:Cabrini–Green Homes

The construction of Cabrini–Green reflected the mid-20th-century urban renewal strategies used in United States urban planning. The extension buildings were referred to as the "Reds" due to their red brick exteriors, while the William Green Homes were called the "Whites" because of their reinforced concrete construction. Many of the high-rise buildings featured exterior porches called open galleries. According to the Chicago Housing Authority, the initial residents of the Cabrini rowhouses were primarily of Italian descent.{{Cite web |url=http://www.thecha.org/housingdev/cabrini_green_homes.html |title=Chicago Housing Authority website "History" |access-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312093807/http://thecha.org/housingdev/cabrini_green_homes.html |archive-date=March 12, 2009 |url-status=dead }} By 1962, the majority of residents in the full complex were African American.

File:North from Sedgwick & Locust Sts.jpg

In the 1850s, shanties were built on low-lying land along the Chicago River, initially inhabited by Swedish and later Irish populations. The area became known as "Little Hell" due to the presence of a nearby gas refinery that emitted visible flames and fumes.

By the early 20th century, it was referred to as "Little Sicily" due to a large Sicilian immigrant population.{{cite web |author=Payton |url=http://westnorth.com/2003/01/02/short-history-of-cabrini-green/ |title=Short history of Cabrini-Green |publisher=West North |date=January 2, 2003 |access-date=July 11, 2014}}

In 1929 Harvey Warren Zorbaugh wrote "The Gold Coast and the Slum: A Sociological Study of Chicago's Near North Side", examining the contrasting social conditions of the affluent Gold Coast, the impoverished Little Sicily, and the transitional areas in between. That same year, the Marshall Field Garden Apartments, a privately funded low-income housing development, was completed.

In 1942, the Frances Cabrini Homes were completed—586 units in 54 two-story rowhouse buildings designed by Holsman, Burmeister, et al. Initial residency requirements specified 75% white and 25% Black occupancy. The development was named for Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini, an Italian-American nun canonized for her work with the poor.

In 1957, the Cabrini Extension was added, consisting of 1,925 red brick units in mid- and high-rise buildings designed by A. Epstein & Sons.

In 1962, the William Green Homes were completed north of Division Street, comprising 1,096 units designed by Pace Associates. These were named after William Green, a former president of the American Federation of Labor.

In 1966, the lawsuit Gautreaux et al. v. Chicago Housing Authority was filed, alleging racially discriminatory practices in public housing placement. The CHA was found liable in 1969, and a consent decree was entered with the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development in 1981.{{cite web |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/296/907/1982538/ |title=Gautreaux v. Chicago Housing Authority, 296 F. Supp. 907 (N.D. Ill. 1969) |author= |date=February 10, 1969 |website=Justia.com |publisher=Justia |access-date=August 6, 2019 }}{{cite web |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/981/1091/2282239/ |title=Gautreaux v. Chicago Housing Authority, 981 F. Supp. 1091 (N.D. Ill. 1997) |author= |date=August 26, 1997 |website=Justia.com |publisher=Justia |access-date=August 6, 2019 }}

From 1974 to 1979, the television sitcom Good Times aired on CBS, using exterior shots of Cabrini–Green in its opening and closing credits. Although set in public housing, the series did not explicitly name the complex.

From March 26 to April 19, 1981, Chicago Mayor Jane Byrne temporarily moved into Cabrini–Green to draw attention to crime in the area.{{Cite web|url=http://www.chicagonow.com/blogs/photos/2009/10/mayor-byrne-moves-into-cabrini-green---1981.html|title=Mayor Byrne moves into Cabrini-Green - 1981 - ChicagoNow Photos|website=www.chicagonow.com}}

In 1992, the film Candyman, set in Cabrini–Green, was released.

In 1994, Chicago received one of the first HOPE VI grants to redevelop the area into a mixed-income neighborhood.{{cite news |url=http://www.plannersnetwork.org/2002/04/hope-vi-and-the-new-urbanism-eliminating-low-income-housing-to-make-mixed-income-communities/ |title=HOPE VI and the New Urbanism: Eliminating Low-Income Housing to Make Mixed-Income Communities |author=Smith, Janet L. |date=April 19, 2002}}, Retrieved May 28, 2013.

Demolition of high-rise buildings began on September 27, 1995.{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1995/09/27/demolition-is-finally-set-at-cabrini-green/ |title=Demolition Is Finally Set At Cabrini-green |author=McRoberts, Flynn |date=September 27, 1995 |work=Chicago Tribune}}, Retrieved May 28, 2013.

In 1997, the Near North Redevelopment Initiative was introduced, recommending demolition of the Green Homes and most of the Cabrini Extension.

In 1999, the Chicago Housing Authority launched the Plan for Transformation, a $1.5 billion initiative to demolish 18,000 units and build or rehabilitate 25,000 units, incorporating earlier Cabrini–Green redevelopment efforts.

Subsequent improvements included a new library, renovations to Seward Park, and a new shopping center.

On December 9, 2010, the final building of the William Green Homes closed.{{cite news |last=Ihejirika |first=Maudlyne |title=Last Cabrini–Green residents prepare for move, pack up |url=http://www.suntimes.com/2749870-417/cabrini-ricks-move-1230-burling.html |access-date=December 9, 2010 |newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |date=December 9, 2010}}

On March 30, 2011, the last high-rise building at Cabrini–Green was demolished, accompanied by a public art presentation.{{Cite web|url=http://www.projectcabrinigreen.org/|title=Project Cabrini Green|website=www.projectcabrinigreen.org}} Most of the Frances Cabrini rowhouses remain, though many are in poor condition or abandoned.

Cabrini–Green consisted of ten sections constructed over a 20-year period: the Frances Cabrini Rowhouses (586 units, completed in 1942), Cabrini Extension North and South (1,925 units, completed in 1957), and the William Green Homes (1,096 units, completed in 1962). As of May 3, 2011, all high-rise buildings in the complex had been demolished. A total of 150 Frances Cabrini Rowhouses, located south of Oak Street, north of Chicago Avenue, west of Hudson Avenue, and east of Cambridge Street, have been renovated and remain occupied.{{cite web |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/2246720-418/cabrini-housing-cha-residents-public.html |title=Cabrini-Green's last stand: Families prepare to move out |first=Maudlyne |last=Ihejirika |work=Chicago Sun-Times |date=October 23, 2010 |access-date=July 11, 2014 |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308103503/http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/2246720-418/cabrini-housing-cha-residents-public.html |url-status=dead }}

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Poverty and organized crime have been historically associated with the Cabrini–Green area. A 1931 map produced by Bruce-Roberts, Incorporated labeled the intersection of Oak Street and Milton Avenue (now Cleveland Avenue) as "Death Corner," noting it as the site of approximately 50 murders.{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11538.html |title=Map of Chicago's Gangland, 1931 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Chicago |year=2009 |access-date=July 11, 2014}}{{Cite web |title=Intersection known as Death Corner |url=https://images.chicagohistory.org/asset/1009/ |publisher=Chicago History Museum |access-date=June 17, 2021}}

Initially, the housing was racially integrated, and many residents were employed. However, following World War II, nearby factories that had supported the local economy closed, leading to widespread job loss. At the same time, municipal disinvestment caused in part by suburbanization and white flight resulted in the reduction of public services, including building maintenance.

In an effort to cut costs, lawns were paved over, broken lights were left unrepaired for extended periods, and fire-damaged apartments were boarded up rather than restored. Later developments, such as the William Green Homes, were constructed with limited budgets, leading to issues related to poor construction quality and long-term maintenance challenges.{{Cite web |last1=McQuilling |first1=Madeleine |last2=Sun-Times |title=Robert Taylor Homes |url=https://halbaronproject.web.illinois.edu/items/show/44 |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=The Hal Baron Project |language=en}} Many buildings lacked interior hallways; instead, units were accessed via exterior concrete walkways enclosed in chain-link fencing, exposing residents to weather conditions, including harsh winter temperatures.

Unlike many of the city's other public housing projects, Cabrini–Green was located at the boundary of two of Chicago’s wealthiest neighborhoods, Lincoln Park and the Gold Coast, and less than a mile from the Magnificent Mile. Despite its proximity to affluent areas, the complex was marked by high poverty rates. Gang activity was prominent, with individual gangs controlling specific buildings, and residents often felt compelled to affiliate with them for protection.

At the height of Cabrini-Green's disinvestment, vandalism became widespread. Graffiti was common, and damage to building infrastructure—such as doors, windows, and elevators—was frequent. Pest infestations were widespread, and garbage frequently clogged trash chutes, at one point accumulating up to the 15th floor. Utilities, including water and electricity, were often unreliable and went unrepaired for extended periods.

Externally, the buildings displayed signs of deterioration, with boarded-up windows, charred sections of the façade, and paved-over green areas. In response to safety concerns, balconies were enclosed with fencing to prevent the disposal of trash from upper floors and to reduce the risk of falls or objects being thrown. This gave the structures an appearance resembling prison tiers or cages, drawing criticism from community leaders.{{cite web |last=Gottfried |first=Keith E. |date=September 21, 2006 |title=Remarks of the Honorable Keith E. Gottfried, General Counsel of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development |url=http://www.hud.gov/offices/ogc/kgottfriedremarksatmultihousingworld092206.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411074332/http://www.hud.gov/offices/ogc/kgottfriedremarksatmultihousingworld092206.pdf |archive-date=April 11, 2008 |work=Presentation at the Multi-Housing World Conference and Expo |page=3}}

In the 1980s, Catholic lay worker William "Brother Bill" Tomes Jr. regularly visited Cabrini–Green in an effort to reduce violence within the community. His work attracted national attention, and he was interviewed by Time magazine and multiple television networks.{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988191,00.html |title=In The Line Of Fire |first=Ron |last=Stodghill |magazine=TIME |date=April 20, 1998 |access-date=July 11, 2014}}

File:Cabrini–Green Tear Down.jpg

Over the years, residents of Cabrini–Green organized to advocate for assistance from the city and to support one another within the community. Marion Stamps, a prominent community leader, was the most visible resident organizing protests and strikes against the Chicago Housing Authority, city officials, and others on behalf of Cabrini–Green residents from the 1960s until her death in 1996. That same year, the federal government ordered the demolition of 18,000 public housing units in Chicago, as part of a nationwide initiative affecting tens of thousands of units.

Some tenant activists at Cabrini–Green worked to prevent displacement and advocated for continued access to public housing for low-income residents. These efforts led to a consent decree that allowed certain buildings to remain standing during redevelopment, enabling residents to remain in their homes until new housing became available.{{cite web |last=Schmich |first=Mary |title=Buildings stand because a leader stood her ground |work=Chicago Tribune Web Edition |date=July 9, 2004 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/chi-0407090028jul09,1,5106001.column }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The agreement also provided displaced residents with guaranteed access to housing in the redeveloped neighborhood.

In 2001, a tenants group filed a lawsuit against the Chicago Housing Authority concerning relocation plans under the city's Plan for Transformation, a $1.4 billion initiative for public housing redevelopment. According to attorney Richard Wheelock, who represented the tenants, the pace of demolition outstripped that of reconstruction, resulting in displaced families being forced to seek housing in other segregated or unsafe neighborhoods or risk becoming homeless.

In 1997, the same year as the attack on Girl X, community leaders formed the Alliance for Community Peace for "mentoring and recreation to area youth" which later expanded citywide.{{cite news | work=The Bleader | title=The shot that brought the projects down, part five of five | date=October 16, 2012 | first=Mick | last=Dumke | url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2012/10/16/the-shot-that-brought-the-projects-down-part-five-of-five | access-date=August 1, 2020}}

While Cabrini–Green experienced decline during the postwar period—marked by disinvestment, industrial departure, and white flight—the broader Near North Side of Chicago saw significant socioeconomic growth. Downtown employment shifted from manufacturing to professional services, increasing demand for middle-income housing. This spurred gentrification, which spread north from the Gold Coast along the lakefront, then westward and eventually across the Chicago River.

In the 1980s, the industrial area just south of Cabrini–Green and west of Michigan Avenue was redeveloped into the River North neighborhood, becoming a center for arts, entertainment, and later, the city’s technology sector. By the 1990s, former industrial land near the north branch of the Chicago River—surrounding Cabrini–Green to the north, south, and west—was converted into office, retail, and residential developments.

As property values increased, Cabrini–Green's location became more attractive to private developers. Speculators began acquiring land adjacent to the complex in anticipation of its eventual demolition. In May 1995, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) assumed control of the Chicago Housing Authority and began demolishing vacant "Reds" buildings in the Cabrini Extension, promoting a mixed-income model for public housing redevelopment.

In June 1996, the City of Chicago and the CHA introduced the Near North Redevelopment Initiative, a plan for new development on and around the Cabrini–Green site. The city’s ten-year Plan for Transformation, officially launched in 2000, called for the demolition of nearly all high-rise public housing in Chicago, including most of Cabrini–Green, with the exception of some remaining rowhouses.{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecha.org/transformplan/plan_summary.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809055852/http://www.thecha.org/transformplan/plan_summary.html|url-status=dead|title=Chicago Housing Authority website "The CHA's Plan For Transformation"|archive-date=August 9, 2007}}

File:Cabrini Green rowhouses 4-1-22.jpg

Demolition of the Cabrini Extension was completed in 2002. Part of the cleared area was incorporated into Seward Park, while construction of new mixed-income housing began on the remaining land in 2006. Beginning in 1994, subsidized mixed-income housing developments were initiated on nearby underused or vacant parcels, including the Orchard Park senior housing complex, along with sites formerly occupied by an Oscar Mayer factory and the Montgomery Ward Company Complex.

Today, new market-rate housing nearly surrounds the remaining public housing structures. Redevelopment plans for the {{convert|70|acre|m2|adj=on}} Cabrini–Green site included 30% public housing replacement units and 20% workforce-affordable housing. Adjacent luxury developments include 20% affordable units, half designated as public housing replacements, with an additional 505 replacement units planned for off-site construction.

In February 2006, a redevelopment partnership between the Chicago Housing Authority, Holsten, Kimball Hill Urban Centers, and the Cabrini–Green LAC Community Development Corporation began a $250 million, 790-unit project called Parkside at Old Town, located on the {{convert|18|acre|m2|adj=on}} Cabrini Extension site. Demolition of the William Green Homes was completed in 2011. Most of the remaining Cabrini rowhouses are in disrepair, with many abandoned and slated for demolition and redevelopment.

The Plan for Transformation’s relocation process led to the lawsuit Wallace v. Chicago Housing Authority, which alleged that displaced residents were placed in substandard temporary housing, did not receive promised social services, and were often denied the opportunity to return to redeveloped sites.Business and Professional People for the Public Interest website. "Public Housing Transformation: Physical Planning, Relocation, Social Services, and Mobility Counseling Families Left Behind" {{cite web |url=http://www.bpichicago.org/pht/pht.html |title=BPI Public Housing Transformation |access-date=July 26, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929120733/http://www.bpichicago.org/pht/pht.html |archive-date=September 29, 2006 }} The case was settled in June 2006. Under the settlement, two relocation programs were established: the existing CHA program to support moves to racially integrated areas with case-managed services, and a modified program administered by CHAC Inc., intended to increase access to economically and racially integrated communities and to social services.National Center on Poverty Law. Poverty Law Library. "Wallace v. Chicago Housing Authority: Chicago Housing Authority and Housing Advocates Settle Lawsuit over Resident Relocation" [https://web.archive.org/web/20061003011941/http://old.povertylaw.org/legalresearch/cases/index.cfm?action=abstract&id=55072]

Some former residents relocated to suburbs such as Harvey, Illinois or to other public housing sites in nearby cities. Others moved into newly built CHA replacement housing. Reports indicate that residents of the mixed-income developments have experienced fewer crime-related issues. The final two families residing in Cabrini–Green were relocated by court order on December 1, 2010.Hawkins, Karen. Associated Press. "Chicago closes Cabrini-Green projects", December 2, 2010, edition of USA Today, National, A2. – "With the last high-rise slated for demolition in January or February, a federal judge on Wednesday[December 1] gave the last two families 10 days to move out."

Following the closure of Cabrini–Green, crime in the area declined significantly; only one homicide was reported in the first half of 2006. The final phase of demolition was completed in 2011. However, plaintiffs in the Wallace case and others have argued that the relocation process contributed to increased socioeconomic and racial segregation, homelessness, and related issues by moving residents into other disinvested neighborhoods, primarily on Chicago's south and west sides.{{Cite magazine |title=The last tower: The decline and fall of public housing |date=May 2012 |last=Austen |first=Ben |magazine=Harper's Magazine |url=http://harpers.org/archive/2012/05/0083897 |access-date=June 6, 2012}}{{Cite news |title=Rapid change: teardowns bring new residents to once-unappealing areas |work=The Chicago Reporter |date=July 1, 2005 |last1=Rainey |first1=Amy |last2=Woodward |first2=Whitney}}{{Cite journal |last1=Sink |first1=Todd |last2=Ceh |first2=Brian |title=Relocation of urban poor in Chicago: HOPE VI policy outcomes |journal=Geoforum |volume=42 |issue=1 |date=January 2011 |pages=71–82 |issn=0016-7185 |doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2010.10.001}}

In 2013, a Target store opened at 1200 N. Larrabee Street, located on the former site of high-rises at 1230 N. Larrabee Street and 624 W. Division Street in the Green Homes complex.{{cite news |url=http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/mayor/press_room/press_releases/2012/october_2012/new_target_storecomingtonearnorthside.html |work=City of Chicago |title=New Target Store Coming to Near North Side |author=Mayor's Press Office |date=October 18, 2012}}

File:16mm film transfer of final days of Cabrini Green.webm|A film showing images of the final days of Cabrini–Green. The flashing lights were part of an art installation installed after the buildings were vacant but just before demolition.{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-xpm-2011-03-22-ct-live-0323-cabrini-tichy-20110322-story.html|title=Art installation to illuminate Cabrini-Green building's fall|first=Lauren |last=Viera |website=chicagotribune.com|date=22 March 2011 }}

File:Cabrini demolition.jpg|The demolition of William Green Homes in 2006. This is the demolition of 534 West Division Street, nicknamed "Tha Jube".

File:Demolition of Cabrini Green IMG 3654.jpg|The last building of Cabrini–Green being demolished in 2011

File:Cabrini green.jpg|The demolition of one of the Cabrini–Green buildings

While Cabrini–Green was often viewed negatively by non-residents, some long-term residents interviewed by the Chicago Tribune in 2004 expressed complex feelings about the complex's closure.Schmich, Mary. "Future closes in on Cabrini" Chicago Tribune Web Edition July 4, 2004 [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/chi-0407040416jul04,1,2353480.column]{{Dead link|date=January 2018}} Despite the building's poor physical condition, many described strong community ties and mutual support among residents. They expressed concern over the displacement and fragmentation of the community as redevelopment progressed. Although the buildings were in disrepair, the extremely low rent and proximity to downtown and the lakefront gave low-income residents access to areas they otherwise could not afford.

Cabrini–Green frequently drew negative media attention. Among Chicago's public housing projects, Cabrini–Green became the most widely known and publicized, both locally and nationally, surpassing others such as the Robert Taylor Homes and Stateway Gardens on the South Side, and Rockwell Gardens and the Henry Horner Homes on the West Side.

Several notable events, including annual New Year's Eve celebrations during which gang members discharged firearms into the air, prompting police to routinely block off surrounding streets, contributed to Cabrini–Green's reputation. On July 17, 1970, Chicago police patrolman Anthony N. Rizzato and Sergeant James Severin were fatally shot from an apartment window by gang members while crossing a baseball field within the complex. The attack was reportedly carried out to establish a pact between rival gangs. Three adults and one juvenile were charged with the murders; the two shooters received prison sentences of 100 to 199 years.{{cite web |url=http://www.odmp.org/officer/11330-patrolman-anthony-n-rizzato |title=Patrolman Anthony N. Rizzato, Chicago Police Department, Illinois |publisher=Officer Down Memorial Page |date=2014 |access-date=July 11, 2014}}

In 1981, the gang killings of 11 made national attention.Hawkins, Karen. Associated Press. "Chicago closes Cabrini-Green projects", December 2, 2010, edition of USA Today, National, A2. That same year, in March, Mayor Jane Byrne and her husband Jay McMullen moved into a fourth-floor apartment at 1160 N. Sedgwick Street in an effort to highlight concerns over safety in the complex.[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/31/jane-byrne-cabrini-green-_n_2989015.html Jane Byrne Cabrini-Green Easter: A Look Back At A Mayor's 1981 PR Fail That Ended In Shame] Her stay, supported by police officers and personal security, lasted three weeks. The move further reinforced Cabrini–Green's negative public image as a symbol of the challenges facing public housing.

On October 13, 1992, seven-year-old Dantrell Davis was shot in the head and killed by a sniper's bullet while walking to Jenner Elementary School with his mother.

On January 9, 1997, a nine-year-old girl nicknamed "Girl X"{{cite news | newspaper=Chicago Tribune | title=The Tragic World of Girl X | date=April 6, 1997 | first=Dahleen | last=Glanton | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-04-06-9704060317-story.html | access-date=August 1, 2020}}{{cite news | work=NBC Chicago | title=Girl X Needs a New Home | first=Michael | last=Sneed | date=May 3, 2009 | url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/girl-x-needs-a-home/1880837/ | access-date=August 1, 2020}}{{cite news | work=CBS Chicago | last=Schlesinger|first=Regine | date=July 24, 2012 | title=Jennifer Hudson Befriends Woman Once Known as 'Girl X' | url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2012/07/24/jennifer-hudson-befriends-woman-once-known-as-girl-x/ | access-date=August 1, 2020}}{{cite news | newspaper=The Spokesman-Review | title=Searching For The Why In Violent Case Of Girl X | date=March 2, 1997 | first=Peter S. | last=Canellos | url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1997/mar/02/searching-for-the-why-in-violent-case-of-girl-x/ | access-date=August 1, 2020}}{{cite news | newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times | date=May 3, 2009 | title=Girl X Can't Talk. But She Can Speak. | first=Michael | last=Sneed | url=https://www.pressreader.com/usa/chicago-sun-times/20090503/page/5/textview | access-date=August 1, 2020}} was raped, poisoned, and strangled in a stairwell of the 1121 N. Larrabee Street building, leaving her permanently blind, paralyzed, and mute due to brain damage.{{cite web |url=http://www.kentlaw.edu/news/advisory/adv050228.html |work=Chicago-Kent College of Law |title=Media Advisories |date=February 28, 2005 |access-date=June 3, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902054001/http://www.kentlaw.edu/news/advisory/adv050228.html |archive-date=September 2, 2006 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=Aurora alleged gunman James Eagan Holmes was found with Vicodin when arrested |first=Michael |last=Sneed |date=July 23, 2012 |publisher=Sun Times Network |work=Chicago Sun Times |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/sneed/13953335-452/aurora-gunman-james-eagan-holmes-was-found-with-vicodin-when-arrested.html |access-date=November 6, 2014}} The assailant used a marker to write gang symbols on her abdomen in an attempt to mislead investigators and left her face down in the snow in an unlit hallway, where she was discovered by a janitor who resigned that same day. Patrick Sykes, a 25-year-old resident who was not affiliated with any gang, was later apprehended, confessed in detail to the crime, and was sentenced to the maximum penalty allowed by the state—120 years in prison.{{cite news | title=Inmate=Patrick Sykes | date=February 26, 2018 | first=Brian J. | last=Vickens | work=Chicago Communicator News Media | url=https://ccnewsmedia.org/?p=9430 | access-date=August 1, 2020}}THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS vs PATRICK SYKES Circuit Court of Cook County case No. January 1, 2942. June 30, 2003. [http://www.state.il.us/court/Opinions/AppellateCourt/2003/1stDistrict/June/Html/1012942.htm][http://edition.cnn.com/US/9704/04/girlx/ U.S. News Story Page. "Bail set at $6 million for alleged assailant of Girl X" CNN interactive April 5, 1997 ]

The case drew significant media attention. Two Chicago reporters highlighted the broader community’s indifference to conditions in Cabrini–Green, citing Girl X as a stark example. Four years after the attack, Girl X testified in court.{{cite news | newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times | title=29 years a staffer | via=everygoddamnday | date=March 25, 2001 | first=Neil | last=Steinberg | url=https://www.everygoddamnday.com/2016/03/29-years-staffer.html | access-date=August 1, 2020}} Judge Joseph Urso ruled that the Chicago Housing Authority was negligent in its maintenance and security of the building and awarded the family $3 million for her long-term care.

Local Little League coach Daniel Coyle documented his experiences in the community in his 1994 book Hardball: A Season in the Projects, describing the persistent challenges as “A well-meaning person shows up three times a week. But nothing changes.”{{cite news | newspaper=The New York Times | first=Christopher | last=Lehmann-Haupt | date=February 7, 1994 | title=Books of The Times; From Gangs to Teams, Against Long Odds | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/07/books/books-of-the-times-from-gangs-to-teams-against-long-odds.html | access-date=August 1, 2020}}{{cite book | title=Hardball: A Season in the Projects | first=Daniel | last=Coyle | location=New York City | publisher=Harper Paperbacks | date=1995 | orig-date=1993 | oclc=32099254 | isbn=9780061008573}} The 2001 film Hardball was based on this book.

{{More citations needed section|date=December 2016}}

Chicago Public Schools (CPS) operates the public schools in the City of Chicago. Most teenagers living in Cabrini–Green attended William H. Wells High School{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} or Lincoln Park High School."[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622055556/http://www.cps.edu/SiteCollectionDocuments/Zone%20maps/HS_North_Near_North.pdf HS North/Near North]." Chicago Public Schools. 2013. Retrieved on September 30, 2016. Near North Career Metropolitan High School, which evolved from Cooley Vocational High School and was located at Larrabee and Blackhawk, served students from 1979 until its closure in 2001.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

At its peak, five CPS elementary schools served the neighborhood: Richard E. Byrd Community Academy, Edward Jenner School, Manierre School, Schiller Community Academy, and Truth School.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} During the 1970–1971 school year, enrollment across five neighborhood grade schools—Cooley Upper Grade Center, Byrd, Jenner, Manierre, and Schiller—totaled 6,144 students. By 1997, Cooley had closed, and the combined enrollment of the remaining four schools had dropped to 2,361. Factors contributing to this decline included demolition of residential buildings, decreasing family sizes, increased vacancy rates, and a growing proportion of adult residents.{{cite news|author=Marciniak, Ed |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/11/29/keep-cabrini-schools/ |title=Keep Cabrini Schools |work=Chicago Tribune |date=November 29, 1997|department=Voice of the People}}

During the 2003–2004 school year, fifth-grade students from Room 405 at Richard E. Byrd Community Academy created a detailed plan urging the City of Chicago and the Chicago Board of Education to build a new school.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} They cited inadequate facilities, including the lack of a lunchroom, gymnasium, and auditorium, and issues such as malfunctioning heat that forced students to wear winter clothing indoors. As part of their advocacy, students sent letters and emails, conducted surveys, created petitions, interviewed officials, and produced videos and a website to raise awareness. Their efforts received local and national attention.{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=Schultz, Richard; Künstlername Schultz-Donato |entry=Schultz, Richard; Künstlername Schultz-Donato |encyclopedia=Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon |language=de-AT |doi=10.1553/0x00284701 |doi-access=free}}{{cite news |author=Dell'Angela, Tracy |date=April 26, 2007 |title=School gone, but teacher's lessons live on |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/04/26/school-gone-but-teachers-lessons-live-on/ |access-date=December 22, 2016 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune}}Schultz, B.D. (2008). Spectacular Things Happen Along the Way: Lessons from an Urban Classroom. New York: Teachers College Press.http://store.tcpress.com/0807748579.shtml In 2004, Byrd students were rezoned to Jenner, and Byrd was closed. By 2008, the building remained vacant.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

As of 2008, only three of these schools remained in use,{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} and by 2013 only Manierre and Jenner continued operating as K–8 schools."[http://www.cps.edu/SiteCollectionDocuments/Zone%20maps/Elem_Near_North_West_Central.pdf Near North/West/Central Elementary Schools] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612063906/http://www.cps.edu/SiteCollectionDocuments/Zone%20maps/Elem_Near_North_West_Central.pdf|date=June 12, 2009}}" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130517085518/http://www.cps.edu/SiteCollectionDocuments/Zone%20maps/Elem_Near_North_West_Central.pdf Archive]). Chicago Public Schools. May 17, 2013. Retrieved on May 25, 2015.

In the early 2010s, CPS considered merging Jenner and Manierre, but concerns involving students crossing gang territorial lines meant that both schools remained open.{{cite web |author=Bloom, Mina |date=September 4, 2015 |title=For Proposed Merger, 'Help Us to Help You,' Jenner Official Says to Ogden |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20150924/old-town/for-proposed-merger-help-us-help-you-jenner-official-says-ogden |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222001227/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20150924/old-town/for-proposed-merger-help-us-help-you-jenner-official-says-ogden |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |access-date=December 22, 2016 |publisher=DNA Info}} Manierre is located in an area known as “Sedville,” a gang territory in Old Town.{{cite web |author=Konkol, Mark |author2=Paul Biasco |date=May 21, 2013 |title=Parents Win Battle, Manierre Elementary Won't Close |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20130521/old-town/parents-win-battle-manierre-elementary-wont-close |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222001035/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20130521/old-town/parents-win-battle-manierre-elementary-wont-close |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |access-date=December 22, 2016 |publisher=DNA Info}}

Freidrich von Schiller School served students from the William Green Homes. Originally located in two buildings at 640 West Scott Street—one constructed around 1963 and another approximately a century old—the school was redeveloped in 1969 when the city approved a new campus for Schiller. The new facility, built on a {{convert|10.3|acre|ha|adj=on}} site, was scheduled to open in September 1970 and cost $2.5 million. It was designed to include a “Schome” (meaning "school-home") for preschoolers and a separate building for elementary students, with a total capacity of 1,635 students.{{cite news |date=March 20, 1969 |title=Schiller School Site OK'd |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/03/20/page/90/article/schiller-school-site-okd |access-date=February 14, 2017 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=10}} [http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/03/20/page/90/large.jpg JPG link] Schiller closed in 2009, and students were reassigned to Jenner. The building is now occupied by Skinner North, a selective school.{{cite web |author=Kelleher, Maureen |date=September 25, 2015 |title=Can Jenner's "terrific facility" and strong arts programs overcome its history? |url=http://catalyst-chicago.org/2015/09/can-jenners-terrific-facility-and-strong-arts-programs-overcome-its-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501203519/http://catalyst-chicago.org/2015/09/can-jenners-terrific-facility-and-strong-arts-programs-overcome-its-history/ |archive-date=May 1, 2016 |access-date=December 22, 2016 |publisher=Catalyst Chicago}}(published by Community Renewal Society, Chicago Reporter is a sister publication)

Currently, the area is served by Ogden International School, which maintains a preschool and middle school campus in the area.{{Cite web |title=The Ogden International School of Chicago |url=https://ogden.cps.edu/ |access-date=February 15, 2021 |website=ogden.cps.edu}} Before merging into Ogden in 2018, the building housed Jenner Academy of the Arts. In 2016, Jenner had 239 students, 98% of whom were Black, with nearly all from low-income households.{{cite web|author=Matthews, David|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20161101/downtown/ogden-international-school-jenner-academy-of-the-arts-merger-cps|title=Ogden-Jenner Merger Is Best For Both Schools, New Study Says|publisher=DNA Info|date=November 1, 2016|access-date=December 21, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221233142/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20161101/downtown/ogden-international-school-jenner-academy-of-the-arts-merger-cps|archive-date=December 21, 2016}} The building had a capacity for 1,060 students.{{cite web|author=Matthews, David|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20150922/downtown/ogden-school-presses-ahead-with-jenner-merger|title=Ogden School Presses Ahead with Jenner Merger|date=September 22, 2015|access-date=December 21, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222000051/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20150922/downtown/ogden-school-presses-ahead-with-jenner-merger|archive-date=December 22, 2016}} Enrollment declined significantly after the demolition of Cabrini–Green.{{cite web|author=Bloom, Mina|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20160523/old-town/how-cabrini-green-school-went-from-out-of-control-feeling-like-home|title=How A Cabrini-Green School Went From 'Out Of Control' To Feeling Like Home|publisher=DNA Info|date=May 23, 2016|access-date=December 22, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222151830/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20160523/old-town/how-cabrini-green-school-went-from-out-of-control-feeling-like-home|archive-date=December 22, 2016}} The process to merge Jenner into Ogden International began in the late 2010s.{{cite web|author=Matthews, David|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20161201/downtown/ogden-jenner-merger-cps-recommendation-community-meetings|title=CPS Moves Forward On Ogden-Jenner Merger, Seeks Input At Community Meetings|publisher=DNA Info|date=December 5, 2016|access-date=December 21, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221233953/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20161201/downtown/ogden-jenner-merger-cps-recommendation-community-meetings|archive-date=December 21, 2016}}

The New City YMCA opened in 1981. Due to concerns about crime in the surrounding neighborhood, it was constructed without windows to minimize the risk of damage from stray bullets.{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/06/29/for-ymca-time-to-move-on/|title=For YMCA, time to move on |newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=2007-06-29|access-date=2024-04-07}} The facility served both residents of Cabrini–Green and the nearby Lincoln Park neighborhood.{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/06/29/new-city-ymca-closes-its-doors-after-54m-sale/|title=New City YMCA closes its doors after $54M sale |newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=2007-06-29|access-date=2024-04-07}} According to CBS Chicago, the YMCA was credited with helping to bridge social and economic divides between families from different backgrounds.{{cite web|url=https://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/New.City.YMCA.2.337995.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721122351/https://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/New.City.YMCA.2.337995.html|title=YMCA That Served Cabrini-Green Residents To Close|publisher=CBS 2 Chicago|date=2007-06-29|archive-date=2010-07-21|access-date=2024-04-07}}

In 2007, the YMCA closed, and the property was sold as the population of Cabrini–Green declined due to relocation and redevelopment.

• Jerry Butler, soul singer.Memphis 68: The Tragedy of Southern Soul, Stuart Cosgrove. Page 25
• Terry Callier, soul musician.{{Cite web|title=Terry Callier {{!}} Album Discography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/terry-callier-mn0000027916/discography|access-date=February 15, 2021|website=AllMusic|language=en}}
• William Gates, high school and college basketball player and subject of the 1994 documentary film Hoop Dreams
• Greg Hollimon, comedic actor{{Cite web|title=281: Greg Hollimon {{!}} Podcast appearance|date=April 18, 2022 |url=https://jimmycarrane.com/improv-nerd-podcast-281-greg-hollimon/}}
• Eddie T. Johnson, police superintendent.
• Major Lance, R&B singer and father of Atlanta mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms
• Ramsey Lewis, jazz pianist{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Pete |title=Ramsey Lewis: Heart warming |url=http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/517/ramsey_lewis_heart_warming/ |access-date=January 14, 2024 |website=Blues & Soul}}
• Curtis Mayfield, soul musician.{{cite book|title=Harlem 69 - The Future of Soul|first=Stuart|last=Cosgrove}}

• In Frank Miller's Give Me Liberty (comics) dystopic graphic novel, the Cabrini-Green is a de facto prison for poor African-American population.

• The opening shot and many scenes in the 1975 film Cooley High take place at the Cabrini–Green Homes, and the film portrays the lives of young people in those projects. The film's creator, Eric Monte, was raised at Cabrini–Green Homes and attended the real-life Cooley Vocational High School.{{cite web|author=John, Derek|title=Classic Of Black Cinema, 'Cooley High,' Celebrates 40th Anniversary|date=June 25, 2015 |work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/06/25/417178746/classic-of-black-cinema-cooley-high-celebrates-40th-anniversary}}
• In the 1992 horror film Candyman, Cabrini–Green appears as the focal point of the titular character's supernatural activity.{{cite web|title=Horrorella Talks Tolstoy, Beethoven and Candyman with Writer-Director Bernard Rose!|date=August 12, 2015|publisher=Ain't It Cool News|url=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/72689|access-date=September 13, 2015}} Part of the movie was filmed at the housing project over the course of three days.{{cite magazine |last=Schweiger |first=Daniel |title=Candyman: A Nightmare Sweet |magazine=Fangoria |date=October 1992 |issue=117 |page=27}}
• The 2001 movie Hardball was a chronicle of Little League baseball in Chicago's Cabrini-Green housing project.
• The documentary 70 Acres in Chicago, about Cabrini–Green by Ronit Bezalel, who spent two decades there beginning in 1995, was screened at the Gene Siskel Film Center in 2015.{{cite news |title=A lens into Cabrini-Green's past |work=Chicago Tribune |date=August 16, 2015 |author=Schmich, Mary |at=Section 1; p. 3}}
• The 2023 movie We Grown Now is set in Cabrini-Green in the early 1990s.

• The buildings are shown in the opening and closing credits of Good Times. Cabrini-Green is never mentioned specifically, but only referred to as "The Projects." The series is focused on the Evans family, residents of a two bedroom apartment unit on the 17th floor of a high-rise tower. Much is mentioned during the series about the poor condition of the facility (crime, broken down elevators, broken light bulbs, failing heat, water, etc.) Former resident Eric Monte was creator of the show.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}
• In the television series Boss, Cabrini–Green serves as the inspiration and filming location for the "Lennox Gardens" housing project.{{cite news |date=August 18, 2012 |url=http://www.thedaily.com/page/2012/08/18/081812-wknd-tv-boss-sanaa-lathan-barker-zzphotoglzz/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203220212/http://www.thedaily.com/page/2012/08/18/081812-wknd-tv-boss-sanaa-lathan-barker-zzphotoglzz/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 3, 2013 |title=Windy-City Woman — Sanaa Lathan on Her Good-Girl Role Opposite Chicago's Bad-Boy 'Boss' |work=The Daily }}{{cite news |url=http://thinkprogress.org/alyssa/2012/08/17/703911/boss/ |title='Boss' Takes On Public Housing, Sex and Politics in Second Season |work=ThinkProgress |date=August 17, 2012 |access-date=September 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421144353/http://thinkprogress.org/alyssa/2012/08/17/703911/boss/ |archive-date=April 21, 2015 |url-status=dead }}
• The television series Lady Blue filmed one of its first episodes, "Death Valley Day", on location at the development, which was called "The Heights" and depicted as being dominated by a gang. The poor condition of the building, and features such as the fence-railings on the upper floors, are visible throughout (at the episode's climax, one gang member falls to his death when he's pushed through one of the fences). According to series star Jamie Rose, residents objected to the film crew being there and began throwing bottles at them. {{cite news |url=https://observer.com/2017/06/analog-gems-jamie-rose-talks-lady-blue-on-abc/ |title=Analog Gems: Jamie Rose Talks ‘Lady Blue’ on ABC |work=Observer |date=June 30, 2017 |access-date=April 15, 2025}}

• The Rossi-Fremont housing projects in the video game Watch Dogs were inspired by both Cabrini-Green and the Robert Taylor Homes.

• Pruitt-Igoe, St. Louis, Missouri
• Kowloon Walled City, Hong Kong
• Vladeck Houses, Manhattan, New York City
• Parkchester, The Bronx, New York City
• Broadwater Farm, London, England
• Red Road Flats, Glasgow, Scotland
• Ballymun Flats, Dublin, Ireland
• Towers in the park

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book |last=Ambrose-Van Lee |first=Doreen |title=Diary of a MidWestern Getto Gurl |date=May 2007 |publisher=PublishAmerica |isbn=978-1-4241-4676-5}} Memoir of a childhood at Cabrini–Green.
• {{cite book |last=Ambrose-Van Lee |first=Doreen |title=Raised in Da Sun: A Gettogurl's Story |date=February 2006 |publisher=PublishAmerica |isbn=1-4241-2315-1}} Poetry by a former resident of Cabrini–Green.
• [http://chicagoganghistory.com/housing-projects/cabrini-green Cabrini Green]
• Cabrini–Green in Words and Pictures (2000). {{ISBN|0-942986-80-6}}.
• Dizikes, Peter, [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/chicago-public-housing-0303.html "Chicago hope: Ambitious attempt to help the city's poor by moving them out of troubled housing projects is having mixed results, MIT study finds"], MIT News, MIT News Office, March 3, 2011.
• "Cross The Bridge" by author and Cabrini resident Pete (K-SO G) Keller.
• "Gang Leader For A Day" By Sudhir Venkatesh
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150910040044/http://www.wpcp.org/home/students/pawprint/media/Paw%20Print%20Cabrini.pdf The Paw Print]. Walter Payton H.S., February 2009. Special Issue on Cabrini–Green.

{{Commons category|Cabrini-Green}}

• [http://www.wethepeoplemedia.org Residents' Journal]—written, produced & distributed by Chicago Public Housing residents; archives contain many articles on activism at Cabrini–Green, particularly around the plans for redevelopment
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118103145/http://www.limits.com/cpph/ Chicago Coalition to Protect Public Housing]
• [http://www.voicesofcabrini.com/ Voices of Cabrini]—Documentary film by Ronit Bezalel
• [http://www.70acresinchicago.com/ 70 Acres in Chicago: Cabrini Green]—a film by Ronit Bezalel and a follow-up to Voices of Cabrini
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130101114933/http://www.satoki.com/documentary-projects Frances Cabrini Rowhouses 2010–2013] Photography by Satoki Nagata
• [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/chi-010625cabrinicolumns,0,3008139.storygallery Chicago Tribune: Cabrini–Green Columns]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050308192335/http://www.holstenchicago.com/buildings/Development/north_town_park.htm North Town Park site plan (redevelopment of Cabrini Extension site)]
• [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/253.html Encyclopedia of Chicago entry on Chicago Housing Authority]

{{Near North Side, Chicago}}

{{Neighborhoods in Chicago}}

{{Authority control}}

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