:Bans on Nazi symbols

{{More citations needed section|date=August 2023}}

{{See also|Legality of Holocaust denial#By Country}}

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Canada has no legislation specifically restricting the ownership, display, purchase, import, or export of Nazi flags. However, sections 318–320 of the Criminal Code,{{cite web |title=Hate Provisions Summary |url=http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/legislation/canadian_law/federal/criminal_code/criminal_code_hate.cfm |work=Criminal Code of Canada |publisher=Media Awareness Network |access-date=24 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813212959/http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/legislation/canadian_law/federal/criminal_code/criminal_code_hate.cfm |archive-date=13 August 2009 }} adopted by Canada's parliament in 1970 and based in large part on the 1965 Cohen Committee recommendations,{{cite web |title=Hate Propaganda |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/856-e.htm#a.%20Present%20Law-t |date=24 January 2000 |publisher=Library of Parliament |access-date=24 June 2009 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211155234/https://lop.parl.ca/sites/PublicWebsite/default/en_CA/ResearchPublications#a.%20Present%20Law-t |url-status=dead }} make it an offence to advocate or promote genocide, to communicate a statement in public inciting hatred against an identifiable group where it is likely to cause a breach of the public peace, or to communicate a statement that willfully promotes hatred (other than in private conversation) against an identifiable group. The Criminal Code also provides a framework for the judicially authorized seizure, forfeiture, and disposal of hate propaganda. Bnai Brith Canada has launched a campaign to ban all Nazi symbols. The Ottawa City Council has unanimously voted to support this.{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2025-04-17 |title=Ottawa City Council Endorses B’nai Brith Canada’s Call to Ban Nazi Symbols |url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/ottawa-city-council-endorses-bnai-brith-canadas-call-to-ban-nazi-symbols/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=B'nai Brith Canada |language=en-US}}

The First Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees freedom of speech, which the courts have interpreted to include hate speech, severely limiting the government's authority to suppress it.{{cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=11 June 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |work=The New York Times}} This allows political organizations great latitude in expressing Nazi, racist, and antisemitic views. A landmark First Amendment case was National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie, in which neo-Nazis threatened to march in Skokie, a predominantly Jewish suburb of Chicago. The march never took place in Skokie, but the court ruling allowed the neo-Nazis to stage a series of demonstrations in Chicago.{{cite web |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article29557972.html |title=How Germany dealt with its symbols of hate |last=Schofield |first=Matthew |date=30 July 2015 |website=mcclatchydc.com |publisher=McClatchy DC Bureau |access-date=18 August 2017 |quote=It’s notable that when Ku Klux Klan members recently rallied in South Carolina, they carried both the battle flag and the Nazi swastika. The two flags in recent years have been commonly seen together at white supremacist groups and gatherings.}}

The use of Nazi symbols is illegal in Brazil. Laws No. 7,716/89 and No. 9,459/97 establish imprisonment and a fine for anyone who produces, markets, distributes, or disseminates symbols, emblems, ornaments, badges, or propaganda that use the swastika to advocate Nazism.{{cite report |date=27 June 2003 |publication-date=16 October 2003 |title=Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention : International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination : 17th periodic reports of States parties due in 2002 : addendum : Brazil |url=http://digitallibrary.un.org/record/508017 |publisher=United Nations |page=19 |location=Geneva |id=CERD/C/431/Add.8-EN}}

Displaying a Nazi symbol in minor cases falls under Article 47 of the Public Security Administration Punishments Law of the People's Republic of China. This law applies to those who incite ethnic hatred or discrimination, or publish content that discriminates against or insults ethnic groups in publications or online platforms, and they may face detention for 10 to 15 days and a fine of up to 1,000 CNY.{{cite web|title=治安管理处罚法第四十七条|publisher=弋阳县人民政府|language=zh |url=http://www.jxyy.gov.cn/yyxgkz/qtxxx/202006/91f668d4cf84415e91217ee6a01bcaad.shtml|accessdate=27 August 2022}}{{cite web|title=【带纳粹标志在大街上犯法吗？-找法网】|publisher=找法网|language=zh |url=https://mip.findlaw.cn/ask/question_60141925.html|accessdate=27 August 2022}}{{cite web|title=Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China |publisher=Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations and other international organization in Vienna |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cgvienna/eng/dbtyw/jdwt/crimelaw/t209043.htm|accessdate=27 August 2022}}{{cite web|url=https://www.asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/pfaopsl501/|title=PENALTIES FOR ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC SECURITY LAW|access-date=Mar 6, 2025}}

In April 2018, the 2nd Session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress adopted a law called "{{ill|Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs|zh|中华人民共和国英雄烈士保护法}}" on 27 April 2018, which came into force on 1 May the same year. Those who display Nazi or other fascist symbols such as the Rising Sun Flag will face heavy fines as well as imprisonment.{{cite web|title=中华人民共和国英雄烈士保护法 |trans-title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs |url=http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Db=chl&Gid=313960|publisher=北大法宝|language=zh|access-date=2022-08-27}}{{cite web|title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs|url=http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=28027&EncodingName=big5 |publisher=北大法宝|access-date=2022-08-27}}{{cite web|url=https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/peoples-republic-of-china-law-on-protection-of-heroes-and-martyrs/|title=People's Republic of China Law on Protection of Heroes and Martyrs|date=27 April 2018 |access-date=Feb 15, 2023}}{{Failed verification|date=June 2023|reason=The law itself doesn't directly outlaw Nazi symbols: enforcement examples needed.}}

Under Article 249 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, anyone who incites ethnic hatred or discrimination, such as by displaying Nazi or fascist symbols are serious enough, may face imprisonment ranging from 3 to 10 years.{{cite web |title=Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China {{!}} Congressional-Executive Commission on China |url=https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/criminal-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china |website=www.cecc.gov |date=25 February 2011 |access-date=6 March 2025}} {{PD-notice}}

Iran has no provisions or laws regarding the use of Nazi imagery.{{cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/antisemitism/holocaust-denial-and-distortion/holocaust-denial-antisemitism-iran/2016-holocaust-cartoon-contests-in-iran/timeline |title=Holocaust Denial and Distortion from Iranian Government and Official Media Sources, 1998–2016 |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum}}{{cite news |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2010%2F11%2F22%2F126944 |title=Iran lifts ban on pro-Nazi website |date=22 November 2010 |work=Al Arabiya News}}

The use of Nazi symbols has been illegal in Israel since early 2012.{{cite news |title=Israel moves to outlaw use of Nazi symbols |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-nazis-idINDEE80A0CM20120111 |access-date=30 July 2023 |work=Reuters |date=11 January 2012 |language=en}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2023}}

The use of Nazi symbols is not a crime in Japan.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

There are no specific laws banning the use of Nazi symbols, and up to date no one has been punished for displaying Nazi-related symbols in Singapore; but anyone promoting "feelings of ill-will and hostility between different races or classes of the population of Singapore" under laws of sedition may be arrested.{{cite news |url=https://coconuts.co/singapore/news/tourist-allegedly-spotted-flaunting-neo-nazi-tattoos-sentosa/|title=Tourist allegedly spotted flaunting his Neo-Nazi tattoos in Sentosa|publisher=Coconut Singapore|date=7 January 2019}}

The Republic of Korea has no provisions or laws regarding the use of Nazi imagery.{{cite news |url=https://m.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-704469 | title=K-pop group under fire for Nazi-related lyrics, outfits in new single | newspaper=The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com }}

{{main| Use of Nazi symbols in Taiwan}}

There are currently no provisions and laws in Taiwan that ban or regulate the use of Nazi symbols and imagery as long as it lies within the legal bounds of freedom of speech under the constitution.{{Cite news |first=Shi-jie |last=Ding |title=台北街頭出現納粹旗幟 方恩格：民進黨政府不該視而不見 |trans-title=Nazi flags appear on the streets of Taipei. Ross Feingold: "The DPP government should not turn a blind eye" |url=https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20240624004379-260407?chdtv |newspaper=China Times |date=24 June 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024 |language=zh-tw |location=Taipei, Taiwan}} The use of Nazi symbolism and imagery in the country has been observed throughout the years, often causing controversy.{{Cite news |title=School Parade in Taiwan Featuring Swastikas and Nazis Unleashed Uproar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/27/world/asia/taiwan-nazi-hitler-parade.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=27 December 2016 |language=en |access-date=16 October 2024 |location=Hsinchu, Taiwan}}{{Cite news |first=Yue-hong |last=Yao |title=舊馬克債變廢紙 這協會舉納粹旗到101前抗議 |trans-title= As the ancient Deutsch Mark debts turned into trash, this association is raising the Nazi flags to protest in front of the Taipei 101 |url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/amp/news/Taipei/breakingnews/2315701 |newspaper=Liberty Times |date=18 January 2018 |access-date=19 October 2024 |language=zh-tw |location=Taipei, Taiwan}}

{{main|Nazi imagery in Thailand}}

The use of Nazi symbols is legal in Thailand.{{cite news|title=Nazi Items still sold in a shop in Bangkok as 2021|last=Chen|first=Heather|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkppmk/thailand-nazi-imagery-problem|work=Vice (magazine)|date=1 December 2021|accessdate=24 January 2022}}{{cite news|title=Thai men dressed as Nazis in Christmas display reflects ignorance, Israeli ambassador says|last=Weedon|first=Alan|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-24/israeli-ambassador-blames-ignorance-for-nazis-at-bangkok-mall/11826228|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation News|date=24 December 2019|accessdate=24 January 2022}}

Austria strictly prohibits the public display and/or proliferation of all insignia/symbols, emblems, uniforms (full or partial), flags, etc., clearly associated with the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP, commonly known as the Nazi Party). There are legal exceptions for works of art (including books, films, theatre performances, computer games, and educational/memorial public exhibitions, etc.), these however do not apply if the respective work promotes National Socialism (as this is generally prohibited in Austria). The law has been amended to include commonly recognised replacements or slightly modified depictions of Nazi symbols.

Violations of the Badges Act 1960 (Abzeichengesetz 1960), which prohibits the public display of Nazi symbols, result in up to €4000-fine and up to one month of imprisonment as punishment. However, if the violation is deemed an attempt to promote National Socialism, the Prohibition Act 1947 (Verbotsgesetz 1947) is applied, resulting in up to ten years of imprisonment.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

However, trading medals, uniforms or other memorabilia is not illegal in Austria.

Other fascist insignia banned in Austria include Ustaše symbols that have been prominent on commemorations of Bleiburg repatriations. Banned are the Ustaše logo (U with a grenade), the Independent State of Croatia coat of arms and flag, the Croatian Defence Forces logo, as well as the Ustaše slogan Za dom spremni.{{Cite news |last=Rudic |first=Filip |date=13 February 2019 |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/02/13/austria-bans-two-croatian-ustasa-symbols/ |title=Austria Bans Two Croatian Ustasa Symbols |publisher=Balkan Insight |access-date=28 October 2023}}{{Cite news |url=https://n1info.hr/english/news/austrian-government-bans-hos-symbols/ |title=Austrian government bans HOS symbols |publisher=N1 |date=1 December 2018 |access-date=28 October 2023}}

Article 341¹ of the Criminal Code prohibits the public display, production, distribution, or storage for the purpose of distribution of Nazi symbolism or paraphernalia. The offense carries penalties of a fine, arrest, up to three years of restraint of liberty, or up to four years of imprisonment as punishment. Additionally, Article 130¹ of the Criminal Code prohibits the rehabilitation of Nazism, with penalties including a fine, arrest, up to five years of restraint of liberty, or up to five years of imprisonment.{{cite web |title=Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus |url=http://law.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=HK9900275 |website=National Center of Legal Information of the Republic of Belarus |access-date=22 February 2023}}

Cyprus has no legislation designed to restrict the ownership, display, purchase, import or export of Nazi flags, nor does the Criminal Code of Cyprus expressly allow for racist or other bias motives to be taken into account when sentencing.{{cite web |title=Hate Crime Report Card – Cyprus |url=http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/discrimination/pages.aspx?id=104 |work=Fighting Discrimination |publisher=Human Rights First |access-date=23 June 2009}}

However, use of Nazi flags in a manner likely to cause discrimination, hatred, or violence may be dealt with under Cyprus' ratification of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. This allows for the prosecution of anyone who expresses an idea (in public, using almost any medium including flags) which insults another person's race, religion or ethnicity.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

{{Update|section|date=October 2014}}

Czech Republic has no legislation restricting ownership, display, purchase, import or export of Nazi flags; indeed Czech legislation makes even the banning of protests involving such flags very difficult.{{cite web |title=Czech court overturns ban on neo-Nazi march past city synagogue |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/950384.html |date=1 February 2008 |work=News |access-date=24 June 2009}}

In 1991, in Czechoslovakia, the criminal code was amended with 260 which banned propaganda of movements which restricted human rights and freedoms, citing Nazism and Communism. Later the specific mentions of these were removed citing their lack of clear legal definition. However, the law itself was recognised as constitutional.[http://www.legislationline.org/documents/id/17873 "JOINT AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF FOR THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF MOLDOVA ON THE COMPATIBILITY WITH EUROPEAN STANDARDS"], p. 8

The police may cancel such events only once it becomes clear that protesters are inciting hate, which is deemed illegal in the Czech Republic. Legal regulation of hate crimes in the Czech Republic is contained in Act 140/1961 The Criminal Act{{cite book |last1=Múka |first1=Ondřej |last2=Krutina |first2=Miroslav |last3=Rameš |first3=Filip |last4=Špaček |first4=Jan |title=Combating hate crime in Latvia and the Czech republic |url=http://www.helcom.cz/download/sborniky/CHV_HateCrime.pdf |format=Paper |year=2003 |publisher=Český helsinský výbor |language=en, cs |isbn=978-80-86436-22-7 |access-date=24 June 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224195341/http://www.helcom.cz/cs/ |url-status=dead }} (amended by Act 175/1990).

Act 40/2009 have prohibited promotion of movements aimed at suppressing human rights and freedoms.{{Cite web |title=§ 403, Zákon č. 40/2009 Sb. |url=https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2009-40 |publisher=Zákony Pro Lidi |date=9 February 2009 |access-date=26 October 2024 |language=cs |location=Prague, Czech Republic}}

In early 2007, the Riigikogu was proceeding a draft bill amending the Penal Code to make the public use of Soviet and Nazi symbols punishable if used in a manner disturbing the public peace or inciting hatred.{{cite web|url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/sitting-reviews/the-riigikogu-passed-the-public-procurements-act/|title=Sitting reviews|date=24 January 2007|publisher=Riigikogu|access-date=14 January 2020}} The bill did not come into effect as it passed only the first reading in the Riigikogu.{{cite web|url=https://epl.delfi.ee/arvamus/a?id=70252293|title=Ants Erm: Erinevalt venelaste ajaloost on Venemaa ajalugu Eestis vaid vägivald, küüditamine ja kommunistlik diktatuur|publisher=Eesti Päevaleht|date=28 November 2014|access-date=14 January 2020|language=et}}

Finland has no explicit legislation aimed at controlling ownership, display, purchase, import or export of Nazi symbols. However the Criminal Code (39/1889 contains sections that could situationally limit the usage of Nazi symbolism (e.g. Chapter 11 'War crimes and offences against humanity' section 10 (agitation against a population group) and 10 a (aggravated agitation against a population group)).{{cite web |year=2004 |title=The Criminal Code of Finland (Unofficial Translation) |url=http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213150526/http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2005 |access-date=24 June 2009 |work=Legislation Database |publisher=FINLEX}} The Criminal Code's Agitation against a population group sections may be applicable when Nazi symbolism is used to threaten, defame, or insult a certain group "on the basis of its race, colour, birth, national or ethnic origin, religion or belief, sexual orientation or disability or on another comparable basis". It remains ambiguous whether keeping Nazi symbolism visible under certain circumstances constitutes agitation against a population group.

Finnish usage of the swastika predates Nazi Germany's usage of the Nazi swastika.{{Cite web |title=History of the Finnish Air Force |url=https://ilmavoimat.fi/en/history |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Ilmavoimat |language=en-US}} As of 2024, flags containing the symbol can be found within the Finnish military. Particularly the Finnish Air Force.{{cite web|url=https://ilmavoimat.fi/air-force-academy|title=Air Force Academy – Ilmavoimat|website=ilmavoimat.fi|language=en-US|access-date=17 June 2019}}{{cite web|url=http://www.lentosotakoulunperinneyhdistys.fi/historia.php?udpview=1788623251|title=Lentosotakoulun Perinneyhdistys ry – Historiaa|website=lentosotakoulunperinneyhdistys.fi|access-date=17 June 2019}}

In France, it is a crime to display Nazi flags, uniforms and insignia in public, unless for the purpose of a historical film, show, filmmaking or spectacle.Penal code, [http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006419560&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719 article R645-1]; beware that this article is in the "regulations" part of the code (R articles) and that some editions may include only the "statutes" part (L articles).

In April 2000, the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism and Union des étudiants juifs de France (the Union of French Jewish Students) brought a case against Yahoo! which objected to the auctioning of Nazi memorabilia, in France, via Yahoo!'s website on the basis that it contravened Article R645-1.{{cite web |title=LICRA v. Yahoo! Inc., No. RG 00/05308 |url=http://www.asil.org/ilib0333.cfm#03 |date=20 November 2000 |work=Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris |publisher=American Society of International Law |access-date=26 June 2009 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225064922/https://www.asil.org/ilib0333.cfm#03 |url-status=dead }} A French judge did initially order Yahoo! to take measures to make it impossible for users in France to reach any Nazi memorabilia through the Yahoo! site.{{cite book |last1=Klosek |first1=Jacqueline |title=The Legal Guide To E-Business |url=https://archive.org/details/legalguidetoebus0000klos |format=Hardcover |year=2003 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |isbn=978-1-56720-403-2 |url-access=registration }}

{{Main|Strafgesetzbuch section 86a{{!}}Strafgesetzbuch section 86a}}

After World War II, the penal code of the Federal Republic of Germany was amended to prohibit propaganda material and symbols of forbidden parties and other organisations (StGB 86 and 86a). This explicitly includes material in the tradition of a former national socialist organization. The production and distribution of such material is prohibited, as is the public display of the related symbols. Legal consequences can be a fine or a prison term of up to three years.

Examples are Nazi symbols, such as the swastika and the SS logo. It is legal to use the symbols for educational and artistic purposes, such as in films, museums, shows and video games; the latter was formerly subject to restrictions which led to German-language versions of games to omit or censor any explicit references to Nazism until a ruling in 2018 upheld the recognition of video games as art, thus entitling them under the social adequacy exemption.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45142651.amp | title=Germany lifts ban on video game swastikas | date=10 August 2018 }} Exceptions are also made when the symbols are used to condemn Nazism, rather than condone it. (i.e. A symbol of a person throwing a swastika in a trash can, a crossed-out swastika, etc. would be legal.){{cite web |title=Bundesgerichtshof: Anti-Nazi-Symbole sind nicht strafbar |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,471880,00.html |website=Der Spiegel |language=de |date=15 March 2007}}

Section 335 of the Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code of Hungary regulates the "use of symbols of totalitarianism", including the swastika, the insignia of the SS, the Nyilaskereszt, the hammer and sickle, and the five-pointed red star.{{cite report|url=https://www.academia.edu/4602286 |title=Criminal Code of Hungary 2012|first=xiaoping|last=qian}}

In June 2013, the Latvian parliament approved a ban on the display of Nazi and Soviet symbols at all public events. The ban involves flags, anthems, uniforms, and the Nazi swastika.{{cite news |title=Latvia bans the use of USSR symbols during public events |url=https://bnn-news.com/latvia-prohibits-ussr-symbols-public-events-92870 |publisher=Baltic News Network |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=14 September 2014}}{{cite news |title=Latvia Bans Soviet Symbols |url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/latvia-bans-soviet-symbols-25182 |newspaper=Moscow Times |date=23 June 2013 |access-date=14 September 2014}}

Lithuania banned Nazi symbols in 2008 (Article 188¹⁸ of the Code of Administrative Offences) under the threat of a fine.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/7459976.stm | work=BBC News | title=Lithuanian ban on Soviet symbols | date=17 June 2008}} Article 5 of the Law on Meetings prohibits meetings involving Nazi and Soviet imagery.Joint amicus curiae brief, p. 11

In 2009, § 2 to 4 were added to Article 256 of the Polish Penal Code banning the "production, recording, importing, acquiring, storing, possessing, presenting or transporting" for the purpose of dissemination of "prints, recordings or other objects" that "publicly promote a fascist or other totalitarian system of state", unless done "as part of artistic, educational, collecting or academic activity", and provides for forfeiture regardless of owner upon conviction.{{cite web|url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20180001600/U/D20181600Lj.pdf | title=Kodeks karny (Penal code)| publisher=Sejm| page=101| language=Polish |year=2018 | accessdate=2022-01-24}}

Russian administrative code prohibits propaganda, production and dissemination of Nazi symbols, lookalikes, and the Rising Sun Flag with fines up to 100,000 rubles.{{cite web|url=http://koapkodeksrf.ru/rzd-2/gl-20/st-20-3-koap-rf|title=Статья 20.3. Пропаганда либо публичное демонстрирование нацистской атрибутики или символики, либо атрибутики или символики экстремистских организаций, либо иных атрибутики или символики, пропаганда либо публичное демонстрирование которых запрещены законом|website=Кодекс об Административных Правонарушениях РФ Russian National Unity (RNU; transcribed Russkoe natsionalnoe edinstvo RNE) or All-Russian civic patriotic movement "Russian National Unity" (Russian: Всероссийское общественное патриотическое движение "Русское национальное единство") was an unregistered neo-Nazi,[2][3][4][5][6] irredentist[7] group based in Russia and formerly operating in states with Russian-speaking populations.[8][9] It was founded in 1990 by the ultra-nationalist Alexander Barkashov.[8] The movement advocated the expulsion of non-Russians and an increased role for traditional Russian institutions such as the Russian Orthodox Church. The organization was unregistered federally in Russia, but nonetheless collaborated on a limited basis with the Federal Security Service.[7] The group was banned in Moscow in 1999[10][11] after which the group gradually split up in smaller groups and their webpage became defunct in 2006.[12][13] 2021}}

In 2009, Serbia passed a law prohibiting "manifestations of Neo-nazi or Fascist organizations and associations, and use of the Neo-nazi or Fascist symbols and insignia".{{cite web|title=Zakon o zabrani manifestacija neonacističkih ili fašističkih organizacija i udruženja i zabrani upotrebe neonacističkih ili fašističkih simbola i obeležja|url=https://www.paragraf.rs/propisi/zakon_o_zabrani_manifestacija_neonacistickih_ili_fasistickih_organizacija_i_udruzenja_i_zabrani_upotrebe_neonacistickih.html|access-date=1 August 2020|website=paragraf.rs|language=sr}}

In Spain, there is no law prohibiting the display of Nazi symbology except when associated with criminal conduct.{{cite web|url=https://www.h50.es/esta-prohibido-exhibir-simbologia-nazi-en-espana/ |title=¿Está prohibido exhibir simbología nazi en España? |language=es |last=Puig |first=Jose M. |publisher=h50 Digital Policial |date=2 February 2021 |access-date=8 November 2022 }} A proposed ban is still awaiting consideration.{{cite web|url=https://www.europapress.es/comunitat-valenciana/noticia-compromis-propone-simbolos-nazis-fascistas-esten-prohibidos-espana-marcha-ultra-valencia-20201013151644.html|title=Compromís propone que los símbolos nazis y fascistas estén prohibidos en España tras la marcha ultra en Valencia|language=es|publisher=Europa Press|date=13 October 2020|access-date=22 March 2023}}

On 9 February 2022, the Federal Council of Switzerland rejected a ban on Nazi symbols and salutes.{{cite news |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/societe/suisse-quels-sont-les-symboles-extremistes-desormais-interdits-dans-lespace-public-2718623 | title=Suisse : quels sont les symboles extrémistes désormais interdits dans l'espace public ? | newspaper=TV5Monde }}

The public display of Nazi and communist flags is illegal in Ukraine. Exceptions are symbols used for artistic, educational, scientific and historical purposes, symbols that were used until 1991.{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/317-19#Text | publisher=Verkhovna Rada | title=THE LAW OF UKRAINE On the condemnation of the communist and national socialist (Nazi) totalitarian regimes in Ukraine and the prohibition of propaganda of their symbols }}{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1770-20#Text | publisher=Verkhovna Rada | title=THE LAW OF UKRAINE On the prevention of and counteraction to antisemitism in Ukraine}}

According to the British law, the use of Nazi symbols is not a crime,{{Cite news |last=Bradley |first=Jane |date=10 June 2023 |title=Why is the UK one of the only Western countries with no ban on Nazi symbols? |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/why-is-the-uk-one-of-the-only-western-countries-with-no-ban-on-nazi-symbols-4176939 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230908190700/https://www.scotsman.com/news/why-is-the-uk-one-of-the-only-western-countries-with-no-ban-on-nazi-symbols-4176939 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=15 April 2024 |work=The Scotsman}} but it was from 1939 until 1945. {{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The public display of Nazi flags is illegal nationwide, as well as in the states of New South Wales,{{cite web |url=https://www.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/public-display-of-nazi-symbols-banned-nsw | title=Public display of Nazi symbols banned in NSW | NSW Government | date=11 August 2022 }} Queensland,{{cite web |url=https://statements.qld.gov.au/statements/95214 | title=Queensland to make public display of hate symbols a crime }} Tasmania,{{cite web |url=https://www.premier.tas.gov.au/site_resources_2015/additional_releases/criminalising_nazi_symbols_displayed_to_cause_hate_or_fear | title=Criminalising Nazi symbols displayed to cause hate or fear | date=28 June 2024 }} Victoria{{cite web |url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/nazi-hate-symbols-now-banned-victoria | title=Nazi Hate Symbols Now Banned in Victoria | Premier of Victoria }} (also banned the Nazi salute){{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-19/victorian-liberals-move-to-expel-mp-who-attended-rally/102117788|title=Victorian government moves to ban Nazi salute as Liberals move to expel MP Moira Deeming over anti-trans rights rally|website=ABC News}} and Western Australia.{{cite web |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/states-across-australia-take-action-against-emergence-of-nazi-symbols-amid-ban-in-wa-and-arrests-in-qld/news-story/4b131a37813db534e0b7478b126faf52 | title=Nazi symbols banned in WA amid major arrests in QLD | date=19 January 2023 }} Laws have also been proposed in the remaining states and territories. In June 2023, the Albanese government introduced legislation to criminalize the sale and public display of Nazi symbols and the public performance of the Nazi salute. It was introduced under the bill "Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Prohibited Hate Symbols and Other Measures)". The law went into effect on 8 January 2024, and violations are punishable by up to 12 months in prison.{{Cite news |last=Vinall |first=Frances |date=2024-01-09 |title=Australia bans Nazi salutes, swastikas after extremist right-wing protests |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/09/australia-bans-nazi-salutes-swastikas/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}

On 8 October 2024, Jacob Hersant of the National Socialist Network became the first Victorian to be found guilty of performing a Nazi salute.{{Cite news |last=Silva |first=Kristian |date=8 October 2024 |title=Far-right extremist who challenged validity of Nazi salute ban becomes first Victorian to be found guilty of new offence |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-10-08/vic-nazi-salute-jacob-hersant-court/104443118 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}

• Bans on communist symbols
• Censorship
• Denazification
• Legality of Holocaust denial
• Nazi chic
• Rising Sun Flag

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|2}}

• {{cite web|title=Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_HOLocaust/holocaust_antisemitism/Bazyler_doc.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230074955/http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/holocaust_antisemitism/Bazyler_doc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2006 |publisher=International Institute for Holocaust Studies |access-date=24 June 2009 }}
• {{cite web |title=Combating the resurrection of nazi ideology |url=http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc05/EDOC10766.htm |publisher=Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly |access-date=24 June 2009}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Post-World War II legality of Nazi flags}}

Category:Aftermath of World War II

Category:Censorship

Category:Censorship in Brazil

Category:Censorship in Europe

Category:Flag controversies

Category:Flags of Nazi Germany

Category:Iconoclasm

Category:Nazi symbolism

Category:Symbols of Nazi Germany