:Cognac

Cognac is a type of brandy, and after the distillation and during the aging process, is also called eau de vie.In French, eau-de-vie means "brandy" (any brandy). It is produced by twice distilling wine made from grapes grown in any of the designated growing regions.

The white wine used in making cognac is very dry, acidic, and thin. Though it has been characterised as "virtually undrinkable", it is excellent for distillation and aging. It may be made only from a strict list of grape varieties. For it to be considered a true cru cognac, the white wine must be made from at least 90% Ugni blanc (known in Italy as Trebbiano), Folle blanche and Colombard, while up to 10% of the grapes used can be Folignan, Jurançon blanc, Meslier St-François (also called Blanc Ramé), Sélect, Montils, or Sémillon.{{Cite web

| url = http://www.cognac.fr/cognac/_en/2_cognac/index.aspx?page=appellation

| title = Appellation of Origin

| publisher = Bureau National Interprofessionel du Cognac

| access-date = 12 February 2008

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110720213707/http://www.cognac.fr/cognac/_en/2_cognac/index.aspx?page=appellation

| archive-date = 20 July 2011

| url-status = dead

}}{{Cite web

| url = http://www.cognac.fr/cognac/_en/2_cognac/index.aspx?page=vendanges

| title = Harvesting and vinification

| publisher = Bureau National Interprofessionel du Cognac

| access-date = 12 February 2008

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160911152640/http://www.cognac.fr/cognac/_en/2_cognac/index.aspx?page=vendanges

| archive-date = 11 September 2016

| url-status = dead

}} Cognacs that are not to carry the name of a cru are freer in the allowed grape varieties, needing at least 90% Colombard, Folle blanche, Jurançon blanc, Meslier Saint-François, Montils, Sémillon, or Ugni blanc, and up to 10% Folignan or Sélect.

File:Cognac pot still - 20091205.jpg cognac pot still]]

After the grapes are pressed, the juice is left to ferment for 2–3 weeks, with the region's native wild yeast converting the fruit sugars into alcohol; neither sugar nor sulphur may be added.{{Cite web | title= TED Case Studies – Number 728 | date= April 2004 | url= http://www1.american.edu/ted/cognac.htm | first= Milica | last= Koscica | work= Trade Environment Database | publisher= American University, School of International Service | access-date= 1 December 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101210055827/http://www1.american.edu/ted/cognac.htm | archive-date= 10 December 2010 | url-status= dead}} At this point, the resulting wine is about 7 to 8% alcohol.

Distillation takes place in traditionally shaped Charentais copper alembic stills, the design and dimensions of which are also legally controlled. Two distillations must be carried out; the resulting eau de vie is a colourless spirit of about 70% alcohol.

Once distillation is complete, it must be aged in Limousin oak casks for at least two years before it can be sold to the public. It is typically put into casks at an alcohol by volume strength around 70%. As the cognac interacts with the oak barrel and the air, it evaporates at the rate of about 3% each year, slowly losing both alcohol and water (the former more rapidly, as it is more volatile). This phenomenon is called locally la part des anges, or "the angels' share". When more than fifty years pass in the oak barrel, the cognac's alcohol content decreases to 40% in volume. The cognac is then transferred to "large glass bottles called bonbonnes", then stored for future "blending." Since oak barrels stop contributing to flavor after four or five decades, longer aging periods may not be beneficial.

The age of the cognac is calculated as that of the youngest component used in the blend. The blend is usually of different ages and (in the case of the larger and more commercial producers) from different local areas. This blending, or marriage, of different eaux de vie is important to obtain a complexity of flavours absent from an eau de vie from a single distillery or vineyard. Each cognac house has a master taster (maître de chai), who is responsible for blending the spirits, so that cognac produced by a company will have a consistent house style and quality.Sales & Service for the Wine Professional, by Brian K. Julyan, p. 237 In this respect, it is similar to the process of blending whisky or non-vintage Champagne to achieve a consistent brand flavor. A very small number of producers, such as Guillon Painturaud and Moyet, do not blend their final product from different ages of eaux de vie, so produce a "purer" flavour.{{Cite web

| year =2009

| title =Single Estate Cognac

| url =http://www.singleestatecognac.com

| access-date = 21 July 2009

}}

Hundreds of vineyards in the Cognac AOC region sell their own cognac. These are likewise blended from the eaux de vie of different years, but they are single-vineyard cognacs, varying slightly from year to year and according to the taste of the producer, hence lacking some of the predictability of the better-known commercial products. Depending on their success in marketing, small producers may sell a larger or smaller proportion of their product to individual buyers, wine dealers, bars and restaurants, the remainder being acquired by larger cognac houses for blending.

File:Vs cognac.jpg

File:Cognac xo domaine de jacquiot medaille d'or 40%.jpg

File:Vegu cognac boutrand biron 70s 2010.jpg and Petite Champagne zones of the Cognac region of France]]

According to the Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac (BNIC), the official quality grades of cognac are:

• V.S. (Very Special) or ✯✯✯ (three stars) designates a blend in which the youngest brandy has been aged for at least two years in a cask.{{cite web|url=http://www.bnic.fr/cognac/_en/2_cognac/index.aspx?page=etiquette|title=Cognac.fr - All about Cognac|first=BNIC - Bureau National Interprofessionel du|last=Cognac|website=www.bnic.fr|access-date=18 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223223212/http://www.bnic.fr/cognac/_en/2_cognac/index.aspx?page=etiquette|archive-date=23 December 2016|url-status=dead}}
• V.S.O.P. (Very Superior Old Pale) or Reserve designates a blend in which the youngest brandy is aged for at least four years in a cask.{{Cite web | title= What does VSOP mean? | issue= 22 | url= http://www.vsop.ca/vsop-brandy | work= Camus Cognac | access-date= 25 November 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181007073832/http://www.vsop.ca/vsop-brandy | archive-date= 7 October 2018 | url-status= dead }}
• {{anchor|Napoleon}}Napoléon designates a blend in which the youngest brandy is aged for at least six years. It is not to be confused with "the Cognac of Napoleon", a sobriquet for Courvoisier.
• X.O. (Extra Old) The minimum age of the youngest brandy used in an X.O. blend was increased to 10 years in April 2018; this rule was originally scheduled for implementation in 2016, but was postponed due to inadequate stocks.{{cite web|url=http://www.cognac.fr/cognac/pdf/etiquette_texte_anim_en.pdf|title=Understanding a Cognac label (Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac, May 2008)|access-date=15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102259/http://www.cognac.fr/cognac/pdf/etiquette_texte_anim_en.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}} The Napoleon designation, previously unofficial, is used to specifically denote those blends with a minimum age of six years that do not meet the revised X.O. definition.{{cite web|title=A Field Guide to Cognac| date=17 November 2015 |url=http://www.eater.com/drinks/2015/11/17/9747068/what-is-cognac|access-date=18 March 2017}}
• X.X.O. (Extra Extra Old) is a specific indication given to wine spirits that have been aged for at least 14 years.{{cite web|title=Product specification for the Cognac or Eau-de-vie de Cognac or Eau-de-vie des Charentes controlled appellation of origin, officially recognised by French decree No. 2015-10 dated 7 January 2015, amended by the Order of 8 November 2018, as published in the Official Journal of the French Republic on 14 November 2018|url=https://p9d8a6h2.stackpathcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015_01_07_Cognac_product_specification_controlled_appellation_of_origin.pdf|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715231720/https://p9d8a6h2.stackpathcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015_01_07_Cognac_product_specification_controlled_appellation_of_origin.pdf|url-status=dead}}
• Hors d'âge (Beyond Age) is a designation which BNIC states is equal to X.O., but in practice the term is used by producers to market a high-quality product beyond the official age scale.

Most names of the grades are in English because the historical cognac trade, particularly in the 18th century, significantly involved the British.{{cite web|url=http://www.bnic.fr/cognac/_en/2_cognac/index.aspx?page=faq|title=FAQ|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525032916/http://www.bnic.fr/cognac/_en/2_cognac/index.aspx?page=faq|archive-date=25 May 2014|url-status=dead}}

File:Map of Cognac Regions3.svg

Cognac is also classified by crus, tightly defined geographic denominations where the grapes are grown. Their distinctive soils and microclimates produce eaux de vie with characteristics particular to their specific location.

• Grande Champagne ({{convert|13766|ha|disp=semicolon}}) The soils in Grande Champagne and Petite Champagne are characterized as shallow clay-limestone, over limestone and chalk.{{cite web|url=http://www.cognac.fr/bases/actualites_bnic.nsf/db36e34958fb8821c125767000551e09/5f64835279d272a9c125768f00582cf8/$FILE/joe_20110618_0140_002513725.pdf|title=Décret n° 2011-685 du 16 juin 2011 relatif à l'appellation d'origine contrôlée "Cognac" ou "Eau-de-vie de Cognac" ou "Eau-de-vie des Charentes" (MINISTÈRE DE L'AGRICULTURE, DE L'ALIMENTATION, DE LA PÊCHE, DE LA RURALITÉ ET DE L'AMÉNAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE, June 2011)|access-date=24 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417112702/http://www.cognac.fr/bases/actualites_bnic.nsf/db36e34958fb8821c125767000551e09/5f64835279d272a9c125768f00582cf8/$FILE/joe_20110618_0140_002513725.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2012|url-status=dead}}
• Petite Champagne ({{convert|16171|ha|disp=semicolon}}) Petite Champagne eaux de vie have similar characteristics to those from Grande Champagne. Cognacs made from a mixture of Grande and Petite Champagne eaux de vie (with at least 50% Grande Champagne) may be marketed as "Fine Champagne".
• Borderies ({{convert|4160|ha|disp=semicolon}}) The smallest cru. This denomination's soil contains clay and flint stones resulting from the decomposition of limestone.
• Fins Bois ({{convert|34265|ha|disp=semicolon}}) Heavier and faster aging eaux de vie ideal for establishing the base of some blended cognacs. The soils here are predominantly red clay-limestone and very stony, or otherwise heavy clay soils.
• Bons Bois and Bois Ordinaires (together {{convert|19979|ha|disp=semicolon}}). Further out from the four central growth areas are these two growing regions. With a poorer soil and very much influenced by the maritime climate, this area is 20,000 hectares.
• Bois à terroirs The soils of Les Bois (Bons Bois, Bois Ordinaires, and Bois à terroirs) are sandy, spanning coastal areas and some valleys.

The cognac-producing regions called Champagne should not be confused with the northeastern region of Champagne, a wine region that produces sparkling wine by that name, although they do share a common etymology.

Close to 200 cognac producers exist. According to one 2008 estimate a large percentage of cognac—more than 90% for the US market—comes from only four producers: Courvoisier (owned by the Campari Group), Hennessy (LVMH), Martell (Pernod Ricard), and Rémy Martin (Rémy Cointreau). Other brands meeting the AOC criteria for cognac include Bache-Gabrielsen/Dupuy, Braastad, Camus, La Fontaine de La Pouyade, Château Fontpinot, Delamain, Pierre Ferrand, Frapin, Gautier, Hine, Marcel Ragnaud, Monnet, Moyet, Otard, Meukow, and Cognac Croizet.

In 2017, an agreement between the European Union and Armenia was signed, whereby Armenian producers will abandon the usage of the protected geographic name "cognac" from 2043.{{cite web | url =https://tass.com/economy/1304179|title=Armenia to drop 'cognac' use for its products by 2043 — Acting Deputy PM |publisher=TASS| date=17 June 2021| accessdate =18 June 2021}} The name "cognac" will be prohibited for the domestic Armenian market from 2032.

Cocktails marked with "IBA" are designated as IBA official cocktails by the International Bartenders Association.

• Brandy Alexander: equal amounts of cognac, crème de cacao, and cream. (under the name Alexander)
• Between the Sheets: cognac, white rum, triple sec and fresh lemon juice.
• French Connection: equal amounts of cognac and amaretto liqueur.
• Sazerac: cognac, absinthe, Peychaud's Bitters, and a sugar cube.
• Sidecar: traditionally made with cognac, an orange liqueur, and lemon juice.
• Stinger: cognac with a white crème de menthe.

• Chambord: a liqueur made from cognac infused with black and red raspberries and Madagascar vanilla
• Domaine de Canton: a cognac based ginger liqueur
• Grand Marnier: a liqueur made from cognac and distilled essence of bitter orange
• Pineau des Charentes: a sweet apéritif, composed of a cognac eau-de-vie and grape must, made in the Charente region

In addition to being drunk as a beverage, cognac is also used as a flavoring in foods. Pastry dishes often pair cognac with flavors such as apple, raisin, prune, vanilla, and chocolate.{{Cite book |last=Boyle |first=Tish |title=Plating for Gold: A Decade of Desserts from the World and National Pastry Team Championships |date=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-05984-5 |location=Hoboken, N.J |pages=29 |via=Perlego}}

"The Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac (BNIC) is a French organization that oversees the production, promotion, and protection of Cognac. The BNIC's primary responsibilities include setting and enforcing the standards for Cognac production, ensuring the authenticity and quality of the product, and promoting the brand on a global scale."{{Cite web |date=2023-12-25 |title=What is Eaux-de-Vie, The "Water of Life" is The Essence of Cognac - Cognac.com |url=https://cognac.com/what-is-eaux-de-vie-the-water-of-life-is-the-essence-of-cognac/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=cognac.com |language=en-US}}

• Armagnac (brandy)
• Cocktails made with brandy

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{{Reflist|2|refs=

{{Cite journal| title= How Good is Cognac? | issue= 22 |url= http://www.saveur.com/article/Wine-and-Drink/How-Good-is-Cognac | first= Paul | last= Lukacs | journal=Saveur | date= 12 March 2002 | access-date= 1 December 2010}}

{{Cite web| title= Elegance in a glass | date= 23 February 2006 |url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/02/23/WIGMIHAKNA1.DTL&type=printable | first= Richard Carleton | last=Hacker|work=San Francisco Chronicle | access-date= 1 December 2010}}

{{Cite web| title= Cognac Attack!| date= 2 April 2008 |url= http://www.slate.com/id/2188005/pagenum/all/ | first = Mike |last= Steinberger| work=Slate | access-date= 8 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195901/http://www.slate.com/id/2188005/pagenum/all/ | archive-date=2011-05-11 }}

{{Cite web | title= What does VSOP mean? | issue= 22 | url= http://www.vsop.ca/vsop-brandy | work= Camus Cognac | access-date= 25 November 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181007073832/http://www.vsop.ca/vsop-brandy | archive-date= 7 October 2018 | url-status= dead }}

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{{Commons category|Cognac (drink)|Cognac}}

• {{in lang|en}} [https://www.diffordsguide.com/beer-wine-spirits/category/356/cognac-and-cognac-style-brandies Difford's Guide: Cognac]. Very rich, detailed profile of cognac from Simon Difford.
• {{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518031948/http://www.france.fr/en/wines-spirits/cognac-and-armagnac Cognac and Armagnac] – The official website of France
• {{in lang|en}} [https://www.cognac.fr/en/ Cognac official website] – Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac (BNIC)
• {{in lang|en}} [http://www.pediacognac.com/en/ The BNIC Cognac encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151345/http://www.pediacognac.com/en/ |date=21 December 2019 }}

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