:Cynthia Burrows

Burrows acquired a B.A. degree in chemistry at the University of Colorado (1975). There she worked on Stern-Volmer plots in Stanley Cristol's laboratory during her senior year. She continued to study physical organic chemistry at Cornell University, where she received a Ph.D. degree in chemistry in 1982 working in Barry Carpenter's laboratory. Her Ph.D. thesis work focused on cyano-substituted allyl vinyl ethers. Burrows then conducted a short post-doctoral research stint with Jean-Marie Lehn in Strasbourg, France.{{Cite journal|last1=Burrows|first1=Cynthia J.|last2=Carpenter|first2=Barry K.|date=1981-11-01|title=Substituent effects on the aliphatic Claisen rearrangement. 1. Synthesis and rearrangement of cyano-substituted allyl vinyl ethers|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=103|issue=23|pages=6983–6984|doi=10.1021/ja00413a045|bibcode=1981JAChS.103.6983B |issn=0002-7863}}{{cite web|author=Center for Oral History| title= Cynthia J. Burrows |url=https://oh.sciencehistory.org/oral-histories/burrows-cynthia-j|website= Science History Institute }}{{cite book|first=Hilary L.|last=Domush|title=Cynthia J. Burrows, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Hilary L. Domush at University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah on 15 and 16 July 2009 |date=16 July 2009 |url=https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/burrows_cj_0671_suppl.pdf|place=Philadelphia, PA|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation }}

File:Types of DNA Damage.jpgThe [https://chem.utah.edu/directory/burrows/research-group/index.php Burrows laboratory] is interested in nucleic acid chemistry, DNA sequencing technology, and DNA damage. Her research team (consisting of organic, biological, analytical and inorganic chemists) focuses on chemical processes that result in the formation of mutations, which could lead to diseases (such as cancer). Her work includes studying site-specifically modified DNA and RNA strands and DNA-protein cross linking. Burrows and her group are widely known for expanding the studies on nanopore technology by developing a method for detecting DNA damage using a nanopore.^,

One of the objectives of the Burrows Laboratory is to apply nanopore technology to identify, quantify, and analyze DNA damage brought on by oxidative stresses. Burrows focuses on the damage found in human telomeric sequences, crucial chromosomal regions that provide protection from degradation and are subject to problems during DNA replication.{{Cite journal|last1=An|first1=Na|last2=Fleming|first2=Aaron M.|last3=Burrows|first3=Cynthia J.|date=2016-02-19|title=Human Telomere G-Quadruplexes with Five Repeats Accommodate 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine by Looping out the DNA Damage|journal=ACS Chemical Biology|volume=11|issue=2|pages=500–507|doi=10.1021/acschembio.5b00844|issn=1554-8929|pmc=4828913|pmid=26686913}} Additionally, Burrows’ research in altering nucleic acid composition can provide valuable information in genetic diseases as well as manipulating the function of DNA and RNA in cells.

File:Guanine Oxidative Damage.jpgFile:Nanopore_detection_diagram_of_DNA_damage.jpg

Nanopore technology is significant in analysis of biological macromolecules such as DNA and RNA because it can detect minute sample quantities and bypasses the need for PCR amplification. PCR amplification and other DNA sequencing methods cannot detect DNA damage alone because their basis relies on the four classical unmodified bases: cytosine, adenine, guanine, and thymine. One of the most common and prevalent causes of DNA damage is oxidation of guanine residues to 8-oxoguanine brought on through oxidative stresses. 8-oxoguanine causes mismatch pairing with adenine as opposed to cytosine, which can ultimately cause point mutations during DNA replication.{{Cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=K. C.|last2=Cahill|first2=D. S.|last3=Kasai|first3=H.|last4=Nishimura|first4=S.|last5=Loeb|first5=L. A.|date=1992-01-05|title=8-Hydroxyguanine, an abundant form of oxidative DNA damage, causes G----T and A----C substitutions|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=267|issue=1|pages=166–172|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)48474-8|issn=0021-9258|pmid=1730583|doi-access=free}} In the context of DNA-protein cross linking, 8-oxoguanine is susceptible to forming adducts with amino acids containing reactive groups such as the phenol moiety of tyrosine or terminal amine of lysine.{{Cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Xiaoyun|last2=Fleming|first2=Aaron M.|last3=Muller|first3=James G.|last4=Burrows|first4=Cynthia J.|date=2008-08-06|title=Formation of tricyclic [4.3.3.0] adducts between 8-oxoguanosine and tyrosine under conditions of oxidative DNA-protein cross-linking|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=130|issue=31|pages=10080–10081|doi=10.1021/ja803896d|issn=1520-5126|pmid=18611013}}^,{{Cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Xiaoyun|last2=Muller|first2=James G.|last3=Ye|first3=Yu|last4=Burrows|first4=Cynthia J.|date=2008-01-16|title=DNA-protein cross-links between guanine and lysine depend on the mechanism of oxidation for formation of C5 vs C8 guanosine adducts|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=130|issue=2|pages=703–709|doi=10.1021/ja077102a|issn=1520-5126|pmid=18081286}} Detection and quantification of 8-oxoguanine content in telomeric sequences is important because content increases with stress since telomeres escape cellular DNA repair mechanisms.{{Cite journal|last1=An|first1=Na|last2=Fleming|first2=Aaron M.|last3=White|first3=Henry S.|last4=Burrows|first4=Cynthia J.|date=2015|title=Nanopore detection of 8-oxoguanine in the human telomere repeat sequence|journal=ACS Nano|volume=9|issue=4|pages=4296–4307|doi=10.1021/acsnano.5b00722|issn=1936-086X|pmc=4790916|pmid=25768204}} Burrows helped to discover specific DNA glycosylases that preferentially repaired oxidative damages at telomeric sites.{{Cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=Jia|last2=Liu|first2=Minmin|last3=Fleming|first3=Aaron M.|last4=Burrows|first4=Cynthia J.|last5=Wallace|first5=Susan S.|date=2013-09-20|title=Neil3 and NEIL1 DNA glycosylases remove oxidative damages from quadruplex DNA and exhibit preferences for lesions in the telomeric sequence context|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=288|issue=38|pages=27263–27272|doi=10.1074/jbc.M113.479055|issn=1083-351X|pmc=3779722|pmid=23926102|doi-access=free}}

Nanopore technology relies on passing a constant electric current through a nanoscale hole immersed in an electrolytic solution. Molecules that pass through or disrupt the current by blocking the pore will generate a detectable signal when measuring current versus time. Nanopores can range from solid-state constructs to small proteins. To examine the extent of damage in G-quadruplexes of telomeres, Burrows used a protein α-hemolysin, which contains a nanoscale tube core and is embedded in the cell membrane. Damaged bases are oxidatively marked with a crown ether to amplify the current signal as well as to reduce the mitigating effects of 8-oxoguanine on the native fold. As the DNA strand passes through, the marked damaged base produces a characteristic signal as it disrupts the applied current.

Awards and honors include:{{Cite web|url=https://chem.utah.edu/directory/burrows/|title=Cynthia J. Burrows - Department of Chemistry - The University of Utah|website=chem.utah.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-05-26}}

• NSF - CNRS Exchange of Scientists Fellowship, 1981–82
• Japan Soc. for the Promotion of Science Research Fellow, 1989–90
• NSF Creativity Award, 1993–95
• NSF Career Advancement Award, 1993–94
• Bioorganic & Natural Products Study Section, NIH, 1990–94
• NSF Math & Physical Sciences Advisory Committee, 2005–08
• Assoc. Editor, Organic Letters, 1999–2002
• Senior Editor, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2001–13
• Robert W. Parry Teaching Award, 2002
• ACS Utah Award, 2000
• Bea Singer Award, 2004
• Fellow, AAAS, 2004
• Distinguished Scholarly and Creative Research Award, Univ. of Utah, 2005
• Cope Scholar Award, American Chemical Society, 2008
• Director, USTAR Governing Authority, 2009-2017
• Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2009
• ACS Fellow, 2010
• Distinguished Teaching Award, 2011
• Editor-in-Chief, Accounts of Chemical Research, 2014
• Linda K. Amos Award for Distinguished Service to Women of U of U, 2014
• Member, National Academy of Science, 2014
• ACS James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry, 2018
• Willard Gibbs Award, 2018

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