:Bonshō

The {{Transliteration|ja|bonshō}} is derived from the {{Transliteration|zh|bianzhong}} ({{nihongo||編鐘|henshō}} in Japanese), an ancient Chinese court instrument comprising a series of tuned bells. One larger additional bell, which eventually developed into the {{Transliteration|ja|bonshō}}, was used as a tuning device and a summons to listeners to attend a {{Transliteration|zh|bianzhong}} recital.{{cite AV media| people=Gill, Steven Henry (Writer); May, Julian (Producer) | date=7 March 2010 | title=Heart & Soul: Japan's Buddhist temple bells | medium=Radio documentary | location=Japan | publisher=BBC World Service| url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p006dg47}} According to legend, the earliest {{Transliteration|ja|bonshō}} may have come from China to Japan via the Korean Peninsula. The {{Transliteration|ja|Nihon Shoki}} records that Ōtomo no Satehiko brought three bronze bells back to Japan in 562 as spoils of war from Goguryeo.{{cite journal |last1=Onozuka |first1=Masakazu |title=Tsurikane no O-hanashi |trans-title=About Tsurikane |journal=IHI Gihō = Journal of IHI Technologies |date=2012 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=32–35 |url=http://www.ihi.co.jp/var/ezwebin_site/storage/original/application/d19e6c36aac51b32247eb17d844a3506.pdf |language=ja |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620000616/https://www.ihi.co.jp/var/ezwebin_site/storage/original/application/d19e6c36aac51b32247eb17d844a3506.pdf |url-status=dead }}

File:Miidera-kannondo5313.ogv

{{Transliteration|ja|Bonshō}} are cast in a single piece using two moulds, a core and a shell, in a process that is largely unchanged since the Nara period (710–794).{{cite web |last1=Kazuyoshi |first1=Harada |title=New Bells with an Age-old Sound: Oigo Seisakusho |url=http://www.nippon.com/en/features/c00614/ |website=Features |date=7 October 2013 |publisher=Nippon.com |access-date=2 September 2014}} The core is constructed from a dome of stacked bricks made from hardened sand, whilst the shell is made using a strickle board. This is a large, flat, wooden board shaped like a cross-section of the bell, which is rotated around a vertical axis to shape the clay used for the mould. Inscriptions and decorations are then carved or impressed into the clay.{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Cyril Stanley |title=Penrose Memorial Lecture. Metallurgical Footnotes to the History of Art |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=April 17, 1972 |volume=116 |issue=2 |page=109 |jstor=986166 }} The shell fits over the core to create a narrow gap, into which the molten bronze is poured at a temperature of over {{convert|1050|C|F}}. The ratio of the alloy is usually around 17:3 copper to tin; the exact admixture (as well as the speed of the cooling process) can alter the tone of the end product. After the metal has cooled and solidified, the mould is removed by breaking it, therefore a new one has to be created for each bell.{{cite web |title=The Ohjikicho Temple Bell (Myoshinji Temple, Kyoto) The Difference a Single Hz Can Make |url=http://www.murata.com/en-eu/about/newsroom/techmag/metamorphosis15/works/01 |work=The Japanese Craftsman |publisher=Murata Manufacturing Company |access-date=16 May 2013}} The process has a high failure rate; only around 50 per cent of castings are successful on the first attempt, without cracks or imperfections.

File:Bonsho bits.png

The casting is traditionally accompanied by the chanting of Buddhist sutras, which may go on for several hours. Buddhist prayer papers, sprigs of sacred mulberry and other ceremonial offerings are added to the molten bronze during the founding process.{{cite news |last=Smith |first=D. Ray |title=Oak Ridge International Friendship Bell – Part 1 of casting ceremony |url=http://www.oakridger.com/article/20080708/NEWS/307089975 |access-date=16 May 2013 |newspaper=The Oakridger |date=8 June 2008}}

There are several parts to a temple bell:{{cite book |first=Louis |last=Frédéric |title=Japan Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA81 |year=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01753-5 |page=81}}{{cite web |title=Buddhist Temples |url=http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/indepth/cultural/experience/e.html |publisher=Japan National Tourism Organization |access-date=15 May 2013}}

• {{Nihongo||竜頭|Ryūzu}}, the dragon-shaped handle at the top of the bell, by which it is carried or hung
• {{Nihongo||笠形|Kasagata}}, the domed crown of the bell
• {{Nihongo||乳|Chi|or {{Transliteration|ja|nyū}}}}, bosses around the upper part of the bell that improve its resonance
• {{Nihongo||駒の爪|Koma no tsume}}, lower rim
• {{Nihongo||撞座|Tsuki-za}}, striking panel, a reinforced spot where the bell is struck. It is often decorated with a Buddhist lotus or chrysanthemum motif.{{cite web |title=Campanology Word of the Day: Bonshō |url=https://www.bells.org/blog/campanology-word-day-bonsho |website=Bells.org |date=22 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022}}
• {{Nihongo||竜貴|Tatsuki}}, decorative horizontal bands
• {{Nihongo||銘文|Mei-bun}}, inscription (often giving the bell's history)
• {{Nihongo||手木|Shu-moku}}, the hanging wooden beam used to strike the {{Transliteration|ja|tsuki-za}}

Some bells retain linear impressions arising from joints in the mould used; they are not removed during fettling but are regarded as an aspect of the bell's overall beauty. The bell's appearance and sound are intended to be in keeping with Japan's {{Transliteration|ja|wabi-sabi}} aesthetic.

{{listen |filename=Bonsyou5599.ogg |title=Chomei-ji no Bonshō |description=Sound of the bell in Chomei Temple, Ōmihachiman}}

Japanese temple bells are struck externally with either a hammer or a suspended beam rather than with an internal clapper.{{cite book |first=Rebecca |last=Berkley |title=The Illustrated Complete Musical Instruments Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5dOLjmHqKMC |year=2006 |publisher=Flame tree |isbn=978-1-84451-520-2 |page=71}}{{cite journal |last1=Starr |first1=Laura B. |title=Japanese Metal Work |journal=The Decorator and Furnisher |date=1896|volume=27 |issue=5 |page=140 |doi=10.2307/25583310 |jstor=25583310 }} The sound of the bell is made up of three parts. First is the {{Transliteration|ja|atari}}, the impact of the strike. A well-made bell should produce a clean, clear tone. The initial sound of the strike is immediately followed by the prolonged {{Transliteration|ja|oshi}}, the reverberation that continues to sound after the bell is struck. This is higher in pitch and is a low rumble with a sorrowful air, rich in harmonics; it lasts for up to ten seconds. Finally comes the {{Transliteration|ja|okuri}} or decay, the resonance that is heard as the vibration of the bell dies away, which can last up to a minute. There are also continuous harmonic overtones heard throughout the tolling of the bell. These multiple tones create a complex pitch profile.{{cite web |title=Human Hearing |url=http://www.ausbell.com.au/new_tech.html |website=New Technologies |publisher=Australian Bell |access-date=2 September 2014}}

The low tone and deep resonance of the bell allow the sound to carry over great distances; a large {{Transliteration|ja|bonshō}} can be heard up to {{convert|32|km|miles}} away on a clear day. The pitch of the bell is carefully judged by its creators, and a difference of a single hertz in the fundamental frequency can require that the bell be recast from scratch.

{{Transliteration|ja|Bonshō}} are sited in Buddhist temples, usually in a specially designated building or tower called a {{Nihongo||鐘楼|shōrō}}. They are used to mark the passage of time,{{cite book |first1=Douwe |last1=Tiemersma |first2=Henk |last2=Oosterling |title=Time and Temporality in Intercultural Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_nfFaHjkBwC&pg=PA97|year=1996 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=90-5183-973-1 |page=97}} and to call the monks to liturgical services.{{cite book |first=William P. |last=Malm |title=Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments: The New Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/traditionaljapan0000malm |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=978-4-7700-2395-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/traditionaljapan0000malm/page/74 74]}} In Buddhism, the bell's sound is considered to be calming and to induce a suitable atmosphere for meditation.{{cite web |title=Bon-sho (Sacred Bell) |url=http://www.byodo-in.com/bon-sho.htm |publisher=Byodo-in Temple |access-date=15 May 2013}} Because of their shape (with sloped shoulders and a flat base) the bells are seen as representations of the sitting Buddha, and are accorded similar respect; those striking the bell will first make three bows towards it, just as they would before a statue of Buddha.

The sonorous sound of the bell was also used to warn of impending typhoons and as a general alert.{{cite book |first=Percival |last=Price |title=Bells and Man |url=https://archive.org/details/bellsman00pric |url-access=registration |year=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-318103-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bellsman00pric/page/48 48]}} Because the ringing of a temple bell could be heard over considerable distances, it was also sometimes used for other signalling purposes; there are records of temple bells being used for military communication from as far back as the Genpei War (1180–1185 CE). Smaller versions were subsequently cast for battlefield use, as the large temple bells were too heavy and unwieldy to transport. These smaller {{Transliteration|ja|bonshō}} were used primarily as alarms to warn of enemy attacks; commands were given using drums and conches.{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Turnbull |title=War in Japan 1467–1615 |date=20 June 2012 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-78200-018-1 |page=29 }}

As part of Japanese New Year celebrations, people queue to ring the temple bells 108 times in a ceremony known as {{Nihongo3|"New Year bells"|除夜の鐘|Joyanokane}}; the 108 peals of the bell are intended to purge humanity of the 108 earthly temptations.{{cite book |first=Helen J. |last=Baroni |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smNM4ElP3XgC&pg=PA306 |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-2240-6 |page=306}}{{cite web|title=In with the New around the World |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18717038.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921204310/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18717038.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2014 |work=The Scotsman |via=HighBeam Research |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 May 2013}} During the Buddhist Bon Festival, a special type of {{Transliteration|ja|bonshō}} called an {{Nihongo3|"great hollow bell"|大久保大鐘|ōkubo-ōgane}} is rung. This bell is hung above a well, and it is believed that the sound of the bell resonates down the well into the underworld, to summon the spirits of the dead. At the end of the festival, another {{Transliteration|ja|bonshō}}, called an {{Nihongo3|"sending-back bell"|送り鐘|okurikane}}, is rung to send the spirits back and to represent the end of the summer.{{cite book|last1=Horton|first1=Sarah|title=Living Buddhist Statues in Early Medieval and Modern Japan|date=2007|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-6420-5|page=132|url=http://librarum.org/book/50669/145|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103752/http://librarum.org/book/50669/145|archive-date=2014-10-06}}

During World War II the demand for metal for the war effort resulted in many bells being melted down for scrap. As a result, those that survived are generally regarded as important historic artifacts. More than 70,000 bells (approximately 90 per cent of the {{Transliteration|ja|bonshō}} then in existence) were destroyed in this way.{{cite web |title=What is a Bonsho（梵鐘 temple bell）? : Temples |url=http://www.japantwo.com/en/culture/architecture/temples/temple-bell.php |work=Japan Two |publisher=JESTO Ltd. |access-date=15 May 2013}} However, rapid production of bells during the post-war period meant that by 1995 the number of temple bells in Japan had returned to pre-war levels.

In the latter half of the 20th century, the World Peace Bell Association was set up in Japan, with the purpose of funding and casting temple bells to be placed around the world as symbols of peace.{{cite web |title=Bells & Gongs for Peace (&/or International Friendship) Around the World |url=http://peace.maripo.com/p_bells.htm |publisher=Peace Monuments Around the World |access-date=16 May 2013}}{{cite web |title=About World Peace Bell |url=http://www009.upp.so-net.ne.jp/wpba/e_peacebell.html |publisher=World Peace Bell Association |access-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819204903/http://www009.upp.so-net.ne.jp/wpba/e_peacebell.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |url-status=dead }} {{Transliteration|ja|Bonshō}} have also been cast in response to natural disasters such as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami; several affected communities commissioned bells to commemorate the event.

{{Transliteration|ja|Bonshō}} have occasionally been used as musical instruments in modern compositions. The recorded sound of temple bells was used in Mayuzumi Toshiro's piece Olympic Campanology, used to open the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games.{{cite journal |last1=Shimazu |first1=Takehito |title=The History of Electronic and Computer Music in Japan: Significant Composers and Their Works |journal=Leonardo Music Journal |date=1994 |volume=4 |page=103 |doi=10.2307/1513190 |jstor=1513190|s2cid=193084745 }} A temple bell is also used in performances of Jacob Druckman's piece Lamia, in which it is rung while placed on top of a kettledrum.{{cite journal |last1=Frank |first1=Andrew |title=Lamia, for Soprano and Orchestra by Jacob Druckman |journal=Notes |date=June 1982 |volume=38 |issue=4 |page=930 |doi=10.2307/940004 |jstor=940004}} Modern composers for percussion have sometimes used the temple bell to replace the now common sound of the orchestral tam-tam.{{cite book |first=John H. |last=Beck |title=Encyclopedia of Percussion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8U83AgAAQBAJ|date=26 November 2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-74768-0 |page=292}}

The oldest known {{Transliteration|ja|bonshō}} (and the oldest bell in the world still in use) is the Okikicho bell at Myōshin-ji, which was cast in 698.{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Rossing |title=Science of Percussion Instruments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FCUngEACAAJ&q=thomas+rossing+science+of+percussion+instruments |year=2000 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-02-4158-2 |page=179}} The largest is the bell at Chion-in, which was cast in 1636 and weighs 70 metric tons. It requires a team of 17 to sound it.{{cite web |title=Ōgane (Large Bell) and the Daishōrō (Great Bell Tower)[Buildings] |url=https://www.chion-in.or.jp/en/highlight/building/daishoro.php |publisher=Chion-In |access-date=18 August 2023}}

File:Chikanobu The Giant Bell.jpg, The Giant Bell, {{circa|1890}} {{Transliteration|ja|ukiyo-e}} triptych depicting Benkei stealing the Mii-dera {{Transliteration|ja|bonshō}}]]

During the 17th century the {{Transliteration|ja|bonshō}} was also a symbol of a temple's leadership; possession of the bell indicated ownership of the associated temple. As a result, bells were often stolen; the folk hero Benkei is said to have dragged the three-ton bell of Mii-dera temple up Mount Hiei during one such theft.{{cite book |first=Richard King |last=Beardsley| title=Studies in Japanese Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rz7rAAAAMAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |pages=54–55}}{{cite book |title=Namazu-e and Their Themes: An Interpretative Approach to Some Aspects of Japanese Folk Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1P4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA172 |year=1964 |publisher=Brill Archive |page=172}}{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Ashkenazi |title=Handbook of Japanese Mythology |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk |url-access=registration |year=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-467-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk/page/97 97]}} The deep scratches in the Benkei bell, which is still displayed at Mii-dera, are said in the legend to be the result of Benkei's kicking the bell all the way back to the monastery when he discovered that it would not toll for him.{{cite book|first=James Albert|last=Michener|title=The Floating World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWH3P_CuEPsC&pg=PA292|year=1954|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0873-0|page=292}} The Benkei bell is also associated with the legendary hero Tawara Tōda, who originally donated it to the Mii-dera temple. He acquired it as a gift from the dragon deity Ryūjin, after saving the god from a giant centipede.{{cite book |last=Ashkenazi |first=Michael |title=Handbook of Japanese Mythology |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk |url-access=registration |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-467-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk/page/270 270]}}

File:Hokoji-BellDetail-M1767.jpg

After the Hōkō-ji temple burned down at the start of the 17th century, Toyotomi Hideyori sponsored its reconstruction in 1610, and commissioned a large bell as part of that process. The bell's inscription drew the ire of Tokugawa Ieyasu, who had become {{Transliteration|ja|shōgun}} after wresting power from the Toyotomi clan when Hideyori's father Hideyoshi died. The inscription, {{Nihongo3|'Peace and tranquility for the nation'|国家安康|"Kokka ankō"}}, broke up the characters for the shogun's name ({{nihongo2|家康}}) with the kanji for "peace" ({{Nihongo2|安}}). Tokugawa assumed Toyotomi was implying that peace would require the "dismemberment" of the Tokugawa. He used the subsequent dispute as an excuse to wage war on the Toyotomi clan, resulting in the siege of Osaka and the eventual destruction of the Toyotomi.{{cite book|first=A L|last=Sadler|title=The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9mxTBIyZJkC&pg=PA273 |date=7 September 2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-84508-0|page=273}}{{cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=Richard A. B. |title=Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869| year=1966 |publisher=The Ponsonby Memorial Society |page=292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aLpAAAAMAAJ}}{{cite book |last=Titsingh |first=Isaac |author-link=Isaac Titsingh |title=Nipon o Daï Itsi Ran; ou, Annales des Empereurs du Japon |year=1834 |publisher=Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland |page=[https://archive.org/details/niponodaitsiran00ringoog/page/n467 410] |url=https://archive.org/details/niponodaitsiran00ringoog|quote=nipon o dai itsi ran.}}

A bronze {{Transliteration|ja|bonshō}} was among the gifts presented to Commodore Matthew Perry upon his arrival in Japan.{{cite book |last=Mansfield |first=Stephen |title=Tokyo: A Cultural History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qrr-CKuAjkUC&pg=PA82 |date=29 April 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972965-4 |page=82}} Cast by bellmakers from the Suwa family of Higo Province, it is now held in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.{{cite journal |last1=Houchins |first1=Chang Su |title=Artifacts of Diplomacy: Smithsonian Collections from Commodore Matthew Perry's Japan Expedition (1853–1854) |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology |date=1995 |issue=37 |page=111 |url=http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Anthropology/pdf_lo/SCtA-0037.pdf |access-date=5 September 2014}}

The Noh play {{nihongo||道成寺|Dōjōji}}, one of the only Noh plays to feature a prop of any significant size, is based on a legend concerning the bell of Dōjō-ji. In the story a woman named Kiyohime, the spurned mistress of a Buddhist priest named Anchin, traps her lover inside the temple's bell and then kills him by turning into a snake, coiling around the bell, and cooking him in it.{{cite book |title=20 Plays of the Nō Theatre |author=Keene, Donald |author-link=Donald Keene |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-231-03455-5 |pages=238–252}} The play was later adapted for kabuki, entitled {{nihongo3|"The Maiden at Dojoji Temple"|娘道成寺|Musume Dōjōji}}.{{cite web |url= https://www.komuso.com/pieces/pieces.pl?piece=2417|title=Musume Dojoji |work=The International Shakuhachi Society|first=William |last=P Malm|access-date=2024-12-04}}

The bell of the Nishi-Arai Daishi Temple in Tokyo was removed in 1943, to be melted down as part of the Japanese war effort. The crew of the USS Pasadena found it on a scrap heap and took it with them to the US as a war trophy, donating it to the city of Pasadena; the city council returned the bell to Tokyo in 1955.{{cite magazine |magazine=LIFE |title=Big Buddhist Bell Back Home |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41YEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87| date=12 September 1955 |publisher=Time Inc |page=87 |issn=0024-3019}} A similar story accompanies the bell of Manpuku-ji, which was taken to the United States on the USS Boston after the war; in this case, however, the Sendai authorities allowed the bell to remain in Boston as a symbol of friendship between the two cities. The Boston bell is the last WWII {{Transliteration|ja|bonshō}} in the United States.{{cite web |last=Crawford |first=Francine |title=The Story of the Japanese Temple Bell in the Back Bay Fens |date=10 March 2012 |url=http://patch.com/massachusetts/backbay/bp--the-story-of-the-japanese-temple-bell-in-the-back-bay-fens |publisher=BackBay Patch |access-date=17 May 2013}}

The Japanese Peace Bell at the headquarters of the United Nations in New York was donated by Japan in 1954 as a symbol of world peace. It was created using metal reclaimed from coins and medals provided by donors from around the globe.{{cite web|title=Japanese Peace Bell |url=https://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/untour/subjap.htm |work=UN Tour |publisher=United Nations |access-date=16 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928182232/http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/untour/subjap.htm |archive-date=28 September 2013 }} Similar bells representing a commitment to the cause of world peace can be found in many civic areas, including Hiroshima's Peace Memorial Park.{{cite journal |last=Weinberg |first=Alvin M. |title=Chapters from the Life of a Technological Fixer |journal=Minerva|date=December 1993 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=447–448 |jstor=41820913 |doi=10.1007/bf01096449|s2cid=144549127 }} In 1995, the city of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, erected a four-ton peace bell – a replica of one of the Hiroshima bells – in the city centre as part of its fiftieth-anniversary celebrations, and to strengthen ties with Japan. The Oak Ridge Friendship Bell is decorated with dates relating to Oak Ridge's connection to Japan (the uranium used in the Hiroshima atomic bomb was produced in Oak Ridge).{{cite journal |last1=Weinberg |first1=Alvin M. |title=Scientific Millenarianism |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=December 1999 |volume=143 |issue=4 |page=534 |jstor=3181986}} In 1998, a local citizen sued the city over the bell, claiming that it was a Buddhist symbol and violated local laws and the US Constitution. The case was ruled in favour of the City of Oak Ridge.{{cite book |first=Denise |last=Kiernan |title=The Girls of Atomic City: The Untold Story of the Women Who Helped Win World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zav6AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA307 |date=11 March 2014 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-1753-5 |page=308}}

• {{Transliteration|ja|Dōtaku}}, a type of bell that was developed during the Yayoi period
• {{Transliteration|ja|Kane}}, another suspended bell used in Buddhism
• {{Transliteration|ja|Suzu}}, bell used in Shinto shrines

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