high altitudes in Hawaii.

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}

• Balmaceda, Chile (bordering on Csb)
• Haleakalā Summit, Hawaii, United States
• Liawenee, Australia (bordering on Csb/Cfb/Cfc)
• Røst, Norway (bordering on Cfc)
• Spirit Lake, Washington, United States (bordering on Dsc)

{{div col end}}

{{Main|Humid subtropical climate}}

These climates usually occur on the eastern coasts and eastern sides of continents, usually in the high 20s and 30s latitudes. Unlike the dry summer Mediterranean climates, humid subtropical climates have a warm and wet flow from the tropics that creates warm and moist conditions in the summer months. As such, summer (not winter as is the case in Mediterranean climates) is often the wettest season.

The flow out of the subtropical highs and the summer monsoon creates a southerly flow from the tropics that brings warm and moist air to the lower east sides of continents. This flow is often what brings the frequent and strong but short-lived summer thundershowers so typical of the more southerly subtropical climates like the southeast United States, southern China, and Japan.{{rp|223–226}}

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• Astara, Azerbaijan (bordering on Csa)
• Asunción, Paraguay (bordering on Aw)
• Balbalan, Philippines (bordering on Am)
• Bandar-e Anzali, Gilan, Iran
• Belgrade, Serbia
• Bologna, Italy
• Bratislava, Slovakia (bordering on Cfb/Dfa/Dfb)
• Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
• Budapest, Hungary (bordering on Dfa)
• Buenos Aires, Argentina
• Chongqing, China (bordering on Cwa)
• Ciudad del Este, Paraguay
• Constanța, Romania (bordering on BSk)
• Corvo Island, Portugal
• Dallas, Texas, United States
• Dir, Pakistan
• Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
• Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
• Florina, Greece (bordering on Dfa)
• Geoje, South Korea (bordering on Cwa)
• Giresun, Turkey
• Girona, Spain (bordering on Csa)
• Huesca, Spain
• Ijevan, Tavush, Armenia (bordering on Dfa){{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Ijevan |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Armenia/CSV/Ijevan_37711.csv |access-date=6 March 2024 |publisher=NOAA |format=CSV}}
• Jeju, South Korea
• Juan Fernández Islands, Chile (bordering on Cfb/Csa/Csb)
• Koper, Slovenia
• Kozani, Greece{{Cite web |title=Κλιματικά Δεδομένα ανά Πόλη- ΜΕΤΕΩΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΑ, ΕΜΥ, Εθνική Μετεωρολογική Υπηρεσία |url=http://www.emy.gr/emy/el/climatology/climatology_city?perifereia=West+Macedonia&poli=Kozani |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=emy.gr}}
• Krasnodar, Russia (bordering on Dfa)
• Kutaisi, Georgia
• La Plata, Argentina
• Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland (bordering on Cfb)
• Lyon, France (bordering on Cfb)
• Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico (bordering on Aw)
• Maykop, Adygea, Russia (bordering on Dfa)
• Milan, Italy
• Montevideo, Uruguay
• Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina (bordering on Csa)
• New York City, New York, United States (bordering on Dfa)
• Osaka, Japan
• Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
• Prizren, Kosovo (bordering on Cfb/Dfa/Dfb){{Cite web |title=Prizren: Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1961 – 1990 |url=http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/eng/meteorologija/stanica_sr.php?moss_id=13477 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720081039/http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/eng/meteorologija/stanica_sr.php?moss_id=13477 |archive-date=20 July 2021 |access-date=3 October 2021 |publisher=Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia}}
• Raoul Island, New Zealand
• Rasht, Gilan, Iran
• Rijeka, Croatia
• Rosario, Argentina (bordering on Cwa)
• Samsun, Turkey
• San Marino
• Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
• São Paulo, Brazil (bordering on Cwa)
• Siguatepeque, Honduras (bordering on Cwa)
• Shanghai, China
• Simferopol, Ukraine (bordering on Dfa)
• Skopje, North Macedonia (bordering on Dfa and BSk)
• Sochi, Russia
• Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
• Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
• Taipei, Taiwan
• Tbilisi, Georgia (bordering on BSk)
• Tirana, Albania (bordering on Csa)
• Tokyo, Japan
• Toulouse, France
• Tulcea, Romania (bordering on Dfa)
• Ulsan, South Korea
• Varna, Bulgaria
• Valence, France (bordering on Cfb)
• Venice, Italy
• Vienna, Austria (bordering on Cfb/Dfa)
• Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
• Washington, D.C., United States
• Wuhan, Hubei, China
• Yalta, Ukraine (bordering on Csa)
• Yokohama, Japan
• Zaqatala, Azerbaijan{{Cite web |title=Zagatala Climate Normals 1961–1990 |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/AJ/37575.TXT |access-date=22 March 2015 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
• Zonguldak, Turkey (bordering on Cfb)

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Cfb climates usually occur in the higher middle latitudes on the western sides of continents; they are typically situated immediately poleward of the Mediterranean climates in the 40s and 50s latitudes. However, in southeast Australia, southeast South America, and extreme southern Africa this climate is found immediately poleward of temperate climates, on places near the coast and at a somewhat lower latitude. In western Europe, this climate occurs in coastal areas up to 68°N in Norway.

These climates are dominated all year round by the polar front, leading to changeable, often overcast weather. Summers are mild due to cool ocean currents. Winters are milder than other climates in similar latitudes, but usually very cloudy, and frequently wet. Cfb climates are also encountered at high elevations in certain subtropical and tropical areas, where the climate would be that of a subtropical/tropical rainforest if not for the altitude. These climates are called "highlands".{{rp|226–229}}

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• Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands
• Artvin, Turkey (bordering on Cfa/Csa/Csb){{Cite web |title=Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri |url=https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=ARTVIN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122032753/https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=ARTVIN |archive-date=22 January 2019 |access-date=11 December 2021 |publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |language=tr}}
• Auckland, New Zealand
• Baltiysk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia (bordering on Dfb)
• Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
• Bergen, Vestland, Norway
• Berlin, Germany
• Bern, Switzerland (bordering on Dfb)
• Bilbao, Spain
• Block Island, Rhode Island, United States (bordering on Dfb)
• Bolu, Turkey
• Bordeaux, France (bordering on Cfa)
• Bornholm, Denmark
• Brussels, Belgium
• Caransebeş, Romania (bordering on Dfb)
• Cetinje, Montenegro (bordering on Dfb)
• Christchurch, New Zealand
• Copenhagen, Denmark
• Dublin, Ireland
• Forks, Washington, United States
• Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany
• Gdynia, Poland
• Geneva, Switzerland
• George, Western Cape, South Africa
• Gijón, Spain
• Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
• Gothenburg, Sweden
• Graz, Austria (bordering on Dfb)
• Győr, Hungary (bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)
• Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
• Île Amsterdam, French Southern and Antarctic Lands
• Île d'Yeu, France
• Kaposvár, Hungary (bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)
• Ketchikan, Alaska, United States
• L'Aquila, Italy (bordering on Cfa)
• Ljubljana, Slovenia
• Lofoten, Nordland, Norway (bordering on Cfc/Dfb/Dfc)
• London, England, United Kingdom
• Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
• Malmö, Sweden
• Mar del Plata, Argentina
• Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (bordering on Cfa)
• Merano, Italy (bordering on Cfa)
• Munich, Bavaria, Germany
• Ørland, Trøndelag, Norway
• Osorno, Los Lagos Region, Chile
• Paris, France
• Port Elizabeth, South Africa
• Prague, Czech Republic (bordering on Dfb)
• Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada
• Puerto Montt, Los Lagos Region, Chile
• Puerto Natales, Chile (bordering on Cfc)
• Punta del Este, Uruguay (bordering on Cfa)
• Salzburg, Austria (bordering on Dfb)
• Santander, Spain
• Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (bordering on Dfb)
• Skagen, Denmark
• Szczecin, Poland
• Vaduz, Liechtenstein
• Valdivia, Los Ríos Region, Chile
• Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (bordering on Csb)
• Villa La Angostura, Neuquén Province, Argentina
• Wellington, New Zealand
• Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (bordering on Cfa)
• Wrocław, Poland (bordering on Dfb)
• Zagreb, Croatia (bordering on Dfb)
• Zürich, Switzerland

{{div col end}}

{{main|Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)}}

Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall (Cfb) are a type of oceanic climate mainly found in the highlands of Australia, such as in or around the Great Dividing Range in the north of the state of New South Wales, and also sparsely in other continents, such as in South America, among others. Unlike a typical Cwb climate, they tend to have rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. They have characteristics of both the Cfb and Cfa climates, but unlike these climates, they have a high diurnal temperature variation and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high elevation.

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• Andorra la Vella, Andorra
• Blue Mountains, Jamaica
• Bogotá, Colombia
• Briançon, France (bordering on Dfb)
• Brinchang, Malaysia
• Cameron Highlands, Malaysia
• Campos do Jordão, São Paulo, Brazil
• Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
• Chachapoyas, Peru
• Cobán, Guatemala (bordering on Cwb)
• Constanza, Dominican Republic
• Cuenca, Ecuador
• Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
• Dullstroom, South Africa
• Eldoret, Kenya
• Goris, Syunik, Armenia (bordering on Dfb)
• Hengshan, China (bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)
• Kabale, Uganda
• Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
• Le Tampon, Réunion, France
• Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia
• La Esperanza, Honduras (bordering on Cwb)
• Manizales, Colombia
• Maseru, Lesotho (bordering on Cwb)
• Mthatha, South Africa
• Mucuchíes, Venezuela
• Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka
• Oruro, Bolivia
• Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
• Riobamba, Ecuador (bordering on Csb)
• Sa Pa, Vietnam
• Soria, Spain
• Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Trevico, Italy{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 — Trevico |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/Trevico_16263.csv |access-date=3 February 2024 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
• Tunja, Colombia
• Volcano, Hawaii, United States
• Wabag, Papua New Guinea
• Waynesville, North Carolina, United States
• Williams, Arizona, United States
• Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico (bordering on Cfa)

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Subpolar oceanic climates (Cfc) occur poleward of or at higher elevations than the maritime temperate climates and are mostly confined either to narrow coastal strips on the western poleward margins of the continents, or, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, to islands off such coasts. They occur in both hemispheres, generally in the high 50s and 60s latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and the 50s latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere.

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• Adak, Alaska, United States (bordering on Dfc)
• Auckland Islands, New Zealand
• Bø, Nordland, Norway (bordering on Cfb/Dfb/Dfc)
• Hafnarfjörður, Iceland (bordering on Dfc)
• Karlsøy, Norway (bordering on Dfc)
• Miena, Tasmania, Australia
• Mount Baw Baw, Australia
• Punta Arenas, Chile
• Porvenir, Chile
• Reykjavík, Iceland
• Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (bordering on BSk/Dfc/ET)
• Río Turbio, Santa Cruz, Argentina
• Stanley, Falkland Islands
• Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
• Unalaska, Alaska, United States
• Værøy, Norway (bordering on Csc)
• Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland (bordering on ET)

{{div col end}}

Cwa is a monsoonal influenced version of the humid subtropical climate, having the classic dry winter–wet summer pattern associated with tropical monsoonal climates. They are found at similar latitudes as the Cfa climates, except in regions where monsoons are more prevalent. These regions are in the Southern Cone of South America, the Gangetic Plain of South Asia, southeastern Africa, parts of East Asia and Mexico, and Northern Vietnam of Southeast Asia.

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• Antananarivo, Madagascar (bordering on Cwb)
• Birgunj, Nepal
• Busan, South Korea
• Changwon, South Korea (bordering on Cfa)
• Chengdu, Sichuan, China
• Chimoio, Mozambique
• Córdoba, Argentina
• Delhi, India (bordering on BSh)
• Dinajpur, Bangladesh
• Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
• Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (bordering on Cfa){{Cite web |title=Pure tabular statistics |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=ArcGIS Experience Builder |publisher=China Meteorological Data Service Center}}
• Guwahati, India (bordering on Aw)
• Hanoi, Vietnam
• Hong Kong
• Islamabad, Pakistan
• Kathmandu, Nepal
• León, Guanajuato, Mexico
• Lilongwe, Malawi
• Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
• Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
• Luena, Angola (bordering on Aw)
• Lusaka, Zambia
• Macau
• Mackay, Queensland, Australia (bordering on Aw)
• Mengla, Yunnan, China
• Ndola, Zambia
• Phonsavan, Laos
• Pokhara, Nepal
• Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
• Qingdao, Shandong, China (bordering on Dwa)
• Rangpur, Bangladesh
• Rawalpindi, Pakistan
• Saidpur, Bangladesh
• San Luis, Argentina (bordering on BSk)
• Santa Rosa de Copan, Honduras
• Sialkot, Pakistan
• Taunggyi, Myanmar
• Tucumán, Argentina
• Yeosu, South Korea
• Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico

{{div col end}}

Dry-winter subtropical highland climate (Cwb) is a type of climate mainly found in highlands inside the tropics of Central America, South America, Africa, and South and Southeast Asia or areas in the subtropics. Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy. In the tropics, the monsoon is provoked by the tropical air masses and the dry winters by subtropical high pressure.

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• Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• Arusha, Tanzania
• Batu, Indonesia
• Byumba, Rwanda
• Cajamarca, Peru
• Cherrapunji, India
• Cusco, Peru
• Da Lat, Vietnam
• Dali City, China
• Dedza, Malawi
• Diamantina, Brazil
• Dieng Plateau, Indonesia
• Fraijanes, Guatemala
• Gangtok, India
• Hakha, Myanmar
• Harare, Zimbabwe
• Huambo, Angola
• Huaraz, Peru
• Ixchiguán, Guatemala (bordering on Cwc)
• Jijiga, Ethiopia
• Johannesburg, South Africa
• Kenscoff, Haiti (bordering on Aw)
• Kunming, China
• La Paz (lower elevations), Bolivia
• La Trinidad, Philippines
• Lichinga, Mozambique
• Lukla, Nepal
• Mbabane, Eswatini
• Mbeya, Tanzania
• Mexico City, Mexico
• Mokhotlong, Lesotho
• Nairobi, Kenya
• Ndu, Cameroon
• Ooty, India
• Phongsali, Laos
• Puebla, Mexico
• Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
• Qujing, Yunnan, China (bordering on Cfb)
• Salta, Argentina
• Shimla, India
• Sucre, Bolivia
• Thimphu, Bhutan (bordering on Cwa)
• Toluca, Mexico

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Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climates (Cwc) exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to Cwb climates. This climate is rare and is found mainly in isolated locations mostly in the Andes in Bolivia and Peru, as well as in sparse mountain locations in Southeast Asia.

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• El Alto, Bolivia (bordering on ET)
• Juliaca, Peru (bordering on ET and Cwb)
• La Paz (high elevations), Bolivia (bordering on ET)
• Mount Pulag, Philippines (bordering on ET and Cwb)
• Potosí, Bolivia (bordering on ET and Cwb)

{{div col end}}

{{Main|Continental climate}}

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_D_1991–2020.svg distribution]]

These climates have an average temperature above {{Convert|10|°C|abbr=on}} in their warmest months, and the coldest month average below {{Convert|0|°C|abbr=on}} (or {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}}, as noted previously). These usually occur in the interiors of continents and on their upper east coasts, normally north of 40°N. In the Southern Hemisphere, group D climates are extremely rare due to the smaller land masses in the middle latitudes and the almost complete absence of land at 40–60°S, existing only in some highland locations.

{{Main|Hot-summer humid continental climate}}

Dfa climates usually occur in the high 30s and low 40s latitudes, with a qualifying average temperature in the warmest month of greater than {{convert|22|C}}. In Europe, these climates tend to be much drier than in North America. Dsa exists at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (Csa) climates.{{rp|231–32}}

These climates exist only in the Northern Hemisphere because the Southern Hemisphere has no large landmasses isolated from the moderating effects of the sea within the middle latitudes.

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• Aktobe, Kazakhstan
• Almaty, Kazakhstan
• Aomori, Japan (bordering on Cfa)
• Boston, Massachusetts, United States (bordering on Cfa)
• Bucharest, Romania (bordering on Cfa)
• Çankırı, Turkey (bordering on Cfa and BSk)
• Cheonan, South Korea (bordering on Dwa)
• Chicago, Illinois, United States
• Chișinău, Moldova
• Dnipro, Ukraine (bordering on Dfb)
• Donetsk, Ukraine
• Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan (bordering on Dfb)
• Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (bordering on Dfb)
• Iași, Romania (bordering on Dfb)
• Kimchaek, North Korea (bordering on Dwa)
• Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
• Odesa, Ukraine (bordering on Cfa and BSk)
• Oral, Kazakhstan (bordering on BSk)
• Pleven, Bulgaria
• Pogradec, Albania (bordering on Cfa/Cfb/Dfb)
• Qabala, Azerbaijan (bordering on Cfa/Cfb/Dfb)
• Rostov-on-Don, Russia
• Ruse, Bulgaria (bordering on Cfa)
• Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan (bordering on Dfb)
• Saratov, Russia{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization |url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=915 |access-date=7 December 2022 |language=English}}
• Szeged, Hungary (bordering on Cfa)
• Tanchon, North Korea (bordering on Dfb/Dwa/Dwb)
• Toronto, Ontario, Canada (bordering on Dfb)
• Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China (bordering on BSk)
• Volgograd, Russia (bordering on BSk){{Cite web |title=Pogoda.ru.net |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34560.htm |access-date=8 November 2021 |language=ru}}
• Windsor, Ontario, Canada
• Zaječar, Serbia (bordering on Cfa)

{{div col end}}

In eastern Asia, Dwa climates extend further south into the mid-30s latitudes due to the influence of the Siberian high-pressure system, which also causes winters there to be dry, and summers can be very wet because of monsoon circulation.

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}

• Beijing, China (bordering on BSk)
• Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast, Russia (bordering on Dwb){{Cite web |title=Климат Благовещенска |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/31510.htm |access-date=8 November 2021 |publisher=Погода и Климат |language=ru}}
• Chongjin, North Korea
• Chuncheon, Gangwon Province, South Korea
• Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
• Incheon, South Korea
• Kaesong, North Korea
• Lesozavodsk, Primorsky Krai, Russia (bordering on Dwb)
• North Platte, Nebraska, United States (bordering on Dfa and BSk)
• Phillipsburg, Kansas, United States (bordering on Dfa)
• Pyongyang, North Korea
• Rapid City, South Dakota, United States (bordering on BSk)
• Seoul, South Korea
• Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (bordering on Cwa)

{{div col end}}

Dsa exists only at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (Csa) climates.

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• Arak, Iran (bordering on BSk and Csa)
• Arys, Kazakhstan (bordering on BSk)
• Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
• Bitlis, Turkey
• Cambridge, Idaho, United States
• Chirchiq, Uzbekistan (bordering on Csa){{Cite web |title=Chirchiq, Uzbekistan Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase) |url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=605930&cityname=Chirchiq-Toshkent-Uzbekistan |access-date=12 August 2024 |publisher=Weatherbase}}
• Fayzabad, Badakhshan, Afghanistan (bordering on Csa){{Cite web |title=Faiz abad Climate Normals for 1964–1983 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-II/AH/40904.TXT |access-date=7 May 2024 |publisher=NOAA}}
• Ghazni, Afghanistan
• Hakkâri, Turkey
• Hamedan, Iran (bordering on BSk)
• Isfara, Tajikistan
• Konibodom, Tajikistan (bordering on Csa)
• Logan, Utah, United States
• Lytton, British Columbia, Canada (bordering on Csa)
• Muş, Turkey
• Osh, Kyrgyzstan
• Salt Lake City, Utah, United States (bordering on Csa)
• Saqqez, Iran
• Shamakhi, Azerbaijan (bordering on Csa)
• Shymkent, Kazakhstan (bordering on Csa)

{{div col end}}

{{Main|Warm-summer humid continental climate}}

Dfb climates are immediately poleward of hot summer continental climates, generally in the high 40s and low 50s latitudes in North America and Asia, and also extending to higher latitudes into the high 50s and low 60s latitudes in central and eastern Europe, between the maritime temperate and continental subarctic climates.

{{div col|colwidth=50}}

• Aetomilitsa, Greece (bordering on Cfb)
• Akhaltsikhe, Georgia
• Ardahan, Turkey
• Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
• Astana, Kazakhstan
• Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany (bordering on Cfb)
• Belluno, Italy (bordering on Cfb)
• Bitola, North Macedonia (bordering on Dfa)
• Briceni, Moldova{{Cite web |title=Briceni Climate Normals 1991–2020 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Moldova/CSV/Briceni_33664.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821165029/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Moldova/CSV/Briceni_33664.csv |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
• Brno, Czech Republic
• Chamonix, France
• Cluj-Napoca, Romania
• Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
• Debrecen, Hungary (bordering on Cfa/Cfb/Dfa)
• Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
• El Pas de la Casa, Andorra (bordering on Dfc)
• Erzurum, Turkey
• Fairbanks, Alaska, United States (bordering on Dfc)
• Falls Creek, Victoria, Australia (bordering on Cfb/Cfc/Dfc)
• Falun, Dalarna, Sweden
• Görlitz, Saxony, Germany (bordering on Cfb)
• Gospić, Croatia (bordering on Cfb)
• Gyumri, Shirak, Armenia
• Helsinki, Finland
• Imilchil, Morocco (bordering on Cfb)
• Innsbruck, Austria
• Karaganda, Kazakhstan
• Karakol, Kyrgyzstan
• Kars, Turkey
• Kharkiv, Ukraine (bordering on Dfa)
• Klaipėda, Lithuania (bordering on Cfb)
• Klagenfurt, Austria
• Košice, Slovakia
• Kraków, Poland
• Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan
• Kyiv, Ukraine
• La Brévine, Switzerland (bordering on Dfc)
• La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
• Lendava, Slovenia (bordering on Cfb)
• Lillehammer, Norway (bordering on Dfc)
• Livno, Bosnia and Herzegovina (bordering on Cfb)
• Lviv, Ukraine
• Marquette, Michigan, United States
• Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
• Minsk, Belarus
• Montreal, Quebec, Canada (bordering on Dfa)
• Moscow, Russia
• Mount Buller, Victoria, Australia (bordering on Cfb/Cfc/Dfc)
• Mouthe, France
• Mutsu, Aomori Prefecture, Japan (bordering on Cfb)
• Novosibirsk, Russia
• Oslo, Norway
• Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
• Pavlodar, Kazakhstan (bordering on Dfa)
• Perisher Valley, New South Wales, Australia (bordering on Cfb/Cfc/Dfc)
• Pljevlja, Montenegro
• Portland, Maine, United States
• Poznań, Poland (bordering on Cfb)
• Pristina, Kosovo
• Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany (bordering on Cfb)
• Riga, Latvia
• Saint Petersburg, Russia
• Saint-Véran, France (bordering on Dfc)
• Schaan, Liechtenstein (bordering on Cfb)
• Sofia, Bulgaria (bordering on Cfb)
• Stockholm, Sweden
• Subotica, Serbia (bordering on BSk)
• Szombathely, Hungary (bordering on Cfb)
• Tallinn, Estonia
• Tampere, Finland (bordering on Dfc)
• Toblach, Italy{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010: Dobbiaco-16033 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Italy/WMO_Normals_CliNo81-10.xls |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration |type=Excel |format=XLS |no-pp=y}}
• Trondheim, Norway
• Turku, Finland
• Uppsala, Sweden
• Vanadzor, Armenia
• Vilnius, Lithuania
• Warsaw, Poland (bordering on Cfb)
• Žabljak, Montenegro

{{div col end}}

Like with all Group D climates, Dwb climates mostly only occur in the northern hemisphere.

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}

• Baruunturuun, Mongolia (bordering on Dwc)
• Calgary, Alberta, Canada (bordering on BSk)
• Darkhan, Mongolia (bordering on Dwc and BSk)
• Harrison, Nebraska, United States (bordering on Dfb)
• Heihe, Heilongjiang, China
• Hoeryong, North Korea
• Irkutsk, Russia (bordering on Dwc)
• Khabarovsk, Russia (bordering on Dwa)
• Kharkhorin, Mongolia
• Pembina, North Dakota, United States (bordering on Dfb)
• Pyeongchang, South Korea
• Rason, North Korea
• Shigatse, Tibet, China
• Thief River Falls, Minnesota, United States (bordering on Dwa)
• Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, Russia
• Yanji, Jilin, China (bordering on Dwa)

{{div col end}}

Dsb arises from the same scenario as Dsa, but at even higher altitudes or latitudes, and chiefly in North America, since the Mediterranean climates extend further poleward than in Eurasia.

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}

• Abali, Iran[http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/iranarchive.asp I.R of Iran Shahrekord Meteorological Organization ( in Persian )].
• Ağrı, Turkey
• Alto Río Senguer, Chubut Province, Argentina (bordering on BSk/Csb/Csc/Dsc)
• Castlegar, British Columbia, Canada (bordering on Dfb)
• Chaghcharan, Ghor, Afghanistan
• Dras, Ladakh, India
• Flagstaff, Arizona, United States (bordering on Csb)
• Jermuk, Vyots Dzor, Armenia (bordering on Dfb){{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 – Jermuk |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Armenia/CSV/Jermuk_37883.csv |access-date=6 March 2024 |publisher=NCEI |format=CSV}}
• Las Leñas, Mendoza Province, Argentina
• Puente del Inca, Mendoza Province, Argentina (bordering on Csb)
• Puerto de Navacerrada, Spain (bordering on Csb)
• Rocca di Mezzo, Italy (bordering on Csb and Cfb)
• Roghun, Tajikistan
• Sivas, Turkey
• Smolyan, Bulgaria
• South Lake Tahoe, California, United States (bordering on Csb)
• Spokane, Washington, United States (bordering on Csa/Csb/Dsa)

{{div col end}}

{{Main|Subarctic climate}}

Dfc, Dsc and Dwc climates occur poleward of the other group D climates, or at higher altitudes, generally in the 50s and 60s latitudes.{{rp|232–235}}

{{div col|colwidth=50}}

• Alta, Norway
• Anchorage, Alaska, United States (bordering on Dfb)
• Arkhangelsk, Russia
• Bethel, Alaska, United States
• Brocken, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
• Charlotte Pass, New South Wales, Australia
• Coma Pedrosa, Andorra
• Davos, Switzerland
• Feldberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
• Fraser, Colorado, United States
• Great Dun Fell, England, United Kingdom (bordering on ET and Cfc)
• Hikkim, Himachel Pradesh, India
• Horská Kvilda, Czech Republic
• Jyväskylä, Finland
• Kangerlussuaq, Greenland, Denmark (bordering on ET and BSk)
• Kiruna, Sweden
• Kopaonik, Serbia
• Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
• Livigno, Italy
• Luleå, Sweden
• Lysá hora, Czech Republic{{Cite web |title=Lysa hora Climate Normals 1991–2020 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/CzechRepublic/CSV/LysaHora_11787.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828031641/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/CzechRepublic/CSV/LysaHora_11787.csv |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
• Narsarsuaq, Greenland, Denmark (bordering on ET)
• Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia
• Obergurgl, Austria
• Oulu, Finland (bordering on Dfb)
• Paganella, Italy (bordering on Dwc)
• Røros, Norway
• Saint Pierre and Miquelon, France (bordering on Dfb)
• St. Moritz, Grisons, Switzerland
• Šerák, Czech Republic
• Štrbské Pleso, Slovakia{{Cite web |title=Štrbské Pleso Climate Normals 1991–2020 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Slovakia/CSV/STRBSKE_PLESO_11933.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820203243/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Slovakia/CSV/STRBSKE_PLESO_11933.csv |archive-date=20 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
• Tromsø, Norway
• Umeå, Sweden (bordering on Dfb)
• Vaasa, Finland
• Valle Nevado, Chile
• Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
• Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia (bordering on Dfd)
• Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada

{{div col end}}

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}

• Bulgan, Mongolia (bordering on Dwb)
• Delta Junction, Alaska, United States (bordering on BSk)
• Mohe, Heilongjiang, China
• Nagqu, Tibet, China (bordering on ET)
• Okhotsk, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia
• Samjiyon, North Korea (bordering on Dwb)
• Susuman, Magadan Oblast, Russia (bordering on Dwd)
• Tsetserleg, Arkhangai Province, Mongolia{{Cite web |title=Tsetserleg Climate Normals 1961–1990 |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/MO/44282.TXT |access-date=13 January 2013 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
• Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk Oblast, Russia
• Yushu City, Qinghai, China (bordering on Dwb)

{{div col end}}

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}

• Akureyri, Iceland (bordering on Csc)
• Anadyr, Chukotka, Russia
• Atlin, British Columbia, Canada
• Bodie, California, United States (bordering on Dsb)
• Crater Lake, Oregon, United States
• Dawson City, Yukon, Canada
• Nyurba, Sakha Republic, Russia (bordering on Dfc)
• Seymchan, Magadan Oblast, Russia (bordering on Dsd/Dfd/Dfc)
• Skjåk, Norway (bordering on BSk)
• Soldotna, Alaska, United States

{{div col end}}

Places with this climate have severe winters, with the temperature in their coldest month lower than {{Convert|−38|°C|abbr=on}}. These climates occur only in eastern Siberia, and are the second coldest, before EF. The coldest recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere belonged to this climate. The names of some of the places with this climate have become veritable synonyms for the extreme, severe winter cold.{{Cite web |date=9 August 2017 |title=Climate Types: Types of Climate {{!}} Climatology |url=https://www.geographynotes.com/climate/types/climate-types-types-of-climate-climatology/5506 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=Geography Notes}}

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}

• Okhotsky-Perevoz, Sakha Republic, Russia
• Oymyakon, Sakha Republic, Russia (bordering on Dwd)
• Udachny, Sakha Republic, Russia (bordering on Dfc)

{{div col end}}

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}

• Allakh-Yun, Sakha Republic, Russia
• Delyankir, Sakha Republic, Russia
• Khonuu, Sakha Republic, Russia (bordering on Dfd)

{{div col end}}

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}

• Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic, Russia (bordering on Dfd)

{{div col end}}

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991–2020.svg distribution]]

In the Köppen climate system, polar climates are defined as the warmest temperature of any month being below {{Convert|10|°C|abbr=on}}. Polar climates are further divided into two types, tundra climates and icecap climates:

{{main article|Tundra climate}}

Tundra climate (ET): warmest month has an average temperature between {{Convert|0|°C|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|10|°C|abbr=on}}. These climates occur on the northern edges of the North American and Eurasian land masses (generally north of 70 °N although they may be found farther south depending on local conditions), and on nearby islands. ET climates are also found on some islands near the Antarctic Convergence, and at high elevations outside the polar regions, above the tree line.

{{div col|colwidth=50}}

• Alert, Nunavut, Canada (bordering on EF)
• Amdo, Tibet, China
• Ben Nevis, Scotland, United Kingdom
• Bouvet Island
• Cairn Gorm, Scotland, United Kingdom
• Campbell Island, New Zealand
• Cerro de Pasco, Peru{{Cite web |title=Anexos |url=https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/pdf/anexos-atlas-climatico.pdf |access-date=2 January 2023 |publisher=National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru}}
• Crozet Islands
• Dikson Island, Russia
• Dingboche, Nepal
• El Aguilar, Argentina
• Esperanza Base, Antarctica
• Finse, Norway
• Ilulissat, Greenland, Denmark
• Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada
• Ísafjörður, Iceland (bordering on Csc)
• Ittoqqortoormiit, Greenland, Denmark
• Jan Mayen, Norway
• Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (bordering on EF)
• Kasprowy Wierch, Poland
• Kerguelen Islands
• La Rinconada, Peru
• Lomnický štít, Prešov Region, Slovakia{{Cite web |title=Lomnický štít Climate Normals 1991–2020 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Slovakia/CSV/LOMNICKY_STIT_11930.csv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820192653/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Slovakia/CSV/LOMNICKY_STIT_11930.csv |archive-date=20 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
• Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
• Macquarie Island, Australia
• Mauna Loa, Hawaii, United States (bordering on Csc and Cfc)
• Möðrudalur, Iceland
• Mount Apo, Philippines (bordering on Cfc)
• Mount Aragats (slopes), Armenia (bordering on Dfc)
• Mount Fuji, Japan
• Mount Rainier (slopes), Washington, United States
• Mount Washington, New Hampshire, United States (bordering on Dfc)
• Mount Wellington, Tasmania, Australia
• Murghab, Tajikistan
• Musala, Bulgaria{{Cite web |title=Musala Peak Climate Normals 1991–2020 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Bulgaria/CSV/MusalaPeak_64215.csv |access-date=29 August 2023 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
• Mykines, Faroe Islands (bordering on Cfc)
• Mys Shmidta, Chukotka, Russia
• Nevado de Toluca, Mexico
• North Salang, Afghanistan (bordering on Dsc)
• Novaya Zemlya, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia
• Nuuk, Greenland, Denmark
• Parinacota, Chile
• Phari, China
• Piz Corvatsch, Switzerland
• Prince Edwards Islands
• Puerto Williams, Chile (bordering on Cfc)
• Qarabolaq, Afghanistan
• Sachs Harbour, Northwest Territories, Canada
• Shimshal, Pakistan{{Cite web |title=Simulated historical climate & weather data for Shimshal |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/shimshal_pakistan_1165098 |access-date=September 8, 2024 |website=meteoblue.com |publisher=Meteoblue}}
• Sněžka, Czech Republic (bordering on Dfc)
• Sonnblick, Austria{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Sonnblick |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Austria/CSV/Sonnblick_11343.csv |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=NOAA}}
• South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
• Tanggulashan, Qinghai, China
• Tiksi, Sakha Republic, Russia
• Tolhuin, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (bordering on Dfc)
• Trepalle, Italy
• Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (bordering on Cfc)
• Utqiagvik, Alaska, United States
• Vârful Omu, Romania
• Vetas, Colombia
• Yu Shan, Taiwan
• Zugspitze, Bavaria, Germany

{{div col end}}

{{main article|Ice cap climate}}

Ice cap climate (EF): this climate is dominant in Antarctica, inner Greenland, and summits of many high mountains, even at lower latitudes. Monthly average temperatures never exceed {{Convert|0|°C|abbr=on}}.

{{div col|colwidth=50}}

• Aconcagua, Chile/Argentina
• Amundsen–Scott Station, Antarctica
• Chimborazo, Ecuador
• Denali, Alaska, United States
• Dome Fuji, Antarctica
• Huascarán, Peru
• Ismoil Somoni Peak, Tajikistan
• Jengish Chokusu, China/Kyrgyzstan
• K2, China/Pakistan
• Kangchenjunga, India/Nepal
• Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
• Lhotse, Nepal
• Makalu, Nepal/China
• Mount Ararat, Turkey
• Mount Everest, China/Nepal
• Mount Logan, Canada
• Mount Rainier (summit), Washington, United States
• Ojos del Salado, Chile
• Pico de Orizaba, Mexico
• Puncak Jaya, Indonesia (bordering on ET)
• Sajama, Bolivia
• Summit Camp, Greenland, Denmark
• Ushakov Island, Russia (bordering on ET)
• Vostok Station, Antarctica

{{div col end}}

The Köppen climate classification is based on the empirical relationship between climate and vegetation. This classification provides an efficient way to describe climatic conditions defined by temperature and precipitation and their seasonality with a single metric. Because climatic conditions identified by the Köppen classification are ecologically relevant, it has been widely used to map the geographic distribution of long-term climate and associated ecosystem conditions.{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=D. |last2=Chen |first2=H. W. |year=2013 |title=Using the Köppen classification to quantify climate variation and change: An example for 1901–2010 |url=http://hanschen.org/uploads/Chen_and_Chen_2013_envdev.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Environmental Development |volume=6 |pages=69–79 |doi=10.1016/j.envdev.2013.03.007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031103425/http://hanschen.org/uploads/Chen_and_Chen_2013_envdev.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}

Over recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using the classification to identify changes in climate and potential changes in vegetation over time. The most important ecological significance of the Köppen climate classification is that it helps to predict the dominant vegetation type based on the climatic data and vice versa.{{Cite book |last=Critchfield |first=Howard J |title=General Climatology |date=1983 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-81-203-0476-5 |edition=4th |location=New Delhi |pages=154–161}}

In 2015, a Nanjing University paper published in Scientific Reports analyzing climate classifications found that between 1950 and 2010, approximately 5.7% of all land area worldwide had moved from wetter and colder classifications to drier and hotter classifications. The authors also found that the change "cannot be explained as natural variations but are driven by anthropogenic factors".{{Cite journal |last=Chan, D. |last2=Wu, Q. |date=2015 |title=Significant anthropogenic-induced changes of climate classes since 1950 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |pages=13487 |bibcode=2015NatSR...513487C |doi=10.1038/srep13487 |pmc=4551970 |pmid=26316255 |number=13487}}

A 2018 study provides detailed maps for present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution.{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |date=30 October 2018 |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=180214 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6207062 |pmid=30375988 |s2cid=53111021}}

All maps use the ≥{{Convert|0|°C|abbr=on}} definition for the temperate-continental border.

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_North_America_1991–2020.svg|North America

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Europe_1991–2020.svg|Europe

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_RUS_1991–2020.svg|Russia

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Central Asia

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Eastern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|East Asia

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_South_America_1991–2020.svg|South America

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Africa_1991–2020.svg|Africa

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Western_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Western Asia

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|South Asia

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southeastern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Southeast Asia

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Melanesia_1991–2020.svg|Melanesia/Oceania

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_AUS_1991–2020.svg|Australia

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NZL_1991–2020.svg|New Zealand

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991–2020.svg|World (1991–2020)

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_2071–2099_SSP245.svg|World (2071–2099, SSP245)

• Trewartha climate classification
• Hardiness zone
• Holdridge life zones

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Köppen-Geiger}}

• [https://360.org/climate/koppen-classification/ World maps and graphs plus a video about the Köppen climate classification]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ World Map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification for the period 1951–2000] (archived 6 September 2010)
• {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110084254/http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/globgrids/KC_classification_en.asp |date=10 January 2021 |title=New gridded maps of Koeppen's climate classification}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160418082322/http://www.ipcc-data.org/maps/ IPCC Data Distribution Center] (archived 18 April 2016)

{{Köppen}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koppen Climate Classification}}

Category:Climate and weather classification systems