:Contact (1997 American film)

Dr. Ellie Arroway works for the SETI program at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. She was inspired to pursue a career in science, starting with amateur radio, by her father, who died in her youth. Her work involves listening to radio emissions from space in the hopes of finding signs of intelligent extraterrestrial life. The program loses funding after David Drumlin, the President's science advisor, deems it futile. However, Arroway receives financial support from S. R. Hadden, the secretive billionaire industrialist who runs Hadden Industries, which enables her to keep working at the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico.

Four years later, when Drumlin is about to terminate the SETI program at the VLA, Arroway discovers a signal containing a sequence of prime numbers originating from the star Vega. Drumlin and the National Security Council, headed by Michael Kitz, attempt to seize control of the facility. Arroway's team discovers a video hidden within the signal: Adolf Hitler's opening address at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany. The Hitler transmission was the first to penetrate the Earth's ionosphere and reach Vega.

The project is put under security and its progress is monitored around the world. Arroway discovers the signal contains over 63,000 pages of encoded data, and Hadden provides her with the means to decode it. The decoded data reveals schematics for a machine that may be a form of transportation for a single person. Multiple nations provide funding for the construction of the machine, at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral.

An international panel will select a candidate to travel in the machine. Arroway is a leading candidate until the Christian philosopher Palmer Joss, a member of the panel with whom she briefly had a romantic relationship in Puerto Rico, draws attention to her atheism. The panel selects Drumlin. During the first tests, a religious terrorist destroys the machine with a suicide bomb, killing himself, Drumlin, and several others. Hadden, now residing on the Mir space station and dying of cancer, reveals to Arroway the U.S. government and his company have used a secret contract to build a second machine in Hokkaido, Japan. Arroway, the only American remaining among the candidate pool, will use it.

Equipped with multiple recording devices, Arroway enters a pod which is dropped into the machine, and seemingly travels through wormholes. She observes a radio array-like structure at Vega, signs of civilization on an alien planet, and a celestial event that makes her ecstatic. She finds herself on a beach similar to a childhood drawing she made of Pensacola, Florida. An alien approaches, taking on the appearance of her deceased father. He explains that the aliens detected humanity's radio emissions and judged them worthy of being shown a first step into the cosmos.

Arroway regains consciousness in the pod. The mission control team tell her that the pod fell through the machine into a safety net and that the experiment achieved nothing. Arroway insists she was gone for about 18 hours, but her recording devices show only static. A Congressional Committee headed by Kitz speculates the signal and machine were a hoax designed by Hadden, who has since died. Arroway requests the committee accept the truth of her testimony on faith, saying that, while her testimony cannot be proven scientifically, it has affected her humanity. Arroway reunites with Joss, who says he believes her. Kitz and the White House official Rachel Constantine discuss the confidential information, and observe that Arroway's device recorded 18 hours of static. Arroway receives ongoing financial support for the SETI program at the VLA.

• Jodie Foster as Dr. Eleanor "Ellie" Ann Arroway
• Jena Malone as young Ellie
• Matthew McConaughey as Palmer Joss
• David Morse as Theodore Arroway
• Tom Skerritt as Dr. David Drumlin
• James Woods as Michael Kitz
• John Hurt as S. R. Hadden
• William Fichtner as Kent Clarke, a character derived from Kent Cullers{{cite web |title=Contact (Movie) |url=https://www.seti.org/seti-institute/project/details/sci-fi-movies |website=SETI.org |access-date=August 13, 2020 |date=August 22, 2011 |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201150946/https://www.seti.org/seti-institute/project/details/sci-fi-movies |url-status=live }}
• Angela Bassett as Rachel Constantine
• Jake Busey as Joseph
• Rob Lowe as Richard Rank
• Geoffrey Blake as Fisher
• Max Martini as Willie
• Steven Ford as Major John Russell
• Jay Leno as himself
• Larry King as himself
• Ann Druyan as herself

The scientist Carl Sagan conceived Contact in 1979. That year, Lynda Obst, one of his closest friends, was hired by the film producer Peter Guber as a studio executive for his production company, Casablanca FilmWorks. She pitched Guber the idea for Contact, and he commissioned a development deal. Sagan and Ann Druyan (who later married) finished the film treatment in November 1980.{{cite book | author = Carl Sagan | title = Contact: A Novel | publisher = Simon and Schuster | date = October 1985 | page = [https://archive.org/details/contact00saga_1/page/432 432] | isbn = 0-671-43400-4 | location = New York City | url = https://archive.org/details/contact00saga_1/page/432 | author-link = Carl Sagan }}{{cite web | url = http://contact-themovie.warnerbros.com/cmp/int-druyan.html | title = Ann Druyan | work = Warner Bros. | access-date = February 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001018020435/http://contact-themovie.warnerbros.com/cmp/int-druyan.html |archive-date=October 18, 2000 |quote=Carl and I wrote the more than 100-page treatment in November of 1980...}} Druyan said they hoped "to write something that would be a fictional representation of what contact would actually be like, that would convey something of the true grandeur of the universe".{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} They added the science and religion analogies as a metaphor of philosophical and intellectual interest in searching for the truth of both humanity and alien contact.{{cite web | url = http://contact-themovie.warnerbros.com/cmp/about.html | title = About the production | work = Warner Bros. | access-date = January 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010517053600/http://contact-themovie.warnerbros.com/cmp/about.html |archive-date=May 17, 2001}}

Sagan incorporated Kip Thorne's study of wormhole space travel. Druyan denied that Arroway was inspired by Jill Tarter, the head of Project Phoenix of the SETI Institute, though Foster met her to research the role.{{cite news | author = William J. Broad | title = Astronomers Revive Scan of the Heavens for Signs of Life | work = The New York Times | date = September 29, 1998 }} The name Ellie was short for Eleanor, which was taken from Eleanor Roosevelt, whom both Sagan and Druyan adored; Arroway was selected based on both Voltaire's real name (Arouet), and that Ellie "was going to travel like an arrow through the cosmos", according to Druyan.{{cite web | url = https://www.vulture.com/2022/06/an-oral-history-of-contact-the-movie.html | title = 'No Aliens, No Spaceships, No Invasion of Earth' An oral history of Contact, the sci-fi movie that defied Hollywood norms and made it big anyway. | first= Rachel | last= Handler | date = June 29, 2022 | accessdate = July 24, 2022 | work = Vulture }} Tarter was a story consultant, and advised on how to portray career struggles of women scientists from the 1950s to 1970s. The writers debated whether Arroway should have a baby at the film's end.{{cite book | author= Norman Kagan | title = The Cinema of Robert Zemeckis | publisher = Taylor Trade Publishing | year = 2003 | pages = 159–181 | isbn = 0-87833-293-6 | chapter = Contact | location = Lanham, Maryland}}

Although Guber was impressed with Sagan and Druyan's treatment, he hired various screenwriters to rewrite the script. New characters were added, including a Native American park ranger turned astronaut. Guber suggested that Arroway have an estranged teenage son, whom he believed would add depth to the storyline. Guber said: "Here was a woman consumed with the idea that there was something out there worth listening to, but the one thing she could never make contact with was her own child. To me, that's what the film had to be about." Sagan and Druyan disagreed and did not incorporate the idea.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In 1982, Guber took Contact to Warner Bros. Pictures. As the film's development stalled, Sagan rewrote Contact as a novel, which was published by Simon and Schuster in September 1985. The film adaptation remained in development, and Guber left Warner Bros. in 1989. Guber became the new president of Sony Pictures Entertainment and tried to purchase the film rights from Warner Bros., but the studio refused. In 1989, Obst was hired as a new executive at Warner Bros. and fast-tracked the film by hiring more writers. Roland Joffé was hired to direct, using a screenplay by James V. Hart.{{cite news | author = Bernard Weinraub | title = Using a Big Budget To Ask Big Questions | work = The New York Times | date = July 6, 1997 }} Joffé almost commenced pre-production, but dropped out. Obst hired Michael Goldenberg to rewrite the script, who finished his second draft in late 1993. Goldenberg's draft rekindled Warner Bros.' interest in Contact, and asked Robert Zemeckis to direct; he refused in favor of making a film based on the life of Harry Houdini.{{cite news | author = Michael Fleming | url = https://variety.com/1997/voices/columns/verhoeven-eyes-houdini-1116677042/ | title = Verhoeven eyes 'Houdini' | date = July 10, 1997 | work = Variety | access-date = January 26, 2009 | archive-date = October 25, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025010242/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1116677042 | url-status = live }} Zemeckis liked the script, but did not like the ending, which had "the sky open up and these angelic aliens putting on a light show".

In December 1993, Warner Bros. hired George Miller to direct,{{cite news | author = John Evan Frook | url = https://variety.com/1993/film/news/wb-makes-contact-116846/ | title = WB makes 'Contact' | date = December 16, 1993 | work = Variety | access-date = January 26, 2009 | archive-date = October 25, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025010207/http://www.variety.com/article/VR116846 | url-status = live }} and Contact entered pre-production. Actresses including Julia Roberts expressed interest in the role of Ellie. Miller considered Uma Thurman before he cast Jodie Foster. He approached Ralph Fiennes to play Palmer Joss, and considered casting Linda Hunt as the US president.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In addition to having aliens put on a laser lighting display around Earth, another version of the Goldenberg scripts had an alien wormhole swallow up the planet, transporting Earth to the center of the galaxy. Miller also asked Goldenberg to rewrite Contact to portray the pope as a key supporting character. Warner Bros. was hoping to have the film ready for release by Christmas 1996, but pre-production lasted longer than expected. Warner Bros. fired Miller, blaming pushed-back start dates, budget concerns, and Miller's insistence that the script needed five more weeks of rewriting.

Zemeckis decided to accept the offer to direct. Warner Bros. granted him total artistic control and final cut privilege. Zemeckis cast Matthew McConaughey as Palmer Joss; McConaughey dropped out of the lead role in The Jackal to take the role.{{cite news | author = Michael Fleming | url = https://variety.com/1996/voices/columns/mcconaughey-inks-with-wb-1117465974/ | title = McConaughey inks with WB | date = December 16, 1996 | work = Variety | access-date = January 26, 2009 | archive-date = October 25, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025010306/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117465974 | url-status = live }} Despite being diagnosed with myelodysplasia in 1994, Sagan remained involved in the production of the film. For the cast and main crew members, he conducted an academic conference that depicted a detailed history of astronomy. The production crew watched Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) for inspiration.

File:ContactLoco.jpg

File:Very Large Array -- New Mexico, U.S.A. -- 2009-08.jpg in New Mexico]]

Principal photography began on September 24, 1996, and ended on February 28, 1997. The first shooting took place at the Very Large Array (VLA) near Socorro, New Mexico. "Shooting at the VLA was, of course, spectacular but also one of the most difficult aspects of our filming", producer Steve Starkey said. "It is a working facility, so in order for us to accomplish shots for the movie, we had to negotiate with the National Science Foundation for 'dish control' in order to move the dishes in the direction we needed to effect the most dramatic shot for the story."{{cite web | url = http://contact-themovie.warnerbros.com/cmp/technology.html | title = Contact – High Technology Lends a Hand/Science of the Soundstage | publisher = Warner Bros. | access-date = January 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010304211755/http://contact-themovie.warnerbros.com/cmp/technology.html |archive-date=March 4, 2001}} After arduous first weeks of location shooting in New Mexico and Arizona, production for Contact returned to Los Angeles for five months' worth of location and sound stage shooting that used a total of nine soundstages at Warner Hollywood Studios in West Hollywood, and Culver Studios. The art department created more than 25 sets.

In an attempt to create a sense of realism for the storyline, principal CNN news outlet commentators were scripted into Contact. More than 25 news reporters from CNN had roles in the film, and the CNN programs Larry King Live and Crossfire were also included. Ann Druyan makes a cameo appearance as herself, debating with Rob Lowe's character, Richard Rank, on Crossfire. In January 1997, second unit filming, directed by producer Steve Starkey took place for one week at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico.

Other second-unit work took place in Fiji, Saint John, US Virgin Islands and Newfoundland, Canada. Also essential to the production were a host of technical consultants from the SETI Institute, the California Institute of Technology, the VLA and a former White House staff member to consult on Washington, D.C., and government protocol issues.{{cite web | url = http://contact-themovie.warnerbros.com/cmp/neworlds.html | title = Creating Strange New Worlds | work = Warner Bros. | access-date = April 18, 2015 | archive-date = February 1, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140201184245/http://contact-themovie.warnerbros.com/cmp/neworlds.html | url-status = live }} Sagan visited the set a number of times, where he also helped with last-minute rewrites. Filming was briefly delayed with the news of his death on December 20, 1996. Contact was dedicated to Sagan: "For Carl" appears on the screen at the fade.

Cinematographer Don Burgess shot the film in anamorphic format using Panavision cameras, as well as using large-format 65 mm and VistaVision for visual and special effects shots. The sound designers used Pro Tools software for the sound mixing, which was done at Skywalker Sound.{{cite news | author = Richard Buskin | url = http://www.filmsound.org/randythom/contact.htm | title = Making Contact | work = FilmSound.org | access-date = January 30, 2009 | archive-date = March 16, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210316125759/http://filmsound.org/randythom/contact.htm | url-status = live }}

File:Contact-Machine.jpg, Japan]]

Designing Contact{{'}}s visual effects sequences was a joint effort by eight VFX companies, including Sony Pictures Imageworks (SPI), Weta Digital, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), Warner Digital, and Effects Associates, with Pixar's RenderMan used for CGI rendering. Weta Digital, in particular, was responsible for designing the wormhole sequence.{{cite book | author = Ian Pryor | title = Peter Jackson: From Prince of Splatter to Lord of the Rings | publisher = Thomas Dunne Books | year = 2003 | page = [https://archive.org/details/peterjacksonfrom0000pryo/page/206 206] | isbn = 0-312-32294-1 | location = New York City | url = https://archive.org/details/peterjacksonfrom0000pryo/page/206 }} Foster found working with blue screen technology for the first time difficult: "It was a blue room. Blue walls, blue roof. It was just blue, blue, blue. And I was rotated on a Lazy Susan with the camera moving on a computerized arm. It was really tough."

News footage of Bill Clinton was digitally altered to make it appear as if he is speaking about alien contact. Zemeckis had approached Sidney Poitier to play the president, who turned the role down in favor of The Jackal.{{cite news | author = Army Archerd | url = https://variety.com/1996/voices/columns/two-titanics-on-collision-course-1117862965/ | title = Two 'Titanics' on collision course | date = August 16, 1996 | work = Variety | access-date = January 26, 2009 | author-link = Army Archerd | archive-date = October 25, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025010338/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117862965 | url-status = live }} Shortly afterwards, Clinton gave a speech about the Martian meteorite fragment Allan Hills 84001, which was used in Contact. Zemeckis said: "I swear to God it was like it was scripted for this movie. When he said the line 'We will continue to listen closely to what it has to say', I almost died. I stood there with my mouth hanging open."

Digital color correction was used to solve continuity errors during the location shooting at the Very Large Array in New Mexico. "The weather killed us, so we were going back in and changing it enough so that the skies and colors and times of day all seem roughly the same", said the visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston.{{cite news | author = Michael Mallory | url = https://www.variety.com/vstory/VR1117341655 | title = Invisible tricks of the trade | date = May 8, 1997 | work = Variety | access-date = January 28, 2009}}

The opening scene is a five-minute CGI sequence, beginning with a view of Earth from high in the exosphere and listening to numerous radio broadcasts emitting from the planet. The camera zooms backward, passing the Moon, Mars, and other features of the Solar System, then to the Oort cloud, interstellar space, the Local Bubble, the Milky Way, other galaxies of the Local Group, and eventually into deep space. As this occurs, the radio signals start to drop out and reflect older programming, representing the distance these signals would have traveled at the speed of light, eventually becoming silent as the distance becomes much greater. The sequence eventually resolves into the iris of young Ellie's eye as she is listening on her amateur radio base station. The scale-view shot of the entire universe was inspired by the short documentary film Powers of Ten (1977). At the time, it was the longest continuous computer-generated sequence in a live-action film, eventually surpassed by the opening of The Day After Tomorrow (2004).{{cite web | author = Tim Dirks | url = http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects19.html | title = Milestones in Film History: Greatest Visual and Special Effects and Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI). Part 16 | work = Filmsite.org | access-date = January 29, 2009 | archive-date = May 19, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210519094702/https://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects19.html | url-status = live }}

One sequence, with young Ellie running upstairs to try to retrieve her father's medicine, appears to have Ellie running just behind a camera as they move into the bathroom, but the shot resolves to show that this was part of the medicine cabinet mirror's reflection, pulling back to have Ellie open it. It is noted as one of the film's most impressive visual effects due to the seamlessness of the transition. According to Carin-Anne Strohmaier, first assistant film editor, the shot was created through three different plates and manipulated in CGI to create the effect: one plate was from the cameraman leading Ellie, the second of Ellie opening the cabinet door (which was a blue screen instead of a mirror), and the third of the reflection of the photograph of Ellie and her father when the door closes.{{cite web | url = https://www.slashfilm.com/contact-mirror-shot/ | title = You Probably Didn't Notice This Shot in 'Contact' Was Done with Visual Effects | first = Ethan | last = Anderton | date = January 17, 2017 | access-date = January 9, 2018 | work = /Film | archive-date = January 10, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180110114646/http://www.slashfilm.com/contact-mirror-shot/ | url-status = live }}

In the sequence with the death of Ellie's father, they planned to use an effect similar to bullet time from The Matrix to show him stopped in time as he died. As the movie was filmed, they found the approach did not fit the casting or the direction the film was going. They decided it would be most effective to create something distressing but with Ellie's father absent from the shot, leading to the development of the mirror sequence.{{cite web | url = https://vfxblog.com/2017/07/10/the-famous-mirror-shot-in-contact-was-almost-something-else-entirely/ | title = The famous mirror shot in 'Contact' was almost something else entirely | first = Ian | last = Failes | date = July 10, 2017 | access-date = January 9, 2018 | work = VGX Blog | archive-date = January 10, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180110054816/https://vfxblog.com/2017/07/10/the-famous-mirror-shot-in-contact-was-almost-something-else-entirely/ | url-status = live }}

The decoding of the extraterrestrial message, with its architectural drawings of the machine, was created by Ken Ralston and Sony Pictures Imageworks. It was Zemeckis's and Ralston's sixth film collaboration. Imageworks created more than 350 visual effect shots, using a combination of model and miniature shots and digital graphics. On designing the Machine, Zemeckis said, "The Machine in Sagan's novel was somewhat vague, which is fine for a book. In a movie, though, if you're going to build a giant physical structure of alien design, you have to make it believable... It had to be huge, so that the audience would feel like it was bigger than man should be tinkering with. It had to look absolutely real." The machine was designed by concept artist Steve Burg, reusing a design he created as a "time-displacement device" for an unused scene in Terminator 2.{{cite web |url=http://www.steveburg.com/film_tv.html |title=Steve Burg homepage |access-date=September 9, 2009 |work=Steve Burg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215063502/http://www.steveburg.com/film_tv.html |archive-date=December 15, 2009 }}

Early conceptual designs of the Pod were based, as in the novel, on one of the primary shapes in geometry: a dodecahedron, or a twelve-sided body. Eventually it was modified to a spherical capsule that encased the traveler, with a dodecahedron surrounding the sphere. Zemeckis and the production crew also made several visits to the Kennedy Space Center at Merritt Island adjacent to Cape Canaveral, where officials gave them access to sites off-limits to most visitors. Filmmakers were also brought onto Launch Complex 39 before the launch of the Space Shuttle, where they studied the mechanics of the elevator, gantry area and loading arm for the design of the Machine's surrounding supports and gantry. Once the concept met with the filmmakers' approval, physical construction began on the sets for the Pod, elevator interior and gantry, which took almost four months. The rest of the effects were compiled digitally by Imageworks.

The climactic scene depicting the mysterious beach near the galactic core where Arroway makes contact, in particular, called for major visual innovations. The goal was an idyllic seashore with a sky blazing with stars that might exist near the core of the galaxy. Ralston said that "the thought was that this beach would have a heightened reality. One that might make the everyday world seem like a vague daydream." To keep the question alive whether any of it was real in Arroway's mind, elements such as ocean waves running in reverse and palm tree shadows swaying with sped-up motion were applied. The Hitler newsreel also required digital manipulation.

{{Infobox album

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The original score was composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri, most of which was released on August 19, 1997, by Warner Bros. Records.{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000002NIY |title=Alan Silvestri, Alan Silvestri – Contact: Music From The Motion Picture |work=amazon.com |access-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521135549/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000002NIY |url-status=live }} The full score is approximately an hour long, 44 minutes of which is on the CD, including every major cue. The CD track entitled "Good to Go" features a slightly different opening—a brief brass motif that is not in the film—but all other cues are identical in orchestration to the mix in the film.

The Region 2 Special Edition DVD release contains a 5.1 music score track,{{cite web |url=http://www.soundtrack.net/dvd/?cid=C&id=11 |title=DVD Music |work=soundtrack.net |access-date=March 22, 2010 |archive-date=May 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519094718/https://www.soundtrack.net/dvd/?cid=C&id=11 |url-status=live }} which presents the complete score (this feature, as with many isolated scores, is not mentioned in most product descriptions of the DVD).{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CX8A |title=Contact (Special Edition) [1997] [DVD] |work=amazon.co.uk |access-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517040238/https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004CX8A |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.play.com/DVD/DVD/4-/1871/Contact-Special-Edition/Product.html |title=Rakuten.co.uk Shopping: DVD – DVD & Blu-ray |work=play.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726170515/http://www.play.com/DVD/DVD/4-/1871/Contact-Special-Edition/Product.html |archive-date=July 26, 2010 }}

Contact often suggests that cultural conflicts between religion and science would be brought to the fore by the apparent contact with aliens that occurs in the film. A point of discussion is the existence of God, with several different positions being portrayed. A description of an emotionally intense experience by Palmer Joss, which he describes as seeing God, is met by Arroway's suggestion that "some part of [him] needed to have it"—that it was a significant personal experience but indicative of nothing greater. Joss compares his certainty that God exists to Arroway's certainty that she loved her deceased father, despite her being unable to prove it.

Contact depicts intense debate occurring as a result of the apparent contact with aliens. Many clips of well-known debate shows such as Crossfire and Larry King Live are shown, with participants discussing the implications of the message, asking whether it is proof of the existence of alien life or of God, and whether science is encroaching upon religious ground by, as one believer puts it, "talking to your god for you". The head of a religious organization casts doubt on the morality of building the machine, noting: "We don't even know whether [the aliens] believe in God." The first machine is ultimately destroyed by a Christian extremist, in the belief that building it was detrimental to humankind.

Although the revelation at the end of the film that Arroway's recording device recorded approximately 18 hours of noise is arguably conclusive proof of the fact of—if not the experience of—her "journey", several coincidences and indications throughout the film cast doubt on its authenticity. Zemeckis said: "The point of the movie is for there always to be a certain amount of doubt [as to whether the aliens were real]." These indications consist mostly of visual cues during the "journey" that echo Ellie's experiences earlier in the film (which Ellie believed to be the result of the aliens "downloading [her] thoughts and memories"), but the timing of the message's arrival and its eventual decoding are also coincidental: the message was first received shortly before Arroway and her team were to be ejected from the VLA facility and was successfully decoded only by S. R. Hadden (Arroway's only sponsor, who was close to death from cancer) after weeks of failed attempts by the team at the VLA.

At the end of the film, Arroway is put into a position that she had traditionally viewed with skepticism and contempt: that of believing something with complete certainty, despite being unable to prove it in the face of not only widespread incredulity and skepticism (which she admits that as a scientist she would normally share) but also evidence apparently to the contrary.

Zemeckis stated that he intended the message of the film to be that science and religion can coexist rather than being opposing camps,Robert Zemeckis, Steve Starkey, DVD audio commentary, 1997, Warner Home Video. as shown by the coupling of scientist Arroway with the religious Joss, as well as his acceptance that the "journey" indeed took place. This, and scattered references throughout the film, posit that science and religion are not nominally incompatible: one interviewer, after asking Arroway whether the construction of the machine—despite not knowing what will happen when it is activated—is too dangerous, suggests that it is being built on the "faith" that the alien designers, as Arroway puts it, "know what they're doing".

File:Contact uniforms.jpg 2011]]

Contact{{'}}s release in July 1997 rekindled public interest in Sagan's 1985 novel. The book remained on The New York Times Best Seller list from July 27 to September 21, 1997.{{cite news | title = Paperback Best Seller: July 27, 1997 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/27/books/paperback-best-sellers-july-27-1997.html | work = The New York Times | date = July 27, 1997 | access-date = January 28, 2009 | archive-date = November 9, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109231802/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/27/books/paperback-best-sellers-july-27-1997.html | url-status = live }}{{cite news | title = Paperback Best Sellers: September 21, 1997 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/21/books/paperback-best-sellers-september-21-1997.html | work = The New York Times | date = September 21, 1997 | access-date = January 28, 2009 | archive-date = November 9, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109231847/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/21/books/paperback-best-sellers-september-21-1997.html | url-status = live }}

Contact premiered on July 1, 1997, at the Village Theater in Los Angeles, California.{{cite news | author = Anita M. Busch | url = https://www.variety.com/vstory/VR1116677295 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130703175437/http://variety.com/1997/scene/vpage/contact-s-starry-night-1116677295/ | archive-date = July 3, 2013 | title = 'Contact's' starry night | date = July 3, 1997 | work = Variety | access-date = March 8, 2021}} It was released in the United States and Canada on July 11, 1997, in 1,923 theaters, earning $20,584,908 in its opening weekend, ranking in second place behind Men in Black.{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-news-leader-contact-earns-2/124521363/ |title='Contact' earns $20.5 million, second to 'Men in Black' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512220112/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-news-leader-contact-earns-2/124521363/ |date=July 14, 1997 |access-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |page=2 |publisher=The Daily News Leader |via=Newspapers.com |url-status=live}} {{Open access}} The film would hold the record for having Jodie Foster's opening weekend until Panic Room surpassed it in 2002.{{cite news | last=Gray | first=Brandon | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1147&p=.htm | title='Panic Room' Breaks Into the Top Spot, 'Rookie' Hits a Triple | publisher=Box Office Mojo | date=April 2, 2002 | access-date=July 15, 2010 | archive-date=December 15, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222338/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1147&p=.htm | url-status=live }} It eventually grossed $100,920,329 in North America and $70,200,000 in foreign countries, reaching a worldwide total of $171,120,329.

Contact was released on LaserDisc, VHS and DVD in December 1997. Among the special features are three audio commentaries: by director Zemeckis and producer Starkey, by visual effects supervisors Ken Ralston and Stephen Rosenbaum, and by star Jodie Foster.{{cite web | url = https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0790733226 | title = Contact (1997) | work = Amazon.com | access-date = January 27, 2009 | archive-date = August 31, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070831192617/http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0790733226 | url-status = live }} Contact was released on Blu-ray Disc on October 6, 2009.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

On the basis of 68 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, 68% of critics gave positive reviews, with an average score of 6.9/10. The critical consensus reads, "Contact elucidates stirring scientific concepts and theological inquiry at the expense of satisfying storytelling, making for a brainy blockbuster that engages with its ideas, if not its characters."{{cite web | url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1078021-contact/ | title = Contact (1997) | work = Rotten Tomatoes | publisher = Fandango Media | access-date = August 4, 2022 | archive-date = November 14, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201114193910/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1078021-contact | url-status = live }} Metacritic calculated an average score of 62 out of 100, based on 23 reviews, denoting "generally favorable" reviews.{{cite web | url = https://www.metacritic.com/movie/contact | title = Contact Reviews | work = Metacritic | publisher = CBS Interactive | access-date = February 27, 2018 | archive-date = March 7, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180307072243/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/contact | url-status = live }} Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.cinemascore.com/ |access-date=February 28, 2022 |website=CinemaScore |language=en-US}}

Roger Ebert, who gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, said that "Sagan's novel Contact provides the inspiration for Robert Zemeckis' new film, which tells the smartest and most absorbing story about extraterrestrial intelligence since Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). "Movies like Contact help explain why movies like Independence Day leave me feeling empty and unsatisfied", Ebert commented.{{cite news | author = Roger Ebert | title = Contact | date = July 11, 1997 | url = https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/contact-1997 | access-date = August 14, 2020 | author-link = Roger Ebert | archive-date = August 12, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200812163541/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/contact-1997 | url-status = live }} On December 21, 2011, Ebert added Contact to his "Great Movies" collection.{{cite news | url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-contact-1997 | title=Contact (1997) | access-date=August 14, 2020 | archive-date=October 31, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031175358/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-contact-1997 | url-status=live }}

Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said that the film carried a more philosophical portrait of the science fiction genre than did other films, but still managed "to satisfy the cravings of the general public who simply want to be entertained".{{cite news |author=Kenneth Turan |title=Foster Passes Hearing Test |url=http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-movie970711-7,2,1181836.story |work=Los Angeles Times |date=July 11, 1997 |access-date=January 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120065458/http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-movie970711-7%2C2%2C1181836.story |archive-date=November 20, 2007 |url-status=dead |author-link=Kenneth Turan }} Internet reviewer James Berardinelli said that Contact is "one of 1997's finest motion pictures, and is a forceful reminder that Hollywood is still capable of making magic". Berardinelli likened its awe and spectacle to Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey, while adding that "If Contact falls short in any area, it's an inability to fully develop all of its many subplots..."{{cite web | author = James Berardinelli | title = Contact | url = http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/c/contact.html | work = ReelViews.net | access-date = January 27, 2009 | author-link = James Berardinelli | archive-date = November 16, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116085834/http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/c/contact.html | url-status = live }} Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle largely enjoyed the first 90 minutes of Contact but felt that Zemeckis was too obsessed with visual effects rather than cohesive storytelling for the pivotal climax.{{cite news | author = Mick LaSalle | title = Anybody There? | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1997/07/11/DD67803.DTL | work = San Francisco Chronicle | date = July 11, 1997 | access-date = January 27, 2009 | author-link = Mick LaSalle | archive-date = November 20, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071120234431/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F1997%2F07%2F11%2FDD67803.DTL | url-status = live }} Rita Kempley, writing in The Washington Post, did not like the film's premise, which she described as "a preachy debate between sanctity and science".{{cite news | author = Rita Kempley | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/review97/contactkempley.htm | title = Contact | newspaper = The Washington Post | date = July 11, 1997 | access-date = January 27, 2009 | archive-date = November 7, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121107103919/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/review97/contactkempley.htm | url-status = live }}

{{sticky header}}

In 1984, a meteorite called Allan Hills 84001, thought to be from Mars, was found in Antarctica. Twelve years later, an article by NASA scientist David S. McKay was published in the journal Science, proposing that the meteorite might contain evidence for microscopic fossils of Martian bacteria (later, a disputed interpretation).{{cite web |title=After 10 years, few believe life on Mars |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2006-08-06-mars-life_x.htm |last=Crenson |first=Matt |publisher=Associated Press (on usatoday.com) |date=August 6, 2006 |access-date=December 6, 2009 |archive-date=June 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607014946/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2006-08-06-mars-life_x.htm |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last=McKay |first=David S. |s2cid=40690489 |year=1996 |title=Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001 |journal=Science |pmid=8688069 |volume=273 |issue=5277 |pages=924–930 |doi=10.1126/science.273.5277.924 |bibcode = 1996Sci...273..924M |display-authors=etal}} The announcement made headlines around the world, and the following day, on August 7, 1996, during a press conference about the news, the President of the United States, Bill Clinton, made remarks that were in places sufficiently generic in nature to allow fragments of his videotaped statement to be included in Contact, implying that Clinton was ostensibly speaking about contact with extraterrestrial life, congruent with the film's story:[http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/ccManager/clips/the-real-adolf-hitler-and-the-real-bill-clinton-in-contact The real Adolf Hitler and the real Bill Clinton in Contact] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011041856/http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/ccManager/clips/the-real-adolf-hitler-and-the-real-bill-clinton-in-contact |date=October 11, 2013 }} (Video from Contact, and commentary) Critical Commons. Retrieved: July 21, 2013.

{{blockquote|Good afternoon. I'm glad to be joined by my science and technology adviser ...[words cut by film editors]... This is the product of years of exploration ...[words cut]... by some of the world's most distinguished scientists. Like all discoveries, this one will and should continue to be reviewed, examined, and scrutinized. It must be confirmed by other scientists. But clearly, the fact that something of this magnitude is being explored is another vindication ...[film scene performed over recording, with dialogue obscuring Clinton's remarks and creating a gap]... If this discovery is confirmed, it will surely be one of the most stunning insights into our universe that science has ever uncovered. Its implications are as far reaching and awe inspiring as can be imagined. Even as it promises answers to some of our oldest questions, it poses still others even more fundamental. We will continue to listen closely to what it has to say as we continue the search for answers and for knowledge that is as old as humanity itself but essential to our people's future. Thank you.[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=53170 Remarks on the Possible Discovery of Life on Mars and an Exchange With Reporters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105122428/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=53170 |date=January 5, 2015 }}. William J. Clinton at The American Presidency Project, 1996-08-07.}}

Later in the film, a separate fragment of generic remarks by President Clinton, speaking about Saddam Hussein and Iraq at a different press conference in October 1994, was lifted out of context and inserted into Contact:[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=49247 The President's News Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105122505/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=49247 |date=January 5, 2015 }}. William J. Clinton at The American Presidency Project, October 7, 1994.

{{blockquote|I would encourage you not to inflame this situation beyond the facts. Let us deal with this on the facts. We are monitoring what has actually happened.}}

On July 14, 1997, three days after the film opened in the United States, Warner Bros. received a letter from White House Counsel Charles Ruff protesting against the use of Clinton's digitally-composited appearance. The letter made no demands, but called the duration and manner of Clinton's appearance "inappropriate". No legal action was planned; the White House Counsel simply wanted to send a message to Hollywood to avoid unauthorized uses of the President's image. Zemeckis was reminded that official White House policy "prohibits the use of the President in any way ... (that) implies a direct ... connection between the President and a commercial product or service".

A Warner Bros. spokeswoman explained: "We feel we have been completely frank and upfront with the White House on this issue. They saw scripts, they were notified when the film was completed, they were sent a print well in advance of the film's July 11 opening, and we have confirmation that a print was received there July 2." However, Warner Bros. did concede that they never pursued or received formal release from the White House for the use of Clinton's image. While the Counsel commented that parody and satire are protected under the First Amendment, press secretary Mike McCurry believed that "there is a difference when the President's image, which is his alone to control, is used in a way that would lead the viewer to believe he has said something he really didn't say".

Shortly after the White House's complaint, CNN chairman, president, and CEO Tom Johnson announced he believed that in hindsight it was a mistake to allow 13 members of CNN's on-air staff (including John Holliman, Larry King and Bernard Shaw) to appear in the film, even though both CNN and Warner Bros. were owned by Time Warner. Johnson added that, for Contact, the CNN presence "creates the impression that we're manipulated by Time Warner, and it blurs the line". CNN then changed their policies for future films, which now require potential appearances to be cleared through their ethics group.{{cite news | author = Staff | url = https://variety.com/1997/film/news/cameo-crisis-on-contact-1116676904/ | title = Cameo crisis on 'Contact' | date = July 15, 1997 | work = Variety | access-date = January 26, 2009 | archive-date = October 25, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025010704/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1116676904 | url-status = live }}

The scene where the NASA scientists give Arroway the "cyanide pill" caused some controversy during production and when the film came out. Gerald D. Griffin, the film's NASA advisor, insisted that NASA has never given any astronaut a cyanide pill "just in case", and that if an astronaut truly wished to commit suicide in space, all they would have to do is cut off their oxygen supply. However, Carl Sagan insisted that NASA did indeed give out cyanide pills, and they did it for every mission an astronaut has ever flown. Zemeckis said that because of the two radically different assertions, the truth is unknown, but he left the suicide pill scene in the movie, as it seemed more suspenseful that way, and it was also in line with Sagan's beliefs and vision of the film. Along with being NASA Technical Consultant for the project, Griffin had a cameo in the role of "Dynamics" in Mission Control. He was a technical advisor for Ron Howard's 1995 film Apollo 13. While working for NASA during the Apollo Program, he was a flight director for that mission, among others, and in the 1980s was director of the Johnson Space Center.

SETI.org published a review of the film in 2011, where they gave a side-by-side chart of a few relevant details from the film, and how they differed from reality. One example being that, despite having 27 radio telescopes, the VLA is actually smaller and less sensitive than the Arecibo Observatory—making Arecibo a better location for SETI work, if possibly a less photogenic filming location than the VLA. Despite these small inconsistencies, they maintained that "Contact is indescribably more accurate in its depiction of SETI than any Hollywood film in history."

Director George Miller, who had developed Contact with Warner Bros. before Zemeckis' hiring, unsuccessfully sued the studio over breach of contract policies.

During filming on December 28, 1996, filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola filed a lawsuit against Warner Bros. and Sagan, who had died the previous week. Coppola claimed that Sagan's novel was based on a story the pair had developed for a television special back in 1975, titled First Contact. Under their development agreement, Coppola and Sagan were to split proceeds from the project, as well as from any novel Sagan would write, with American Zoetrope and the Children's Television Workshop. The TV program was never produced, but in 1985, Simon and Schuster published Contact, and Warner moved forward with development of a film adaptation. Coppola sought at least $250,000 in compensatory damages and an injunction against production or distribution of the film.{{cite news | author = Staff | url = https://variety.com/1996/scene/vpage/zoetrope-sues-over-contact-1117436227/| title = Zoetrope sues over 'Contact' | date = December 30, 1996 | work = Variety | access-date = September 30, 2022}}

In February 1998, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Ricardo Torres dismissed Coppola's claim. Although Torres agreed that Sagan violated some terms of the contract, he explained that Coppola waited too long to file his lawsuit, and that the contract might not be enforceable as it was written. Coppola then appealed his suit,{{cite news | author = Paul Karon | url = https://variety.com/1998/film/news/coppola-s-contact-claim-is-dismissed-1117467799/ | title = Coppola's 'Contact' claim is dismissed | date = February 17, 1998 | work = Variety | access-date = January 28, 2009 | archive-date = October 25, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025010840/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117467799 | url-status = live }} taking it to the California Courts of Appeal (CCA). In April 2000, the CCA dismissed his suit, finding that Coppola's claims were barred because they were brought too late. The court noted that it was not until 1994 that the filmmaker thought about suing over Contact.{{cite news | author = Janet Shprintz | url = https://variety.com/2000/film/news/coppola-loses-contact-1117780544/ | title = Coppola loses 'Contact' | date = February 13, 2000 | work = Variety | access-date = January 28, 2009 | archive-date = October 25, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025010810/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117780544 | url-status = live }}

• "The Borderland" (The Outer Limits episode)
• List of films featuring extraterrestrials
• {{Annotated link|List of films featuring space stations}}
• {{Annotated link|Wow! signal}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book | author = Keay Davidson | title = Carl Sagan: A Life | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-471-25286-7 | location = New York City | url = https://archive.org/details/carlsaganlife00davi }}
• Tibbetts, John C., and James M. Welsh, eds. The Encyclopedia of Novels Into Film (2nd ed. 2005) pp 69–72.

• {{Official website}}
• {{IMDb title}}
• {{TCMDb title|319794}}
• {{AFI film|60697}}
• {{mojo title|contact|Contact}}
• {{rotten-tomatoes|1078021-contact|Contact}}
• {{Metacritic film|Contact}}
• [http://www.tiemposfuturos.es/in/i_opinionCeluloideDigitalContact.htm Cinematography analysis]
• [http://www.vfxhq.com/1997/contact.html Visual effects analysis]
• [http://sfy.ru/sfy.html?script=contact September 8, 1995 screenplay]
• [http://www.coseti.org/klaescnt.htm In-depth analysis of the realism of the film and novel]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120506065611/http://www.seti.org/seti-institute/project/details/contact-movie SETI Institute - Contact the Movie]
• [http://www.romangerodimos.com/on-location/contact/ On Location: Revisiting Contact - a Tribute to Carl Sagan]

{{Robert Zemeckis}}

{{Carl Sagan}}

{{Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation 1981–2002}}

{{Authority control}}

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