:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

{{Short description|15th-century Indian Vaishnavite Hindu saint}}

{{redirect|Krishna Chaitanya|the Telugu lyricist|Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)}}

{{redirect|Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|the 1954 Hindi film|Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (film)}}

{{Primary sources|date=October 2020}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}

{{Infobox Hindu leader

| name = Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

| image = Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in Dhameswar Mahaprabhu temple 6.jpg

| religion = Hinduism

| caption = Wooden murti of Chaitanya as Dhāmeśvara, Nabadwip{{Cite book |last=Valpey |first=Kenneth |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=Caitanya |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}

| birth_date = {{birth date|1486|2|18|df=y}}

| birth_place = Nabadwip, Bengal Sultanate
{{small|(present-day West Bengal, India)}}

| birth_name = Vishvambhara Mishra

| death_date = {{death date and age|1534|6|14|1486|2|18|df=yes}}

| death_place = Puri, Gajapati Kingdom
{{small|(present-day Odisha, India)}}

| spouse = Lakshmi Priya (first wife) and Vishnupriya

| guru = Swami Isvara Puri (mantra guru); Swami Kesava Bharati (sannyas guru)

| philosophy = Bhakti yoga, Achintya Bheda Abheda

| known_for = Expounded Gaudiya Vaishnavism, kirtan

| founder = Gaudiya Vaishnavism
Achintya Bheda Abheda

| free_label = Birth Anniversary

| father =

| mother =

| relatives =

| disciples = Rupa Goswami, Sanatana Goswami, Gopala Bhatta Goswami, Raghunatha Bhatta Goswami, Raghunatha dasa Goswami, Jiva Goswami, others

| literary_works = Shikshashtakam

| background = Orange

}}

{{Vaishnavism}}

{{Hinduism}}

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu ({{langx|bn|মহাপ্রভু শ্রীচৈতন্য দেব}}; {{langx|sa|चैतन्य महाप्रभु|Caitanya Mahāprabhu}}), born Vishvambhara Mishra ({{IAST3|Viśvambhara Miśra}}) (18 February 1486 – 14 June 1534{{sfn|Delmonico|2007|loc=p. 549: "The form of Vaishnavism inspired by the sixteenth-century saint-reformer Shri Krishna Chaitanya (1486–1533 C.E.) rested heavily upon a belief in the purifying and salvific powers of the names of God, whose fullest self-revelation Chaitanya believed to be Krishna"}}), was an Indian Hindu saint from Bengal and the founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's mode of worshipping Krishna with bhajan-kirtan and dance had a profound effect on Vaishnavism in Bengal.

He is considered the chief proponent of the Vedantic philosophy of Achintya Bheda Abheda. However, the concept of inconceivable difference in non-difference, known as achintya-bhedabheda, was developed later by Jiva Gosvami in his book Bhagavat Sandharbha.{{sfn|Dasa|2007|loc=pp. 377-378: "The Bhagavat Sandarbha [...] describes the concept of Bhagavan alluded to in Bhagavata 1.2.11. Jiva explains [...] [t]he relation between Bhagavan and His potency is one of inconceivable difference in non-difference, known as achintya-bhedabheda. It is in recognition of the nature of this relation that Chaitanya’s philosophy is called Achintya bhedaabheda-vada"}}

Mahaprabhu founded Gaudiya Vaishnavism. He expounded Bhakti yoga and popularised the chanting of the Hare Krishna Maha-mantra.[http://www.scsmath.com/docs/chaitanya_mahaprabhu.html Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228155252/http://scsmath.com/docs/chaitanya_mahaprabhu.html |date=28 December 2017 }} "He spread the Yuga-dharma as the practice for attainment of pure love for Radha-Krishna. That process is Harinam-Sankirtan, or the congregational chanting of the Holy Names of Krishna "Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare, Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare" He composed the Shikshashtakam (eight devotional prayers).

Chaitanya is sometimes called Gauranga ({{IAST3|Gaurāṅga}}) or Gaura due to his molten gold–like complexion.[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Mar122006/finearts1054102006310.asp In the Name of the Lord (Deccan Herald)] "He was also given the name of ‘Gora’ because of his extremely fair complexion." {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207225342/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Mar122006/finearts1054102006310.asp |date=7 December 2006 }} His birthday is celebrated as Gaura-purnima.{{cite web|url=http://www.krishna.com/node/1407|title=Gaura Purnima|publisher=www.krishna.com|access-date=16 December 2008|archive-date=12 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312140828/http://www.krishna.com/node/1407|url-status=live}}[https://givegita.com/sri-chaitanya Sri Gaura Purnima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001230238/https://givegita.com/sri-chaitanya |date=1 October 2020 }}"givegita.com" He is also called Nimai because he was born underneath a Neem tree.[https://archive.org/details/Krishna-Chaitanya-Mission KCM Archive]"They named Him Nimai, as he was born under a neem tree." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424064200/http://www.archive.org/details/Krishna-Chaitanya-Mission |date=24 April 2008 }}

Life

File:Ganga mata math (crop).jpg at Ganga Mata Math in Puri]]

The religious hagiographies of Gauḍīya sampradāya are the only sources available for the reconstruction of Caitanya's life. The hagiographies (in Sanskrit and Bengali) consider Caitanya to be an avatāra of Kr̥ṣṇa, Svayaṁ Bhagavān, Rādhā-Kr̥ṣṇa (joint and separate), Nārāyaṇa, Viṣṇu, and Jagannātha. A canonical narrative was accepted by the Gauḍīya community in the early 1600s via the Caitanya Caritāmr̥ta of Kr̥ṣṇadāsa Kavirāja, which has been described as the "final word" on Gauḍīya history and theology.{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Tony |title=Oxford Bibliographies Online in Hinduism |date=2014 |chapter=Caitanya}}

Chaitanya was born in a Brahmin family as Viśvambhara Miśra aka Nimāi, the second son of Jagannātha Miśra and his wife Śacī Devī, the daughter of Nilambara Chakrabarti, both Brahmins of Sylhet region.{{cite Banglapedia|article=Chaitanya, Sri|author=Stewart, Tony K}} Jagannātha Miśra's family were from the village of Dhakadakshin in Srihatta (Sylhet) (now in Bangladesh). The ruins of their ancestral home still survive in present-day Bangladesh.{{Cite web|title=Chaitanya and his age|last=Sen|first=Dinesh Chandra|url=https://archive.org/details/chaitanyahisage00senduoft|access-date=16 August 2020|website=Internet Archive|language=en}}{{sfn|Nair|2007|p=87}}{{Cite book |last=Valpey |first=Kenneth |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=Caitanya |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}} The hagiographies of Caitanya portray his birth as a divine event and state that it predicted his future mission of propagating harināma saṃkīrtana in Kali Yuga.

The accounts of Caitanya's childhood are depicted to be reminiscient of Kr̥ṣṇa's childhood exploits. While still a student, his father died, and he soon married Lakṣmīpriyā. He travelled to east Bengal to become a scholar and support his family, but his wife died in his absence. He then married Viṣṇupriyā, the daughter of paṇḍit Sanātana Miśra. Viśvambhara, also known as Nimāi Paṇḍit, was a promising Sanskrit scholar and once defeated Keśava Bhaṭṭa of the Nimbārka school in a debate on Sanskrit prosody in an example of "superhuman erudition".

File:Chaitanya dances with followers.jpg

In 1508-1509 he left Nabadvip to go to Gaya to perform śrāddha, a ritual homage to his dead father. There, he met an ascetic named Īśvara Purī, who initiated him using a mantra for Kr̥ṣṇa worship. After this meeting Viśvambhara abandoned all scholarly and domestic pursuits and had no interests except an intense desire to hear and speak of Kr̥ṣṇa. Within a year he took a vow of saṃnyāsa (renunciation) and changed his name to Kr̥ṣṇa Caitanya under his guru Keśava Bhāratī. His mother then asked him to at least live in the city of Puri so that he would not be too far from Bengal.

After becoming a renunciate he spent his time converting and instructing followers in the tenets of Kr̥ṣṇa bhakti and engaging in communal saṁkīrtana. Sources state he defeated and converted theological opponents (particularly followers of Advaita Vedānta) via debate or divine intervention in the typical Indian hagiographical pattern of digvijaya. He spent two months in Vrindavan in c. 1515 where he instructed Sanātana Gosvāmī and Rūpa Gosvāmi; additionally the visit serves to confirm Caitanya's identity as Kr̥ṣṇa as he had raptures upon recognizing sites familiar to Kr̥ṣṇa. The last two decades of his life were spent in Puri where his ecstatic seizures yearning for Kr̥ṣṇa and his consorts, mainly Rādhā, intensified. He died c. 1528-1534.

Biographies

Works on Chaitanya:{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|pp=65–66, 174, 280}}{{sfn|Manring|2005|pp=34–42, 44}}[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127571/14/14_chapter%206.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032050/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127571/14/14_chapter%206.pdf |date=26 June 2020 }}.{{cite book |author-last=Mamoni |author-first=Sarma |title=History of Vaishnavite cultures in Assam and Bengal a comparative study |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/127571 |chapter=Chapter 14 |pages=253–255 |hdl=10603/127571 |quote=Note, Sarma Mamoni is a researcher at Gauhati University under Chakraborty Amalendu. }}

  • Krsna-Caitanya-Caritamrta ({{c.}} 1513 or 1536–1540; Sanskrit)

: By Murari Gupta. Known as a kadcha or chronicle. Chaitanya's Navadwipa līla and each panca-tattva presented as a form of the Lord. Caitanya went for the first time to Murari's house at Navadwipa. Murari's standing and reputation for learning gave his biographical materials great weight in the Vaishnava community. This Kadcha (notes) became the guiding lines for other biographers.

  • Kadcha or chronicle (Sanskrit)

: By Svarupa Damodara. He was the personal secretary of Chaitanya. Details the life of Caitanya.

  • Govindadaser Kadcha (Bengali)

: By Govinda Dāsa who accompanied Chaitanya on his tour of Deccan. This poem describes their experiences on the journey and some imaginary events in the life of Chaitanya as well as his ideas and philosophy. It is another significant biographical work, but it was regarded as controversial because of the authenticity.

: By Vrindavana Dasa Thakura. Three parts: Adi-Khanda, Mādhya-Khanda, and Antya-Khanda. Chaitanya's earlier life, activities, early movement in Navadwip.

  • Krsna-Caitanya-caritra-mahakavya ({{c.}} 1535)

: By Kavi Karnapura (Paramanand Sen).

  • Krsna-Caitanya-candrodaya-natakam ({{c.}} 1535 – 1570s)

: By Kavi Karnapura. Based on Murari Gupta's Krsna-Caitanya-Caritamrta. When Karnapura was a small child, he interacted with Chaitanya personally.

  • Caitanya-candrodaya-natakam ({{c.}} 1538 or 1540 or 1572 or 1579; Sanskrit)

: By Kavi Karnapura (Paramanand Sen). Dramatic play in ten acts of Chaitanya's life.

  • Caitanya-caritāmṛta-kavya ({{c.}} 1542 – late 1500s; Sanskrit)

: By Kavi Karnapura (Paramanand Sen). A long biographical poem on Chaitanya's life and acts.

: By Krishnadasa Kaviraja. Three parts: Adi-lila, Madhya-lila, and Antya-lila. Massive authoritative composition of Chaitanya's biography and teachings. According to Manring, he draws liberally from previous writers (poets, theologians and biographers) as he deems correct, omitting Kavi Karnapura's works perceived as threatening Rupa's authority.

  • Caitanya-Mangala ({{c.}} 1560 or late 1500s; Bengali)

: By Jayananda. Nine parts: Adikhanda, Nadiyakhanda, Vairagyakhanda, Sannyaskhanda, Utkalkhanda, Prakashkhanda, Tirthakhanda, Vijaykhanda, and Uttarkhanda. Biographical poem in the form of a narrative play focused on Chaitanya's godly image. It is the only work in which his death is mentioned. Introduction mentions several previous biographers, of whom only Vrindavan is known. Written for the common people (not devotees).

: By Lochana Dasa ({{aka}} Trilocan Dasa). Four parts: Sutrakhanda, Adikhanda, Madhyakhanda, and Antyakhanda. A narrative play depicting Chaitanya's childhood activities and his human side without highlighting any divine matters to make it popular. Influenced by Murari Gupta's Krsna-Caitanya-Caritamrta and Vrindavana Dasa Thakura's Chaitanya Bhagavata as well as the Mahabharata and different Puranas.

  • Chaitanya-chandrodaya-kaumudi (Bengali)

: By Premadas (Purushottam Mishra). A verse adaptation to Kavi Karnapura's Caitanya-candrodaya-natakam drama.

  • Gaura-ganoddesha-dipika ({{c.}} 1576)

: By Kavi Karnapura (Paramanand Sen).

  • Chaitanya-samhita (Bengali)

: By Bhagirath Bandhu. Work follows the tradition of agama or tantric texts in its presentation as a story told by Shiva to his spouse.

  • Chaitanya-vilasa ({{c.}} 1500s; Odia)

: By Madhava Dasa. A short poetical work in ten sections dealing with the life of Chaitanya. The poet probably came into contact with the saint when the latter came to Puri.

  • Gauranga-vijay ({{c.}} 1500s)

: By Chundamani dasa. Biographical epic, believed to have been written in three volumes, only part of the first volume still exists. It contains some information about Chaitanya, Nityananda and Madhavendra Puri not found elsewhere.

  • Sriman-mahaprabhor-asta-kaliya-lila-smarana-mangala-stotram ({{c.}} late 1600s; Sanskrit)

: By Visvanatha Chakravarti. Eleven sutras (seed verses) describing the eternal eight-fold daily pastimes of the fair-complexioned Lord.

  • Sri Gauranga-Lilamrta ({{c.}} late 1600s – 1700s; Bengali)

: By Krishna Dasa (disciple of Visvanatha Chakravarti). Expounded on his guru's eleven sutras, often quoting verses from Vrindavana Dasa Thakura's Chaitanya Bhagavata, plus songs by Narahari Ghanashyama (author of Bhakti-Ratnakara) and Lochana Dasa (author of Chaitanya-Mangala).

  • Caitanya-upanisad

: A book that is a part of the Atharvaveda which offers overwhelming evidence of Chaitanya's identity as the Supreme Lord and Yuga Avatara.

: By Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura. Commentary on an original handwritten manuscript of the Caitanya-upanisad from one pandita, Madhusudana Maharaja, of Sambala-Pura.

  • Amrita-pravaha-bhashya ({{c.}} late 1800s – early 1900s; Sanskrit)

: By Bhaktivinoda Thakur. Commentary on Caitanya-upanisad.

: By Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati. Commentary on Krishnadasa Kaviraja's Caitanya-caritāmṛta

: By A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami in English with original Bengali and Sanskrit. Commentary on Krishnadasa Kaviraja's Caitanya-caritāmṛta, based on Bhaktivinoda Thakur's Amrita-pravaha-bhashya and Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's Anubhāsya commentaries.

: By Walther Eidlitz, originally written in German - Kṛṣṇa-Caitanya: sein Leben und seine Lehre, and published by [https://libris.kb.se/bib/650114?tab2=subj Stockholm University], 1968, as a part of the scientific series "Stockholm studies in comparative religion".

Teachings

{{main|Gaudiya Vaishnavism#Philosophical concepts}}

The Śikṣāṣṭaka is the only work accepted to be composed by Caitanya. The poem expounds upon the subjects of harināmajapa, saṁkīrtana, the relationship between individual souls and Kr̥ṣṇa, devotional submission to Kr̥ṣṇa, and Caitanya's personal virahabhakti. Scholars debate the extent to which Caitanya played in the development of the complex Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava theology.

Cultural legacy

{{See also|Bengal Renaissance}}

Chaitanya's influence on the cultural legacy in Bengal, Odisha and Manipur, has been significant,{{cite web |title=Lord Chaitanya Mahaprabhu |url=http://www.krishna.com/who-lord-chaitanya |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020607045307/http://www.krishna.com/printarticles/Lord_Chaitanya.html |url-status=live }} with many residents performing daily worship to him as an avatar of Krishna. Some attribute to him a Renaissance in Bengal,[http://www.bengal-studies-conference.org/ Bengal Studies Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217014530/http://bengal-studies-conference.org/ |date=17 December 2014 }} "History says that the Bengali people experienced the renaissance: not only once but also twice in the course of history. Bengalis witnessed the first renaissance in the 16th century when Hossain Shah and Sri Chaitanya’s idealism influenced a sect of the upper literal class of people" different from the more well-known 19th-century Bengal Renaissance. Salimullah Khan (b. 1958), a noted Bangladeshi linguist, maintains, "Sixteenth-century is the time of Chaitanya Dev, and it is the beginning of Modernism in Bengal. The concept of 'humanity' that came into fruition is contemporaneous with that of Europe".{{cite web |title=Chaitanya Mahaprabhu |url=https://gaudiyahistory.iskcondesiretree.com/caitanya-mahaprabhu/ |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117000851/http://gaudiyahistory.iskcondesiretree.com/caitanya-mahaprabhu/ |url-status=live }}

Noted Bengali biographical film on Chaitanya, Nilachaley Mahaprabhu (1957), was directed by Kartik Chattopadhyay (1912–1989).{{cite book|last1=Sur|first1=Ansu|last2=Goswami|first2=Abhijit|title=Bengali Film Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-hkAAAAMAAJ|page=96|year=1999|publisher=Nandan, West Bengal Film Centre}} A Bengali film based on Chaitanya's demise, Lawho Gouranger Naam Re, will be directed by Srijit Mukherji where Parambrata Chatterjee will be seen portraying Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Parambrata to play Gourango in Srijit's next; will also sing in the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambrata-to-play-gourango-in-srijits-next-will-also-sing-in-the-film/articleshow/84485145.cms |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=16 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambrata-to-play-gourango-in-srijits-next-will-also-sing-in-the-film/articleshow/84485145.cms |url-status=live }}

See also

References

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=Works cited=

{{columns-list|

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|chapter=Baba Premananda Bharati: His trajectory into and through Bengal Vaiṣṇavism to the West

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|editor-last1=Sardella |editor-first1=Ferdinando

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|title=The Legacy of Vaiṣṇavism in Colonial Bengal

|series=Routledge Hindu Studies Series

|location=Milton, Oxon; New York

|publisher=Routledge

|pages=135–160

|isbn=978-1-138-56179-3

}}

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  • {{cite book |last=Delmonico |first=Neal|year=2007 |chapter=Chaitanya Vaishnavism and the Holy Names|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|pages=549–575 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn= 978-0-19-514891-6|url=https://ia903407.us.archive.org/5/items/Pushtimarg/Bryant_Edwin_F._%28editor%29_-_Krishna__A_Sourcebook.pdf}}
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  • {{cite book

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Further reading

{{columns-list|

  • {{cite book

|last=Dae |first=(Romesh Chunder Dutt) Ar Cy |author-link=Romesh Chunder Dutt

|year=1877

|title=The Literature of Bengal: Being an Attempt to Trace the Progress of the National Mind in Its Various Aspects, as Reflected in the Nation's Literature from the Earliest Times to the Present Day with Copious Extracts from the Best Writers

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7cIAAAAQAAJ

|location=Calcutta

|publisher=I. C. Bose & Co.

|pages=66–81

}}

  • {{cite book

|last=Dasa |first=Shukavak N.

|year=1999

|title=Hindu Encounter with Modernity: Kedarnath Datta Bhaktivinoda, Vaiṣṇava Theologian

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHvXAAAAMAAJ

|edition=revised, illustrated

|location=Los Angeles, CA

|publisher=Sanskrit Religions Institute

|access-date=31 January 2014

|isbn=1-889756-30-X

}}

  • {{cite thesis

|last=Fuller |first=Jason Dale

|year=2005

|title=Religion, class, and power: Bhaktivinode Thakur and the transformation of religious authority among the Gaudīya Vaishnavas in nineteenth-century Bengal

|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3179733/

|type=Ph.D.

|publisher=University of Pennsylvania

|id=UMI Microform 3179733

|access-date=8 June 2014

}}

  • {{cite book

|last=Manna |first=Sandipan

|year=2013

|title=In Search of a Forgotten Mahatma: Kalachand Vidyalankar

|edition=1st

|publisher=Kalyani Foundation

|isbn=978-81-927505-4-5

}}{{Citation not found|date=September 2021}}

  • {{cite book

|last=Rosen |first=Steven |author-link=Steven J. Rosen

|year=1988

|title=India's Spiritual Renaissance: The Life and Times of Lord Chaitanya

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PX_XAAAAMAAJ

|publisher=Folk Books

|isbn=0-9619763-0-6

}}

  • {{cite book

|last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar

|year=1913

|title=Chaitanya's Pilgrimages and Teachings - From his contemporary Begali biography the Chaitanya-charit-amrita: Madhya-lila

|url=https://archive.org/details/chaitanyaspilgri018817mbp/page/n1/mode/2up

|location=Calcutta

|publisher=Brahmo Mission Press

}}

  • {{cite book

|last=Wilkins |first=William Joseph

|year=1913

|orig-year=1882

|title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Purānic

|url=https://archive.org/details/hindumythologyve00inwilk

|edition=3rd

|location=Calcutta

|publisher=London Missionary Society

|pages=260–262

}}

}}