:Enel
{{short description|Multinational energy company based in Italy}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Enel S.p.A.
| logo = Enel Group logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| type = Società per azioni
| traded_as = {{ISE|IT0003128367|ENEL}}
FTSE MIB Component
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1962|11|27}}
| founder = Italian government
| location_city = Rome
| location_country = Italy
| key_people = Paolo Scaroni (Chairman){{Cite web|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/economia/2023/05/10/paolo-scaroni-nominato-nuovo-presidente-dellenel_922b7981-0614-459d-8447-d10f1792a143.html|title=Paolo Scaroni nominato nuovo presidente dell'Enel|date=10 May 2023 }}
Flavio Cattaneo (CEO){{Cite web|url=https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2023/05/12/enel-flavio-cattaneo-nominato-amministratore-delegato/MTcxXzIwMjMtMDUtMTJfVExC|title=Enel, Flavio Cattaneo nominato amministratore delegato}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = Electric utility
| products = Electricity generation and distribution; natural gas distribution
| revenue = {{loss}} {{Euro|78.947 billion|link=yes}} (2024){{cite web|url=https://www.enel.com/content/dam/enel-common/press/en/2025-march/Enel%20results%20FY%202024ENG.pdf|title=Enel results FY 2024|date=13 March 2025 }}
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{Euro|15.494 billion}} (2024)
| net_income = {{increase}} {{Euro|7.016 billion}} (2024)
| assets = {{loss}} {{euro|187.139 billion}} (2024)
| equity = {{increase}} {{euro|49.171 billion}} (2024)
| num_employees = 60,359 (2024)
| owner = Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze (23.6%){{cite web |title=Enel - Company Profile |url=https://www.borsaitaliana.it/borsa/azioni/profilo-societa-dettaglio.html?isin=IT0003128367&lang=en |website=borsaitaliana.it |publisher=borsaitaliana.it |access-date=25 September 2024}}
| homepage = [http://www.enel.com www.enel.com]
}}
Enel S.p.A. is an Italian multinational manufacturer and distributor of electricity and gas. Enel was first established as a public body at the end of 1962, and then transformed into a limited company in 1992.{{cite web|url=http://www.radioradicale.it/storia-di-enel-dal-1962-ai-nostri-giorni|access-date=29 January 2015|date=29 September 2006|author=Roberta Jannuzzi|website=Radio Radicale|title=Storia di Enel dal 1962 ai nostri giorni|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223164737/http://www.radioradicale.it/storia-di-enel-dal-1962-ai-nostri-giorni|archive-date=23 February 2015|url-status=dead}} In 1999, following the liberalisation of the electricity market in Italy, Enel was privatised.{{cite web|url=http://www.camera.it/cartellecomuni/leg14/RapportoAttivitaCommissioni/testi/05/05_cap10_sch04.htm|website=Camera dei deputati|title=Dismissione partecipazioni dello Stato|access-date=29 January 2015}} The Italian state, through the Ministry of Economy and Finance, is the main shareholder, with 23.6% of the share capital as of 1 April 2016.{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2018 |url=https://www.enel.com/content/dam/enel-com/governance_pdf/reports/annual-financial-report/2018/annual-report-2018.pdf |website=www.enel.com|publisher=Enel}}
Enel is the 59th largest company in the world by revenue, with $147.79 billion in 2023.{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneita.com/2023/08/03/global-500-enel-ed-eni-guidano-le-italiane-nella-lista-delle-maggiori-aziende-al-mondo/|title=Global 500, Enel ed Eni guidano le italiane nella lista delle maggiori aziende al mondo - Fortune Italia|date=3 August 2023 }} As of 2018, Enel is also the second largest electric utility company in the world by revenue after the State Grid Corporation of China.{{cite news |title=Top 10 power companies in the world: Ranking the largest |url=https://www.power-technology.com/features/top-10-power-companies-in-the-world/ |newspaper=Power Technology |access-date=7 February 2020 |date=19 March 2019|last1=Vara |first1=Vasanthi }} The company is quoted on the FTSE MIB index on the Borsa Italiana.{{TOC limit|3}}
History
=1898–1962: Towards a national policy for electricity=
File:Centrale elettrica EAV.JPG
In 1898, the production of electricity in Italy was 100 GWh,{{cite book|title= Storia d'Italia (1861-2001)|author=Giuseppe Vottari|isbn=9788848315555|publisher=Alpha Test|series=Gli Spilli|page=73}} and had a value of over $56 billion by 1960.{{clarify|date=January 2019}}{{cite book|title=L'Italia e l'energia. 150 anni di postvisioni energetiche|author=Vestrucci|publisher= FrancoAngeli|date=2013|page=225|isbn= 9788820405618|chapter=Appendice 3: L'energia elettrica in Italia}}{{cite web|website=Milano Città delle Scienze|title=Per una storia del sistema elettrico italiano|date=8 October 2014|access-date=30 January 2015|url=http://www.milanocittadellescienze.it/contents/cantieri/pdf/intervista_spegiorin.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205152018/http://www.milanocittadellescienze.it/contents/cantieri/pdf/intervista_spegiorin.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2015}} The majority of the electricity was produced by regional private companies,{{cite web|url=http://www.dis.uniroma1.it/~catalano/materiale%20didattico/Fraccascia.pdf|title=L'intervento pubblico nel settore dell'energia elettrica|website=Università di Roma La Sapienza|date=17 December 2014|access-date=31 January 2015|author=Giuseppe Catalano|author2=Fabiola Fraccascia|author3=Eugenia Mundi|author4=Niccolò Siani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215136/http://www.dis.uniroma1.it/~catalano/materiale%20didattico/Fraccascia.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}} or by companies linked to other industrial bodies,{{cite book | title= Terra d'Ossola | date=2005 | publisher=Grossi Edizioni |isbn= 9788889751022|chapter=Economia e sviluppo industriale|author=Umberto Chiaramonte|author2=Sergio Lucchini}}{{cite book|title= Storia delle aziende elettriche municipalizzate|editor=Pietro Bolchini|publisher=Laterza|date=1999|isbn= 9788842058311}}{{cite book|title= Economia delle fonti di energia|volume=23|date= 1980|page=95}} both local and regional, by exploiting the specific characteristics of the territory: its hydrogeological resources.{{cite web|url=http://www.museoenergia.it/museo.php?stanza=13&ppost=943|title= Attualità dell'energia idroelettrica|author=Felice Egidi|access-date=30 January 2015|website=Museo Energia}}
The state subsidised the construction of power stations and other necessary construction work in the territory in order to increase the production of electricity.{{cite book|title=L'Industrializzazione in Italia: 1861-1900|author= Giorgio Mori|publisher= Società editrice il Mulino|date=1977|editor=Giorgio Mori}}{{cite book|title= Repertorio generale annuale della Giurisprudenza italiana|publisher= Unione tipografico-editrice|date=1960|page=60|volume=1}}{{cite book|title= Storia dell'industria elettrica in Italia|author= Giorgio Mori|author2=Giovanni Zanetti|publisher=Laterza|date=1994|isbn= 9788842045588}} In 1961, the state-regulated distribution, with unified national tariffs set on the basis of equal consumption classes (through the Equalisation Fund for the Electricity Sector{{rp|137}}{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/il-servizio-elettrico-dai-sistemi-regionali-alla-liberalizzazione_(Il_Contributo_italiano_alla_storia_del_Pensiero:_Tecnica)/|title= Il servizio elettrico dai sistemi regionali alla liberalizzazione|author= Renato Giannetti|website=Treccani|access-date=31 January 2015}}), and by requiring power companies to provide access to electricity for everyone.{{cite book|title= Tommaso Zerbi e i federalismi|chapter=Per l'irizzazione dell'energia elettrica|author=Giovanni di Capua|publisher= Rubbettino Editore|date=2004|isbn= 9788849808964}}{{cite book|title= Economia internazionale delle fonti di energia|volume=6|publisher= Istituto di economia delle fonte di energia, Università commerciale L. Bocconi|date=1962}}
In 1962, the government institutionalised the Entity for electricity with the aim of making electricity a means for the development of the country and in order to define a national policy for electricity based on the experiences of other countries such as France and the United Kingdom.
=1962: Establishment of the National Electricity Board=
At the beginning of 1962, the Fanfani IV Cabinet committed the government to put together a proposal for the unification of the national electricity system within three months of the parliament passing a confidence motion.{{cite book|title=La Nazionalizzazione dell'energia elettrica: l'esperienza italiana e di altri paesi europei : atti del convegno internazionale di studi del 9-10 novembre 1988 per il XXV anniversario dell'istituzione dell'Enel|publisher= Laterza|date=1989|page=264|editor= Piero Bolchini|isbn= 9788842035114}}{{cite book|title= Intervento pubblico e crescita economica: un equilibrio da ricostruire|page=156|author=Giancarlo Morcaldo|publisher= FrancoAngeli|date=2007|isbn= 9788846489746}}
During the Chamber of Deputies assembly of 26 June 1962, the government presented a bill that sanctioned the principles and procedures for the establishment of the Ente Nazionale per l'energia Elettrica (E.N.EL).
According to the bill, Enel was going to acquire all assets of companies producing, processing, transmitting, and distributing electricity, with the exception of self-producers—companies that produced more than 70% of their electricity for other production processes—(the same exception was later applied to municipal authorities), and of small businesses that did not produce more than 10 million kilowatt hours per year.{{cite book|title= Manuale breve di diritto dell'Energia|author=Eugenio Grippo|author2=Filippo Manca|publisher= Wolters Kluwer Italia|date=2008|isbn= 9788813274382|pages=33, 64}}{{cite book|title= Codice dell'ambiente|author= Stefano Nespor|author2=Ada Lucia De Cesaris|publisher= Giuffrè Editore|date=2009|isbn= 9788814137976|pages=1166–1174}}
Procedures to assess the value of the acquired companies were defined, and it was established that compensation was to be paid to creditors in 10 years at an interest rate of 5.5%.{{cite book|title= Le società quotate alla Borsa valori di Milano dal 1861 al 2000: profili storici e titoli azionari|author=Giuseppe De Luca|publisher= Libri Scheiwiller|date=2002}} Within this framework, 1962 was to be considered a transition year, in which all income and expenses of the acquired companies would be transferred to Enel. 1963 was thus the first operational year of the newly formed company.{{cite book|title= Sentenze e ordinanze della Corte costituzionale|volume=5|publisher= Giuffrè|date=1966}}
The first companies to be acquired were:{{cite book|title=National Monopoly to Successful Multinational: the case of Enel|author=Massimo Bergami|author2=Pier Luigi Celli|author3=Giuseppe Soda|page=13|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|date=2012|isbn= 9781137033918}} SIP (Piedmont),{{cite book|title= Giurisprudenza costituzionale|publisher= Giuffrè|date=1963}} Edison Volta (Lombardy),{{cite book|title= L'intervento esterno nello sviluppo industriale del Mezzogiorno: analisi della situazione attuale e delle tendenze recenti|page=122|author=Raffaele Cercola|publisher= Guida Editori|date= 1984| isbn=9788870428612}} SADE (Veneto),{{cite book|title= Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul disastro del Vajont: inventario e documenti|page=23|date=2003|publisher= Rubbettino Editore|isbn= 9788849806557}}{{cite web|url=http://www.senato.it/documenti/repository/relazioni/archiviostorico/vajont/inventario_vajont.pdf|website=Senato della Repubblica|title=Inventario della commissione d'inchiesta sul disastro del Vajont|access-date=1 February 2015}} SELT-Valdarno (Tuscany), SRE (Lazio), SME (Campania), SGES (Sicily), and Carbosarda (Sardinia).
=1963–1970: Modernization and development of the network=
Enel's early goals were the modernization and development of the electricity grid with the construction of a high voltage power lines backbone, international connections, connections to the islands, rural electrification, and the creation of a national centre for dispatching. These projects were to be co-financed by the state through the issuing, in 1965, of bonds valued at over 200 billion Italian liras.{{cite web|url= http://legislature.camera.it/_dati/leg04/lavori/stampati/pdf/013_001184_F001.pdf | website=Camera dei deputati|date=9 September 1966|access-date=2 February 2015|title=Relazione della Corte dei Conti}}{{cite web|url=http://economia.tesionline.it/economia/article.jsp?id=1023|title= Enel|website=Tesi Online Economia|access-date=1 February 2015|author= Ilenia Giuga}} In 1967, Enel, which was originally supervised by the Committee of Ministers, began to be overseen by the inter-ministerial Committee for Economic Planning (CIPE), under the Ministry of Industry.{{cite web|url=http://legislature.camera.it/_dati/leg05/lavori/stampati/pdf/015_037001_F004.pdf|access-date=9 February 2015|website=La Camera dei deputati|title=Relazione del consiglio di amministrazione|language=it}}{{cite book|title= Dal monopolio alla concorrenza. La liberalizzazione incompiuta di alcuni settori|author= Maria Martellini|pages=61–62|publisher=FrancoAngeli|date= 2007|isbn= 9788846494436}} During this period, production from thermal power stations surpassed, for the very first time, that of hydroelectric power.{{cite book|title= ABC dell'elettrotecnica e della illuminazione|author=Luigi Morati|publisher=Hoepli|date=1999|isbn= 9788820325817}}{{cite book|title= Storia della tecnica elettrica|publisher=Cisalpino|date=2009|isbn= 9788832362145|author=Virginio Cantoni|author2=Silvestri Andrea|page=201}}
In 1963, the National Dispatch Centre of Rome was created to manage the energy network by coordinating the production plants, the transmission network, the distribution, as well as the interconnection of the Italian electricity system with that of foreign countries by adjusting in real time the production and transmission of energy on the basis of actual demand.
In terms of rural electrification, the settlements that were not connected to the electricity grid declined from 1.27% in 1960 to 0.46% in 1964, with over 320,000 new residents being connected.{{cite web|url=http://www.cnel.it/53?shadow_documenti=17510|website=CNEL|title=Diffusione della elettrificazione rurale|date=26 January 1967|access-date=1 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202205013/http://www.cnel.it/53?shadow_documenti=17510|archive-date=2 February 2015}}
In the five-year period between 1966 and 1970, further investments for rural electrification were made, where 80% of the costs were covered by the state and 20% by Enel, part of those costs being incurred by reducing some rates as an incentive for agricultural development.{{cite book|title=L'energia ed i poteri. Il mercato libero dell'energia elettrica tra realtà ed apparenze|author=Alfonso Percuoco|publisher= FrancoAngeli|date=2004|isbn= 9788846455000|page=58}}
In 1968, the construction of the 380 kV high-voltage connection between Florence and Rome began, with the aim of joining the high voltage electrical system of the north with that of the centre and the south.{{cite book|title= Enciclopedia di Roma: dalla origini all'anno Duemila|author=Caterina Napoleone|publisher=Franco Maria Ricci|isbn= 9788821609466|page=387|year=1999}}{{cite book|title= Vita italiana|volume=25|publisher= Presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri|page=430}} Around the same time, international high voltage connections with France (380 kV Venaus-Villarodin, 1969) and Switzerland were also put in place.{{cite book|title= Miti e realtà: genesi, obiettivi e consuntivi della nazionalizzazione dell'industria elettrica, 1962–1977 : l'interpretazione economica dei bilanci in rosso|author=Publio Fedi|author2=Fabrizio Liberati|publisher= Mondadori Education|date=1981|isbn= 9788800860031}}{{cite web|url=http://www.terna.it/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=hnWA2E5xq7Y%3D&tabid=6503|website=Terna|title=Tutti i numeri dell'interconnessione Italia-Francia|access-date=2 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202205929/http://www.terna.it/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=hnWA2E5xq7Y=&tabid=6503|archive-date=2 February 2015|url-status=dead}} In the same year, undersea electrical cables were put in place to connect the peninsula and the islands of Elba (1966),{{cite book|title=L'Universo|volume=50|publisher= Istituto geografico militare|editor=Silvio Govi}}{{cite web|url=http://www.enel.tv/#/entities/due-cavi-per-lelba/|title=Due cavi per l'Elba|website=Enel.tv|access-date=2 February 2015|date=1967}} Ischia (1967),{{cite web|url=http://www.enel.tv/entities/ischia-70-metri-sotto/|title=Ischia 70 metri sotto|access-date=2 February 2015}} and Sardinia through Corsica (1967).
In 1963, Enel was involved in the Vajont Dam disaster. On 9 October 1963, a huge landslide of 260 million cubic metres fell into the reservoir formed by the dam. The dam and power plant had been built by the Società Adriatica di Elettricità (the Adriatic Electricity Company, or SADE) and then sold to Edison, and it had just been transferred as part of the nationalisation process to the newly established Enel. The landslide created huge waves in the Vajont reservoir, which partially flooded the villages of Erto e Casso and swept over the dam, completely wiping out the towns in the valley below it: Longarone, Pirago, Rivalta, Villanova, and Faè.
Approximately two thousand people died in the disaster. Enel and Montedison were charged in the ensuing trial as the companies responsible for the disaster, a responsibility considered all more serious because of the predictability of the event. The two companies were forced to pay damages to the communities involved in the catastrophe.
=1970–1989: Energy crisis and search for new sources=
{{see also|1987 Italian referendums}}
File:Enel - Per una migliore e più economica utilizzazione dell'energia.png
The decade of the 1970s was distinguished by a major energy crisis that led the company to implement drastic austerity measures, and the establishment of a national energy plan that defined the objectives of both building new power plants and searching for new energy sources.
In 1975, as a result of the 1973 oil crisis and the austerity measures, and following the establishment of the first National Energy Plan (PEN), the aim of the company became that of reducing Enel's dependence on hydrocarbons, which was to be achieved with the use of other energy sources, including hydro, geothermal, coal, reducing waste, and, in particular, the use of nuclear power.{{cite book|title= Energia per l'industria in Italia: la variabile energetica dal miracolo economico alla globalizzazione|author=Antonio Cardinale|author2=Alessandro Verdelli|publisher= FrancoAngeli|date=2008|pages=64–65|isbn= 9788846492647}}{{cite web|url=http://www.normattiva.it/atto/caricaDettaglioAtto?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1975-08-23&atto.codiceRedazionale=075U0393|website=Normattiva|title= Legge 2 agosto 1975, n. 393|date=2 August 1975|access-date=5 February 2015}}
Several new plants were built in the course of the decade.{{cite web|url=http://www.idrotecnicaitaliana.it/EXTRA/n.%206-2011%20Ruggeri%20et%20al.%20br.pdf|title=Lo sviluppo dell'energia idroelettrica in Italia|author=Giovanni Ruggeri|author2=Sergio Adami|date=June 2011|access-date=6 February 2015|website=Idrotecnica Italiana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206125215/http://www.idrotecnicaitaliana.it/EXTRA/n.%206-2011%20Ruggeri%20et%20al.%20br.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}} In the early 1970s, the construction of the nuclear power station Caorso (Emilia-Romagna), the first major nuclear power plant in Italy (to generate 840-860 MW), began. The station became operational in 1978.{{cite book|title= Cronache Naturali|author=Sergio Fumich|publisher= Lulu.com|date=2008|pages=40,145–146}}{{self-published source|date=February 2021}}{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}} Between 1972 and 1978, the hydroelectric plant of Taloro was built in the province of Nuoro (Sardinia).{{cite web|url=http://www.ingdemurtas.it/energia/centrali/taloro/|title= Centrale idroelettrica del Taloro|website=Ing. De Murtas|access-date=6 February 2015}} In 1973, the hydroelectric plant of San Fiorano became operational. In 1977, a thermoelectric power plant opened in Torre del Sale, near Piombino (Tuscany).{{cite book|title=Atti della Società toscana di scienze naturali, residente in Pisa: Memorie|volume=86|publisher= Società toscana di scienze naturali|date=1980}} At the end of the 1970s, the construction of the thermal power plant of Porto Tolle (Veneto) began, and its first completed section became active in 1980.{{cite book|title= Atti della tavola rotonda tenuta a Bologna il 26 giugno 1979 su il delta del Po: sezione idraulica|publisher= Tipografia compositori|date=1986|page=33}}{{cite book|title= Relazione generale sulla situazione economica del paese|volume=1|publisher= Instituto Poligrafico dello Stato|date=1980|page=109}}
Between 1971 and 1977, the pilot 1000 kV transmission facilities in Suvereto (Tuscany) were tested.{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/energia-elettrica_res-67a29516-87e9-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/|title=Energia elettrica|author=Gianfranco Castelli|author2=Angelo Camplani|author3=Raffaele Albano|access-date=6 February 2015}}{{cite journal |author=L. Paris |title=The 1000 kV Project |date=December 1981 |journal=IEEE Power Engineering Review |doi=10.1109/MPER.1981.5511944}} In 1974, the construction of the Adriatic high voltage electric backbone was completed.{{cite web|url=http://eprints.luiss.it/1116/1/20120924-romano.pdf|title=Tesi di dottorato di Alberto Romano|author=Alberto Romano|access-date=6 February 2015|date=30 June 2012|website=LUISS|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053632/http://eprints.luiss.it/1116/1/20120924-romano.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Quinquenni storici figli della luce - 1973/1977|url=http://www.enel.tv/#/entities/quinquenni-storici-figli-della-luce-19731977/|access-date=6 February 2015|website=Enel.tv}} Between 1973 and 1977, wells for geothermal energy production were drilled in Torre Alfina, in the province of Viterbo (Lazio).{{cite web|url=http://unmig.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/unmig/stat/pozzigeo.pdf|title=Pozzi Geotermici perforati in Italia|publisher=Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234803/http://unmig.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/unmig/stat/pozzigeo.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}} The dam of Alto Gesso (Piedmont) was completed in 1982 as part of the hydroelectric power station Luigi Einaudi "Entracque".{{cite web |url=http://www.entracque.org/divertimenti/energia.aspx |website=Entracque |title=Centro Luigi Einaudi - ENEL |access-date=5 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629022447/http://www.entracque.org/divertimenti/energia.aspx |archive-date=29 June 2015}}{{cite web |url=http://www.enel.tv/entities/uomini-dellalto-gesso/ |website=Enel.tv |title=Uomini dell'Alto Gesso |access-date=5 February 2015 |date=1977}}
The 1980s were characterised by the construction of new plants and the testing of alternative forms of energy, the Italian nuclear power phase-out, as well as a gradual reduction of reliance on oil, which decreased from 75.3% in 1973 to 58.5% in 1985.{{cite journal |title=Energia nucleare |date=1988 |journal=ENEA}}{{cite journal|journal=ENEA|title= Notiziario dell'ENEA.: Energia e innovazione|volume=34|date= 1988|publisher= Comitato nazionale per la ricerca e per lo sviluppo dell'energia nucleare e delle energie alternative}}{{cite book|title= Energia per l'industria in Italia: la variabile energetica dal miracolo|author= Antonio Cardinale|author2=Alessandro Verdelli|page=77}} Several large power plants became active during this period. Among these, the fossil fuel power plant of Fiumesanto (Sardinia) in 1983–84; the pumped-storage hydroelectricity power station of Edolo (Lombardy) in 1984–85, one of the biggest of its kind in Europe;{{cite journal|journal=World Water Vol. 9|title= World Water|volume=9|publisher=T. Telford Limited|date=1986}} and the coal power plant of Torrevaldaliga Nord (Lazio) in 1984.
In 1981, with the help of the European Economic Community, Enel built the first large-scale compact linear Fresnel reflector concentrated solar power plant, the 1 MWe Eurelios power station in Adrano (Sicily).{{cite web|url=http://www.gses.it/pub/CSILVI_EAI_02-2010.pdf|website=Gruppo per la storia dell'energia solare (GSES)|title=Storia del vapore e dell'elettricità dal calore del sole con specchi piani o quasi piani: possibilità esplorate dagli scienziati italiani sin dall'Ottocento|access-date=5 February 2015}} The plant was shut down in 1987.
In 1984, the photovoltaic power station of Vulcano (Sicily) became active.{{cite web|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1984/10/07/energia-alle-eolie-verra-da-sole.html|title=L'energia alle Eolie verrà dal sole e dal vento|date=7 October 1984|access-date=10 February 2015|website=La Repubblica.it}} In the same year, the first wind farm in the country became operational in Alta Nurra (Sardinia).{{cite web|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1984/09/22/in-sardegna-energia-pulita-arrivera-con.html|website=La Repubblica.it|title=In Sardegna l'energia pulita arriverà con il maestrale|date=22 September 1984|access-date=10 February 2015|author=Piergiorgio Pinna}}
During 1985, the national center for the dispatch and control of the electricity network was gradually transferred from the center of Rome to Settebagni, and made a part of a bigger European network for the synchronisation of electricity production.{{cite web|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2010/10/27/un-giorno-nel-bunker-della-corrente-ecco.html|title= Un giorno nel bunker della corrente ecco chi ci difende dai blackout|website=La Repubblica.it|date=27 October 2010|access-date=10 February 2015|author=Roberto Mania}}{{cite web|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2010/10/27/un-giorno-nel-bunker-della-corrente-ecco.html|title= dispacciaménto|website=Sapere.it|date= 27 October 2010|access-date=10 February 2015}}
In 1986, Enel had its first positive balance, with a profit of 14.1 billion Italian liras.{{cite web|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1987/05/01/enel-dopo-25-anni-ha-chiuso.html|title=L'Enel dopo 25 anni ha chiuso in attivo|date=1 May 1987|access-date=10 February 2015|author=Edoardo Borriello|website=La Repubblica.it}}
In 1987, in the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster, the first referendum on nuclear power took place and was won by those opposed to nuclear power. This result marked the end of nuclear power in Italy, the closing and suspension of all construction of nuclear power stations, and the establishment of a new national energy plan.{{cite book|title= Le politiche energetiche comunitarie. Un'analisi degli incentivi allo sviluppo delle fonti rinnovabili|author= Barbara Pozzo|publisher= Giuffrè Editore|year=2009|isbn= 9788814144622|language=it}} The Caorso Nuclear Power Plant in Emilia-Romagna, which had been inactive since 1986 due to refuelling, was never reactivated and was finally closed in 1990.
The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant in Piedmont was deactivated in 1987 and shut down in 1990. The construction work on the Montalto di Castro Nuclear Power Station, started in 1982, was interrupted in 1988. The station was converted the following year into a multi-fuel plant. The Latina Nuclear Power Plant was shut down in 1988. The Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant had been shut down since 1978.
In 1988, the new National Energy Plan (PEN) established its key objectives: increased energy efficiency, environmental protection, the exploitation of national resources, the diversification of sources of supply from abroad, and the overall competitiveness of the production system.{{cite book|title= Le prospettive di crescita delle energie rinnovabili in Puglia: il parco delle biomasse|publisher=FrancoAngeli|date=2014|page=25|author=Marrone|isbn= 9788891706027}}{{cite book|title= Manuale breve di diritto dell'energia|publisher= Wolters Kluwer Italia|date= 2008|author=Eugenio Grippo|author2=Filippo Manca|isbn= 9788813274382}}{{cite book|title= Energia per l'industria in Italia: la variabile energetica dal miracolo economico alla globalizzazione|publisher= FrancoAngeli|date=2008|author=Antonio Cardinale|author2=Alessandro Verdelli|isbn= 9788846492647}}
=1990–present: Liberalisation and privatisation=
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Between 1990 and 2000, the Italian electricity market was progressively liberalized. In 1991, Law No. 9/1991 sanctioned a first partial liberalisation of the production of electricity generated from conventional sources and renewable energy sources; companies were allowed to produce electricity for their own use with an obligation to hand over the excess amount to Enel.{{cite web |url=http://www.diritto.it/articoli/amministrativo/molinari.html/ |title=La nuova disciplina del settore elettrico ed il quadro normativo di |website=Diritto.it |date=January 2001 |access-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814061127/http://www.diritto.it/articoli/amministrativo/molinari.html |archive-date=14 August 2014 |df= dmy-all}} In July 1992, the Amato I Cabinet turned Enel into a joint-stock company with the Treasury as the sole shareholder.{{cite book |title=Design per l'energia: strumenti e linguaggi per una produzione diffusa |date=2011 |author=Luca Mazzari |publisher=Alinea |isbn=9788860556370}}
In 1999, the D'Alema I Cabinet issued Legislative Decree no. 79 of 16 March 1999 (known as the Bersani Decree) to liberalise the electricity sector. This opened up the possibility for other actors to operate in the energy market. Enel—which had so far been the only actor in the production, distribution, and sale of electricity in Italy—had now to change its corporate structure by distinguishing the three phases and constituting itself as three different companies: Enel Produzione, Enel Distribuzione, and Terna, respectively, for energy production, distribution, and transmission. Moreover, Enel could produce only 50 % of the national production according to the new law.{{cite book| title= Energia Nucleare: nuove prospettive ed opportunità|date= 2008|publisher= Morlacchi| isbn= 9788860742582}}{{cite web|url= http://www.autorita.energia.it/it/docs/riferimenti/bersani.htm|website= Autorità per l'energia elettrica, il gas e il sistema idrico|access-date= 16 February 2015|title= Attuazione della direttiva 96/92/CE recante norme comuni per il mercato interno dell'energia elettrica|archive-date= 21 October 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161021075826/http://www.autorita.energia.it/it/docs/riferimenti/bersani.htm|url-status= dead}}{{cite book| title= Energia Nucleare: nuove prospettive ed opportunità| author= AA.VV.|date= 2008|publisher= Morlacchi|isbn= 9788860742582}}{{cite book|title= La guida del Sole 24 Ore al management dell'energia. Mercato e catena del valore, modelli di business, sistemi di gestione e normative|author=Lo Bianco|author2= Capè|author3= Sampek|date= 2011|publisher= Il Sole 24 Ore Norme e Tributi|isbn= 9788863452648}}
That same year, 31.7% of the company, in its new structure, was privatised. Following privatization, Enel was put on the stock market; its shares were listed on the Italian Stock Exchange with a value of €4.3 per share; the total number was 4,183 million shares for a total value of {{euro}}18 billion.{{cite web|url= http://www.repubblica.it/2005/g/sezioni/economia/enel/enel/enel.html| title= Privatizzazioni, Enel va a ruba richieste tre volte l'offerta|website= La Repubblica.it| access-date=16 February 2015}}{{cite web |url=http://www.repubblica.it/online/economia/enel/prezzo/prezzo.html |title=Fissato il prezzo Enel 4,3 euro per azione |website=La Repubblica.it |access-date=16 February 2015}}
In this period, Enel was involved in several new projects. In 1993, the company built the Serre photovoltaic plant. At the time, this was largest of its kind in Europe with an installed capacity of 3.3 megawatts.{{cite web| url= http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1994/10/19/serre-la-centrale-solare-piu-grande-del.html| title= Serre, la centrale solare più grande del mondo| website= La Rebbublica.it| date= 19 October 1994| access-date=16 February 2015}} In 1997, Enel, France Télécom, and Deutsche Telekom funded Wind as a joint venture, a mobile and fixed telecom operator.{{cite web| url= http://www.windgroup.it/it/azienda/storia.phtml| title= La Nostra Storia| website= Wind| access-date= 17 February 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190410094712/http://www.windgroup.it/it/azienda/storia.phtml| archive-date= 10 April 2019| url-status= dead}} In 2000, Enel launched a project to connect Italy's and Greece's power grids by laying a 160 km underwater power line, capable of carrying 600 megawatts, to connect Otranto (Apulia) with the Greek city of Aetos. The project, completed in 2002, had a total cost of {{euro}}339 million.{{cite web|url= https://www.enel.it/eWCM/salastampa/comunicati/85385-1_PDF-1.pdf|title= ENEL: INAUGURATO IL CAVO SOTTOMARINO ITALIA GRECIA|website= Enel|access-date= 16 February 2015|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041224204104/http://www.enel.it/eWCM/salastampa/comunicati/85385-1_PDF-1.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2004 |df= dmy-all}}{{cite web |url=http://ricerca.gelocal.it/lanuovasardegna/archivio/lanuovasardegna/2000/01/29/NH205.html |title=Italia-Grecia: al via elettrodotto sottomarino realizzato dall'Enel |website=La Nuova Sardegna.it |date=29 January 2000 |access-date=17 February 2015 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328142317/http://ricerca.gelocal.it/lanuovasardegna/archivio/lanuovasardegna/2000/01/29/NH205.html |url-status=dead }}
During the 2000s, the company worked to reduce the environmental impact of the production of energy and on a progressive internationalization of Enel through a number of mergers and acquisitions.{{cite web|url= http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1999/09/08/enel-diventa-holding-mette-in-moto.html| title=Enel diventa holding e mette in moto l' Opv| website= La Repubblica.it|date=8 September 1999| access-date= 18 February 2015|language=it}}{{cite web|url=http://www.enel.com/it-IT/investors/bondholders/medium_term/|website=Enel|title=Ambiente. L'Enel si impegna per la riduzione del gas serra|access-date=18 February 2015|language=it|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223223134/http://www.enel.com/it-IT/investors/bondholders/medium_term/|archive-date=23 February 2015}} In 2000, Enel signed an agreement with the Italian Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry of Economic Development in which the company committed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 13.5% before 2002, and by 20% before 2006.{{cite web |title=Revisione delle Linee Guida per le Politiche e Misure Nazionali di Riduzione delle Emissioni dei Gas Serra (Legge 120/2002) |trans-title=Review of the Guidelines for National Policies and Measures for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Law 120/2002) |url=http://www.minambiente.it/sites/default/files/archivio/allegati/vari/deliberaCIPE_19_12_02.pdf |date=19 December 2002 |website=Ministry of the Environment |language=it |access-date=21 March 2023}} That year, Enel acquired CHI Energy, a renewable energy producer operating in the US and Canadian markets, for $170 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/fc?cmd=anteprima&codid=22.0.54259217&chId=14|title=Enel sbarca negli Stati Uniti. Erga acquista Chi Energy|website=Il Sole 24 Ore.it|date=1 November 2000|access-date=18 February 2015|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223222635/http://www.ilsole24ore.com/fc?cmd=anteprima&codid=22.0.54259217&chId=14|url-status=dead}} In the following years, Enel continued investing in renewable energy and clean technologies.
In 2004, the company was included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, a stock market index that evaluates the financial performance of companies based on economic, environmental, and social performance.{{cite web|url=http://www.borsaitaliana.it/notizie/finanza-etica/news/aziende-italiane-dj-sustainable.htm|title=1999-2004: gli anni del cambiamento|website=Enel|access-date=22 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223230605/http://www.borsaitaliana.it/notizie/finanza-etica/news/aziende-italiane-dj-sustainable.htm|archive-date=23 February 2015}}
In 2008, Enel formed Enel Green Power, a company dedicated to developing and managing the production of power from renewable energy.{{cite web|url=http://www.enel.it/it-IT/doc/Profilo_societario_enel.pdf|title=Profilo di Enel|website=Enel|access-date=22 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223224956/http://www.enel.it/it-IT/doc/Profilo_societario_enel.pdf|archive-date=23 February 2015}} In 2009, Enel launched the Archilede project, a new urban lighting system chosen by 1600 municipalities. This new intelligent lighting technology resulted in approximately 26 GWh per year of energy saving, and reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 18,000 tons per year.{{cite web|url=http://www.enel.it/enelsole/it-IT/offerta/illuminazione-led-archilede/|title=Archilede|website=Enel|access-date=23 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222041535/http://www.enel.it/enelsole/it-IT/offerta/illuminazione-led-archilede/|archive-date=22 February 2015}} That same year, the company opened a new photovoltaic power station in the Park of Villa di Pratolino, in Florence. The project - called "Diamante" – was to build a plant capable of storing, as hydrogen, enough of the solar energy accumulated during the day to meet night-time requirements.{{cite web|url=http://www.affaritaliani.it/economia/enel_diamante_fotovoltaico161009.html?refresh_ce|title=Enel/ Debutta il Diamante fotovoltaico|date=16 October 2009|access-date=23 February 2015|website=affaritaliani.it|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212148/http://www.affaritaliani.it/economia/enel_diamante_fotovoltaico161009.html?refresh_ce|url-status=dead}} In 2010, the Archimede combined cycle power plant became operational at Priolo Gargallo, near Syracuse in Sicily. This was the first thermal solar field to use molten salt–technology integrated with a combined cycle gas facility.{{cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/scienze/energia_e_ambiente/10_luglio_15/energia-dagli-specchi-ustori-per-la-maxi-centrale-siciliana-gabriele-dossena_dd42b650-8fd6-11df-b54a-00144f02aabe.shtml|title= La maxi centrale di Archimede| website= Corriere della Sera.it|date=15 July 2010|access-date= 23 February 2015}}
Enel had several acquisitions and divestments in this period. In 2001, the company won the tender offer for the purchase of Viesgo—a subsidiary of Endesa—a company active on the Spanish market in the production and distribution of electricity, with a net installed capacity of 2400 megawatts.{{cite web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2001/settembre/13/Enel_sbarca_Spagna_gara_vinta_co_0_01091310284.shtml| title=L' Enel sbarca in Spagna, gara vinta per le centrali Endesa |website=corriere.it|author= Sergio Rizzo|date=13 September 2001| access-date= 22 February 2015}}
In 2002, Enel divested Eurogen SpA, Elettrogen SpA, and Interpower SpA in compliance with the Bersani Decree provisions on the liberalization of electricity production.{{cite web|url=http://www.autorita.energia.it/it/docs/riferimenti/decreto_000125.htm|title=Modalita' di alienazione delle partecipazioni detenute dall'Enel S.p.a. in Eurogen S.p.a., Elettrogen S.p.a. e Interpower S.p.a.|website=Autorità per l'energia e il gas|date=25 January 2000|access-date=22 February 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025742/http://www.autorita.energia.it/it/docs/riferimenti/decreto_000125.htm|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.rainews.it/it/news.php?newsid=28629|title=Energia. Il Tesoro invita ENEL a privatizzare Interpower, in vendita per 1 miliardo|website=Rainews24.it|date=4 November 2002|access-date=22 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223224258/http://www.rainews.it/it/news.php?newsid=28629|archive-date=23 February 2015}}
In 2001, Enel acquired Infostrada, previously a subsidiary of Olivetti, at a cost of 7.25 billion euros. Infostrada was later merged with Wind, with 17 million customers.{{clarify|date=February 2019|reason=pre or post merger?}}{{cite web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/ottobre/11/Telefonia_Enel_acquista_Infostrada_co_0_0010114034.shtml|title=Telefonia, Enel acquista Infostrada|date=11 October 2000|access-date=18 February 2015|website= Corriere della Sera|language=it}}{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/economia/finanza/2013/09/23/news/telecom_e_le_altre_la_fine_della_telefonia_italiana-67137149/|website=La Repubblica.it|title=Telecom e le altre, così in pochi anni è tramontata l'era della telefonia italiana|date=23 September 2013|access-date= 22 February 2015|language=it}} In 2005, Enel assigned 62.75% ownership of Wind to Weather Investments, a company belonging to the Egyptian businessman Naguib Sawiris, at the time CEO of Orascom Telecom Holding (the remaining 37.25% was divested in 2006).{{cite web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2005/maggio/27/Wind_ceduta_adesso_parlera_egiziano_co_8_050527021.shtml|title=Wind ceduta, adesso parlerà egiziano|date=27 May 2005|access-date=23 February 2015 |website= Corriere della Sera.it|author=Federico De Rosa}}
In 2008 and 2009, Enel Stoccaggi and Enel Rete Gas were sold to investors, mainly Primo Fondo Italiano per le Infrastrutture. In 2011, Enel opened the first pilot carbon dioxide–capture facility in Italy, in the area of Brindisi, in the existing power plant ENEL Federico II.{{cite web|url=http://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/GdM_traduci_notizia.php?IDNotizia=408374&IDCategotia=470|title=Inaugurato a Brindisi impianto per ridurre emissioni centrale Enel|website=lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it|access-date=21 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416132845/http://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/GdM_traduci_notizia.php?IDNotizia=408374&IDCategotia=470|archive-date=16 April 2015}} That year, Enel Distribuzione built its first Smart grid in Isernia, a grid capable of effectively adjusting the two-way flow of electricity generated from renewable sources. The total investment for this project was {{euro}}10 million.{{cite web|url=http://www.enel.it/ewcm/salastampa/comunicati/1648105-4_PDF-1.pdf|title=Enel distribuzione: a Isernia la prima rete intelligente in Italia|website=enel.it|date=4 November 2011|access-date=22 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417094737/http://www.enel.it/ewcm/salastampa/comunicati/1648105-4_PDF-1.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2015}}
Also in 2011, Enel became part of the United Nations Global Compact, a United Nations initiative to encourage businesses to adopt sustainable policies worldwide,{{cite web|url=https://www.enel.com/it-it/media/press_releases/enel-ed-endesa-nel-global-compact-lead-dell-146-onu/r/1640396|title=Enel ed Endesa nel global compact lead dell'Onu|website=enel.com|date=28 January 2011|access-date=21 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416163638/https://www.enel.com/it-it/media/press_releases/enel-ed-endesa-nel-global-compact-lead-dell-146-onu/r/1640396|archive-date=16 April 2015}} and signed a cooperation framework agreement with the World Food Programme, to fight against world hunger and climate change. The cost of the project was {{euro}}8 million, which included the production and distribution of high-efficiency cooking stoves, the installation of photovoltaic systems in the all WFP logistical premises, and giving support to humanitarian interventions.{{cite web|url=http://finanza.tgcom.mediaset.it/news/dettaglio_news.asp?id=201112061814081604&chkAgenzie=PMFNW|title=Enel: con Wfp a Durban per attivita' lotta fame e cambiamenti clima|author=Catia Augelli|website=mediaset.it|date=6 December 2011|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318143544/http://finanza.tgcom.mediaset.it/common/errore.asp?msg=Nessun%20contenuto%20trovato&sezione=news|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.areapress.it/vediarticolo.asp?id=20597|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416145823/http://www.areapress.it/vediarticolo.asp?id=20597|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2015|title=Enel e WFP presentano a durban le attività congiunte per la lotta alla fame e ai cambiamenti climatici|website=areapress.it|date=6 December 2011|access-date=22 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=https://www.enel.it/it-IT/media/comunicati/release.aspx?iddoc=1644824|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150323234137/https://www.enel.it/it-IT/media/comunicati/release.aspx?iddoc=1644824|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 March 2015|title=Enel collabora con il programma alimentare mondiale (WFP) delle nazioni unite|website=enel.it|date=16 June 2011|access-date=22 March 2015}} In the same year, the company was added to the FTSE4Good Index of the London Stock Exchange which measures businesses' behaviour in terms of environmental sustainability, relationships with stakeholders, human rights, the quality of working conditions, and fighting against corruption.{{cite web|url=http://www.rinnovabili.it/storico/enel-ammessa-nellindice-ftse4good-della-borsa-di-londra/|title=Enel ammessa nell'indice FTSE4Good della borsa di Londra|website=rinnovabili.it|date=14 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428210143/http://www.rinnovabili.it/storico/enel-ammessa-nellindice-ftse4good-della-borsa-di-londra/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.enel.com/it-it/media/press_releases/enel-ammessa-nell-146-indice-ftse4good-della-borsa-di-londra/r/1641705|title=Enel ammessa nell'indice FTSE4Good della borsa di Londra|website=enel.it|date=14 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927202544/http://www.enel.com/it-it/media/press_releases/enel-ammessa-nell-146-indice-ftse4good-della-borsa-di-londra/r/1641705|archive-date=27 September 2014}}
In 2012, Enel sold the remaining 5.1% of Terna in its possession, thus exiting completely from the high-voltage market.{{cite web| url=http://www.repubblica.it/economia/finanza/2012/01/31/news/enel_conti_stabili_nonostante_la_crisi_grazie_al_contributo_delle_reti_e_delle_rinnovabili-29100758/|title=Enel, vende Terna per ridurre il debito Conti "studia" come tagliare il dividendo|author=Luca Pagni|website=repubblica.it|date=31 January 2012|access-date= 16 March 2015}} In 2013, Enel signed an agreement, in Sochi, for the sale of 40% of Arctic Russia, a joint venture with Eni, which in turn controlled 49% of SeverEnergia, for $1.8 billion.{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/economia/finanza/2013/09/24/news/enel_vende_in_russia_severenergia_a_rosneft_per_1_8_mld_-67162321/|title=Enel vende in Russia: Severenergia a Rosneft per 1,8 mld $|website=repubblica.it|date=24 September 2013|access-date=16 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/economia/14_marzo_12/enel-crescita-profitti-2013-ecd9b1c4-a9ca-11e3-9476-764b3ca84ea2.shtml|title=Enel, in crescita i profitti 2013|website=corriere.it|date=12 March 2014|access-date=16 March 2015}} In May 2014, Maria Patrizia Grieco was elected president of the board of directors; and Francesco Starace was appointed CEO.{{cite web|url=http://archivio.internazionale.it/news/enel/2014/05/22/assemblea-rinnova-cda-maria-patrizia-grieco-presidente|title=Enel. Assemblea rinnova Cda. Maria Patrizia Grieco presidente|website=internazionale.it|date=22 May 2014|access-date=17 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102351/http://archivio.internazionale.it/news/enel/2014/05/22/assemblea-rinnova-cda-maria-patrizia-grieco-presidente|archive-date=4 March 2016}}
The company's main objectives were set to be the reorganisation of activities in Iberia and Latin America and debt reduction.{{cite web|url=http://www.enel.it/it-IT/media_investor/comunicati/release.aspx?iddoc=1662250|title=Il cda Enel approva il progetto di riassetto delle attività del gruppo in iberia e america latina e la nuova struttura organizzativa di gruppo|website=enel.it|date=31 July 2014|access-date=14 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001306/http://www.enel.it/it-IT/media_investor/comunicati/release.aspx?iddoc=1662250|archive-date=24 September 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/finanza-e-mercati/2014-12-14/enel-vara-riassetto-sud-america-081334.shtml?uuid=AB2J0bQC|title=Enel vara il riassetto in Sud America|website=ilsole24ore.com|date=14 December 2014|author=Laura Serafini|access-date=14 April 2015}} In 2014, Enel—together with Endesa, Accelerace, and FundingBox—initiated the INCENSe program (Internet Cleantech Enablers Spark), which was co-funded by the European Commission, for the promotion of technological innovation in renewable energy, and was joined by over 250 start-ups from 30 countries in 2015.{{cite web|url= http://www.wired.it/economia/start-up/2015/06/22/incense-bando-per-lacceleratore-green-enel/|website= wired.it|title=Incense, al via il nuovo bando per l'acceleratore green di Enel|author=Simone Cosimi|date=22 June 2015|access-date=5 February 2016}}{{cite web|url= http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2016-01-20/clean-technology-enel-accelera-28-startup-il-programma-incense-123500.shtml?uuid=AC5q6gDC|website=ilsole24ore.com|title=Clean Technology: Enel accelera 28 startup con il programma INCENSe|author=Biagio Simonetta|date=20 January 2016|access-date=5 February 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.blitzquotidiano.it/energia/incense-257-domande-per-bando-energie-verdi-guidato-da-enel-2295130/|website=blitzquotidiano.it |title=Incense, 257 domande per bando energie verdi guidato da Enel|date=9 October 2015|access-date=5 February 2016}} In 2014 and 2015, Enel was included in the STOXX Global ESG Governance Leaders index, an index that measures a company's environmental, social, and governance practices.{{cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/notizie-ultima-ora/Economia/Enel-confermata-Stoxx-Global-Esg-Leaders-index/26-10-2015/1-A_020604673.shtml|title=Enel: confermata nello Stoxx Global Esg Leaders index|website=corriere.it|date=13 October 2015|access-date=22 December 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.agenziarepubblica.it/news/c93fdeb1-2b21-4d33-972f-5108ccaec723/Enel-confermata-nello-Stoxx-Global-Esg-Leaders-Index.aspx|title=Enel confermata nello Stoxx Global Esg Leaders Index|website=agenziarepubblica.it|date=13 October 2015|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305153533/http://www.agenziarepubblica.it/news/c93fdeb1-2b21-4d33-972f-5108ccaec723/Enel-confermata-nello-Stoxx-Global-Esg-Leaders-Index.aspx|url-status=dead}}
Enel took part in Expo 2015 in Milan as an Official Global Partner. With a {{euro}}29 million investment, as well as building its own pavilion, Enel built a Smart City over the entire Expo area, simulating a city of 100,000 inhabitants with a total energy consumption of 1 GWh per day.{{cite web|url=http://www.qualenergia.it/articoli/20150504-smart-city-expo-di-enel-una-citt%C3%A0-intelligente-da-100mila-abitanti|website=Qualenergia|title=Smart City Expo di Enel, una città intelligente da 100.000 abitanti|date=4 May 2015|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507005151/http://www.qualenergia.it/articoli/20150504-smart-city-expo-di-enel-una-citt%C3%A0-intelligente-da-100mila-abitanti|archive-date=7 May 2015|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/canali/energiaeambiente/expo2015/2015/04/30/enel1a-smart-city-da-100mila-abitanti_cf64506d-5746-4378-ac9b-f9ed6b2fd55a.html|website=ansa|title=Enel,1/a smart city da 100mila abitanti|date=30 April 2015|access-date=12 May 2015}}
The Smart City comprised a smart grid for the distribution of electricity, an operations center for the monitoring and management of the smart grid, an information system that allowed visitors to view in real-time the electricity consumption in each pavilion, charging stations for electric vehicles,{{cite web|url=http://www.energymanagernews.it/per-expo-2015-ce-una-smart-grid-che-serve-100-000-abitanti/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094812/http://www.energymanagernews.it/per-expo-2015-ce-una-smart-grid-che-serve-100-000-abitanti/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2015|website=energymanager|title=Per Expo 2015 c'è una smart grid che serve 100.000 abitanti|date=4 May 2015|access-date=12 May 2015}} and LED lighting of the entire exhibition site.
During 2016–2018, Enel carried out a series of operations aimed at digitising and innovating the Group, with particular attention to sustainability. In January 2016, Enel launched the “Open Power” brand, which presented the company with a new visual identity and a new logo. The concept of “openness” became the driver of the Group’s operative and communicative strategy.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lutherdsgn.com/en/enel-open-power-corporate-event-design/|title=Luther Dsgn - Corporate Event Design for Enel Open Power in Madrid|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204124615/https://www.lutherdsgn.com/en/enel-open-power-corporate-event-design/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.sines.it/enel-unveils-new-site-logo-as-part-of-brand-identity-overhauls-part-of-brand-identity-overhaul/?lang=en|title=Enel unveils new site & logo as part of brand identity overhaul|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316003906/https://www.sines.it/enel-unveils-new-site-logo-as-part-of-brand-identity-overhauls-part-of-brand-identity-overhaul/?lang=en|url-status=dead}} In June 2016, Enel presented the Enel Open Meter, the 2.0 smart meter designed to replace first-generation electronic meters. Open Meter was designed by Italian designer and architect Michele De Lucchi. In July 2016, Enel launched an Innovation Hub in Tel Aviv to scout 20 start-ups and foster collaboration, while offering a personalized support programme.{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/italian-energy-giant-enel-launches-innovation-hub-in-tel-aviv-460223|title=Italian energy giant Enel launches innovation hub in Tel Aviv - The Jerusalem Post |date=13 July 2016 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/italys-enel-sets-up-tel-aviv-hub-to-tap-new-tech/|title=Italy's Enel sets up Tel Aviv hub to tap new tech |website=The Times of Israel }} In December 2016, Open Fiber completed the acquisition of Metroweb Italia for €714 million.{{Cite news|url=https://www.cdp.it/sitointernet/page/en/cdp_group_merger_between_metroweb_and_enel_open_fiber_approved?contentId=CSA11001|title=CDP Group: merger between Metroweb and Enel Open Fiber approved|newspaper=Cassa Depositi e Prestiti }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadbandworldnews.com/author.asp?section_id=475&doc_id=729268|title=Broadband World News - Open Fiber Expands With Metroweb Acquisition, Uses Huawei's Monitoring Tech}}
In 2016, a hydrogen-fueled power station located in Fusina, near Venice was commissioned but only produced energy for less than two years with costs of energy production 5-6 times higher than conventional sources.
In March 2017, Enel inaugurated the Innovation Hub at University of California, Berkeley, an initiative for start-up scouting and collaboration development.{{Cite web|url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/03/07/enel-innovation-hub/|title=UC Berkeley, power company Enel launch innovation hub |date=7 March 2017 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/italian-utility-enel-opens-innovation-hub-in-berkeley|title=Italian Utility Enel's Quest for New Ideas Leads It to Silicon Valley }} In April 2017, in joint venture with Dutch Infrastructure Fund, the company launched the largest “ready-to-build” solar PV project in Australia.{{Cite web|url=https://international.agi.it/international/enel_launches_biggest_solar_energy_project_in_australia-1670539/news/2017-04-10/|title=Enel launches biggest solar energy project in Australia}} In May 2017, Enel launched E-solutions, a new global business line to explore new technologies, as well as to develop products.{{Cite web|url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/european-utility-giants-are-on-a-grid-edge-shopping-spree-in-2017|title=European Utility Giants Are on a Grid Edge Shopping Spree in 2017 }} In July 2017, Enel joined Formula E for the first zero-emission event in the championship’s history in New York.{{Cite web|url=https://www.fiaformulae.com/en/news/2017/july/formula-e-to-stage-first-zero-emission-eprix/|title=Formula E to stage first zero-emission ePrix |date=13 July 2017 }} In September 2017, Enel ranked 20th in Fortune’s 2017 “Change the World” list and became one of the top 50 companies in the world – and the only Italian company – to have a positive social impact through business activities.{{Cite web|url=https://corporate.enel.it/en/media/press/d/2017/09/enel-in-top-20-of-fortunes-change-the-world-list|title=ENEL IN TOP 20 OF FORTUNE'S "CHANGE THE WORLD" LIST - corporate.enel.it|date=7 September 2017 }} In the same month, Enel and ENAP inaugurated Cerro Pabellón, the first geothermal power plant in South America and the first in the world to be built at 4,500 meters above sea level.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/newsenel-enap-inaugurate-48mw-geothermal-power-plant-in-chile-140917-5925904/|title=Enel, ENAP inaugurate 48MW geothermal power plant in Chile - NS Energy}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.powermag.com/cerro-pabellon-taking-geothermal-power-to-new-heights/|title=Cerro Pabellón: Taking Geothermal Power to New Heights|date=September 2018 }}
In October 2017, the company inaugurated an Innovation Hub in Russia in collaboration with the technological hub of Skolkovo.{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/enel-hub-seeks-to-harness-russias-tech-talent-2233|title=Enel hub seeks to harness Russia's tech talent - Smart Cities World}} In the same month, Enel was included in the Top 20 of Forbes World’s Best Employers List 2017{{Cite web|url=https://corporate.enel.it/en/media/press/d/2017/10/enel-in-the-top-20-of-forbes-worlds-best-employers-list-2017|title=ENEL IN THE TOP 20 OF FORBES WORLD'S BEST EMPLOYERS LIST 2017 - corporate.enel.it|date=20 October 2017 }} and was confirmed by the non-profit global platform CDP as a global leader in the fight against climate change.{{Cite web|url=https://it.finance.yahoo.com/notizie/enel-confermata-lista-cdp-per-lotta-cambiamento-climatico-083113343.html?guccounter=2&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMAJJI-0haCWc-rW9qzu7X0dKP4wCJ_QN_UJzjsLmszkccLb5VAZ0U48kCxJhEwTm7WFRqIrc7paqIBicz-OtoQ1I_hgMUbd7GaHE0n1BJ2eZfS-ougC2JAWIw1i_CDsVdZUYR7TsFncMQcEsBtYaH_W0smpz7F_KsMlvN0C2wlF|title=Enel: confermata in lista Cdp per lotta a cambiamento climatico|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204124613/https://it.finance.yahoo.com/notizie/enel-confermata-lista-cdp-per-lotta-cambiamento-climatico-083113343.html?guccounter=2&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMAJJI-0haCWc-rW9qzu7X0dKP4wCJ_QN_UJzjsLmszkccLb5VAZ0U48kCxJhEwTm7WFRqIrc7paqIBicz-OtoQ1I_hgMUbd7GaHE0n1BJ2eZfS-ougC2JAWIw1i_CDsVdZUYR7TsFncMQcEsBtYaH_W0smpz7F_KsMlvN0C2wlF|url-status=dead}} In November 2017, Enel presented E-Mobility Revolution, a plan which seeks to install 7000 recharging stations for electric vehicles by 2020.{{Cite web|url=https://kozsusanidesign.com/enel-x-juicepole|title=Koz Susani Design - Enel X JuicePole}} In November 2017, Enel presented the 2018-2020 strategic plan, which was characterised by a focus on digitization and new offers to customers.{{Cite web|url=https://www.quotidiano.net/economia/enel-1.3550850|title=Enel svela il piano strategico. Investimenti per 24,6 miliardi in 3 anni - Economia - quotidiano.net|date=21 November 2017 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/economia/17_novembre_21/enel-vira-digitale-piano-b5d0b30c-ce84-11e7-bf2a-292d3c6f067f.shtml|title=Enel vira sul digitale e investe 24,6 miliardi in due anni - Corriere.it|date=21 November 2017 }} In December 2017, Enel and Audi signed an agreement to develop electric mobility services.{{Cite web|url=https://www.volkswagengroup.it/Apps/WebObjects/VGI.woa/wa/viewSection?id=5769|title=EVA+: Enel, Verbund, Renault, Nissan, BMW and Volkswagen Group Italia join forces for mobility of the future in Italy and Austria|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204140742/https://www.volkswagengroup.it/Apps/WebObjects/VGI.woa/wa/viewSection?id=5769|url-status=dead}} In the same month, the Group launched the Enel X brand.{{Cite web|url=https://www.wired.it/scienza/energia/2017/11/30/enel-x-servizi-energetici-digitali/|title=Enel X, un nuovo brand per i servizi energetici e digitali |date=30 November 2017 }}
In January 2018, Enel launched a new green bond in Europe. The issue amounted to a total of €1250 million.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ansa.it/canale_ambiente/notizie/green_economy/2018/01/09/enel-nuovo-green-bond-per-125-miliardi_20aed668-a4a5-42fd-afc6-6dd768e0a95e.html|title=Enel colloca nuovo green bond per 1,25 miliardi - Green Economy - ANSA.it|date=9 January 2018 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.soldionline.it/notizie/azioni-italia/enel-le-caratteristiche-del-green-bond-con-scadenza-nel-2026|title=Enel, le caratteristiche del green bond con scadenza nel 2026|date=9 January 2018 }} In January 2018, Enel was confirmed for the tenth time in the ECPI Sustainability Index series.{{Cite web|url=https://www.teleborsa.it/News/2018/01/23/enel-confermata-per-la-decima-volta-negli-indici-sostenibilita-ecpi-219.html#.YfAbW_6ZPIW|title= Enel confermata per la decima volta negli indici sostenibilità ECPI }} In February 2018, it received the 2018 Ethical Boardroom Corporate Governance award for sustainability and corporate governance standards.{{Cite web|url=https://ethicalboardroom.com/corporate-governance-winners-2018-europe/|title=Corporate Governance Winners 2018 – Europe |date=31 January 2018 }} In February 2018, Enel became title sponsor of the FIM MotoE World Cup, as well as Sustainable Power Partner of the MotoGP.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/enel-to-title-sponsor-new-motoe-world-cup/|title=Enel to title sponsor new MotoE World Cup - SportsPro|date=7 February 2018 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/motoe/news/fim-motoe-world-cup-launch-energica-1002505/1390093/|title=MotoGP organisers launch FIM MotoE World Cup |date=6 February 2018 }} In March 2018, it invested $170 million in the construction of Peru’s largest solar PV plant.{{Cite web|url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/enel-inaugurates-perus-largest-solar-pv-plant|title=Enel Inaugurates Peru's Largest Solar PV Plant}} In May 2018, Enel became a partner of the Osmose project for the development of integrated systems and services in the renewable energy industry.{{Cite web|url=https://energiaoltre.it/rinnovabili-enel-partner-del-progetto-europeo-osmose/|title=Rinnovabili, Enel partner del progetto europeo Osmose - Energia Oltre|date=7 May 2018 }} In the same month, the company inaugurated Global Thermal Generation Innovation Hub&Lab in Pisa, a space for the development of innovative technologies of interest to thermal generation.{{Cite web|url=https://www.powerengineeringint.com/gas-oil-fired/enel-homes-in-on-thermal-energy-of-the-future-with-innovation-hub/|title=Enel homes in on thermal energy of the future with innovation hub - Power Engineering International|date=15 May 2018|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919081600/https://www.powerengineeringint.com/gas-oil-fired/enel-homes-in-on-thermal-energy-of-the-future-with-innovation-hub/|url-status=dead}} In May 2018, Enel won the final round of the tender offer for the acquisition of Eletropaulo.{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/ELETROBRAS-PARTICIPACOES-6496400/news/Enel-Brasil-Investimentos-Sudeste-S-A-completed-the-acquisition-of-93-3-stake-in-Eletropaulo-Metr-34657459/|title=Enel Brasil Investimentos Sudeste, S.A. completed the acquisition of 93.3% stake in Eletropaulo Metropolitana Eletricidade de São Paulo S.A. from Eletrobras Participações S.A. - Eletropar and others for BRL 7.1 billion. |date=4 July 2018 }}
At the end of March 2019, Enel became the most valuable company on the Italian Stock Exchange, with a capitalisation of over €67 billion. On 23 September, the company was included in the STOXX Europe 50 index.{{Cite web|url=https://finanza.lastampa.it/News/2019/09/03/enel-entra-in-stoxx-50-con-le-principali-aziende-delleurozona/ODlfMjAxOS0wOS0wM19UTEI|title= Enel entra in Stoxx 50 con le principali aziende dell'Eurozona }} That same year, Enel's CEO Francesco Starace was awarded the "Manager Utility Energia 2019" prize by the Management delle Utilities e delle Infrastrutture (MUI) Italian magazine.{{Cite web|url=https://www.teleborsa.it/News/2020/04/29/a-francesco-starace-enel-il-premio-manager-utility-energia-2019-165.html#.YfAeqf6ZPIU|title= A Francesco Starace (ENEL) il premio Manager Utility Energia 2019 }}
In April 2022, Enel X Way was launched. It is the new business line of the Group and aims to accelerate the development of electric mobility and combine decarbonization, digitalization and electrification. The initiative was presented by CEO Elisabetta Ripa at Rome's Formula E Grand Prix.{{Cite web|url=https://gamingnews.cyou/enel-x-way-working-to-optimize-charging-infrastructures/|title=Enel X Way, working to optimize charging infrastructures - Gaming News|date=13 April 2022}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/motori/sezioni/attualita/2022/04/10/news/nasce_enel_x_way_ripa_lavoriamo_per_la_transizione-344942547/|title=Nasce Enel X Way, Ripa: "Lavoriamo per una mobilità elettrica per tutti" - la Repubblica|date=10 April 2022 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.teleborsa.it/News/2022/04/11/nasce-enel-x-way-per-promuovere-l-e-mobility-ripa-mobilita-elettrica-per-tutti-37.html#.Youvc6hBzIU|title= Nasce Enel X Way per promuovere l'e-mobility. Ripa: "Mobilità elettrica per tutti" }}
On May 22, 2023, Enel subsidiary Enel North America announced the Tulsa Port of Inola as the future site of one of the largest solar cell and panel manufacturing plants in the U.S.{{cite web |url=https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/enel-to-build-1-billion-solar-panel-plant-at-tulsa-port-of-inola/article_05ea9a06-f675-11ed-a564-4f503f10ca71.html |title=Enel to build $1 billion solar plant at Tulsa Port of Inola |date=22 May 2023 |publisher=Carmen Forman, Tulsa World, May 22, 2023 |accessdate=May 23, 2023}} Enel expects to invest over $1 billion in the facility, creating 1,000 permanent jobs with the possibility of creating another 900 in a second phase. Oklahoma officials have called this the biggest economic development project in the state.
Controversies
=Osage Wind LLC=
Osage Wind dug foundations for wind turbines, crushed the rock and returned the dust to the earth.{{cite web |title=Osage Wind files objection to claims by federal government in district court |url=http://osagenews.org/en/article/2020/01/14/osage-wind-files-objection-claims-federal-government-district-court/ |website=osagenews.org |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200326232012/http://osagenews.org/en/article/2020/01/14/osage-wind-files-objection-claims-federal-government-district-court/ |archive-date=26 March 2020 |date=14 January 2020 |url-status=live}}
On 11 November 2014, the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Oklahoma filed suit against Enel's subsidiary Osage Wind LLC, an 84-turbine industrial wind project in Osage County, Okla.{{cite web|url=https://ecf.oknd.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/DktRpt.pl?38034 |title=CM/ECF LIVE - U.S. District Court:oknd-Docket Report|publisher=ecf.oknd.uscourts.gov |access-date=2 February 2016}} In the suit, the United States alleges that Enel and Osage Wind are illegally converting minerals owned by the Osage Nation, a Native American tribe that has owned all mineral rights in the county since 1871.{{cite web|url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/local/federal-authorities-seek-immediate-halt-to-osage-county-wind-development/article_3606ab19-70ab-593e-aac7-c5262bf60cfb.html |title=Federal authorities seek immediate halt to Osage County wind development - Tulsa World: Local|date=4 December 2014 |publisher=tulsaworld.com|access-date=2 February 2016}} The suit says that Osage Wind should have obtained a permit from the Bureau of Indian Affairs before mining rock and other material for the pits in which turbine bases are built. The United States asked that all excavating on the 8,500-acre site cease and that dozens of turbines that are already being erected be removed.{{cite web|url=http://barnsdalltimes.com/news/feds-call-off-temporary-injunction-now-ask-for-removal-of-all-structures-at-enels-osage-wind-project |title=Feds call off temporary injunction, now ask for removal of all structures at Enel's Osage Wind project – The Bigheart Times, Osage County's Weekly Newspaper|publisher=barnsdalltimes.com|access-date=2 February 2016}}
Osage Wind has insisted that it is not mining and needs no permit. The company says that it has already spent nearly $300 million on the project, which is being built on privately owned fee land, not land held in trust for American Indians.
Osage Wind LLC and a second and adjacent Enel wind project, Mustang Run, are also embroiled in cases pending before the Oklahoma Supreme Court in which the Osage Nation and Osage County, Oklahoma, are challenging the constitutional legitimacy of permits for both projects.{{cite web|url= http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/getcaseinformation.asp?query=true&srch=0&web=true&db=Appellate&number=SD-113414&iLAST=&iFIRST=&iMIDDLE=&iID=&iDOBL=&iDOBH=&SearchType=0&iDCPT=&iapcasetype=All&idccasetype=All&iDATEL=&iDATEH=&iCLOSEDL=&iCLOSEDH=&iDCType=0&iYear=&iNumber=&icitation=&submitted=true |title=OCIS Case Summary for SD - 113414- Osage Nation et al vs Board of Comm Osage County et al comp w/113415 & 113 ()|publisher=oscn.net|access-date=2 February 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://barnsdalltimes.com/news/county-to-appeal-ruling-in-mustang-run-case-setting-off-a-long-delay-for-enel-green-power |title=County to appeal ruling in Mustang Run case, setting off a long delay for Enel Green Power – The Bigheart Times, Osage County's Weekly Newspaper|publisher=barnsdalltimes.com |access-date=2 February 2016}}
In December 2024, United States Court of International Trade Judge Jennifer Choe-Groves ruled the defendants "liable for conversion, trespass and continuing trespass of the Osage Mineral Estate"{{cite web |last1=Duty |first1=Shannon Shaw |title=Historic Win: Judge orders Enel to remove turbines by December 2025 |url=https://osagenews.org/historic-win-judge-orders-enel-to-remove-turbines-by-december-2025/ |website=Osage News |access-date=January 1, 2025 |date=20 December 2024}} and ordered Enel to remove all of the turbines by December 2025. Choe-Groves ruled Enel had "committed trespass by extracting minerals from the Osage illegally,"{{cite web |title=Enel to pay millions, remove Osage County wind farm |url=https://www.publicradiotulsa.org/local-regional/2024-12-19/enel-to-pay-millions-remove-osage-county-wind-farm |website=Public Radio Tulsa |access-date=January 1, 2025 |language=en |date=19 December 2024}} and ordered Enel in addition to pay $300,000 in damages and millions in legal fees. Enel immediately appealed the ruling.{{cite web |last1=Killman |first1=Curtis |title=Wind farm owner fights removal order as it appeals judge's ruling |url=https://tulsaworld.com/news/state-regional/business/wind-farm-owner-fights-removal-order-in-court-as-it-appeals-judges-ruling/article_9cf6c24c-bf02-11ef-adb2-bb11457b9733.html#tracking-source=home-top-story |website=Tulsa World |access-date=January 1, 2025 |language=en |date=21 December 2024}}
=El Salvador=
Enel had to exit the El Salvador electricity market after a long dispute with the Government of El Salvador.{{Cite web |url=http://renews.biz/80969/enel-exits-el-salvador/ |title=Enel exits El Salvador - Geo, fuels & others | reNEWS - Renewable Energy News |access-date=13 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415161219/http://renews.biz/80969/enel-exits-el-salvador/ |archive-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}
Article 109 of the Constitution of El Salvador states that underground natural resources are the country's property and the government should not allow a foreign company to be the sole proprietor of geothermic generation. Both parties came to a settlement in 2014, but no details have been released.
=Slovakia=
Enel had been demanding over €94 million from the Ministry of Economy of Slovakia in compensation for lost earnings it claims to have incurred as price proposals were rejected by the Slovakian Regulatory Office for Network Industries (URSO).{{cite web|url=http://www.thedaily.sk/slovakia-wins-lawsuit-with-slovenske-elektrarneenel/#ixzz3XE66d0mN|title=Slovakia Wins Lawsuit with Slovenske Elektrarne/Enel|date=20 July 2012 |publisher=thedaily.sk}}
=Meeting with Vladimir Putin immediately prior to 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine=
In early 2022, Enel and acting CEO Francesco Starace came under criticism for meeting in person with acting President of Russia Vladimir Putin to discuss massive Russian investments and sanction exemptions, just over a week prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-26/italy-sought-russian-deals-shortly-before-putin-invaded-ukraine|title=Italy Sought Russian Deals Shortly Before Putin Invaded Ukraine|author=Bloomberg|work=U.S.|access-date=26 February 2022|language=en-US}}
Production and service capacities
Enel produces electricity from a number of energy sources including geothermal, wind power, solar power, hydroelectric power, thermal, and nuclear power.
In 2023, Enel generated a total of 207 TWh of electricity, distributed 489.2 TWh, and sold 300.9 TWh.{{cite web|url=https://ageei.eu/enel-nel-2023-vola-lutile-netto-e-lebitda-cattaneo-abbiamo-raggiunto-tutti-i-target/|title=Enel, nel 2023 vola l'utile netto e l'Ebitda. Cattaneo: Abbiamo raggiunto tutti i target - AGEEI|date=21 March 2024 }}
Enel is also engaged in research and development activities for the production and transmission of electricity. These include:
- the design and implementation of "hybrid plants" that combine the use of different sources and technologies for energy storage, in order to increase the efficiency of plants.{{cite web|url=http://nova.ilsole24ore.com/tag/enel-green-power|website=Il Sole 24 Ore|title=Tra sole e geotermia|author=Elena Comelli|date=28 March 2014|access-date=14 April 2015|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224038/https://nova.ilsole24ore.com/tag/enel-green-power/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.finanza.com/Finanza/Notizie_Italia/Italia/notizia/Egp_primo_Cooperative_Research__Development_Agreement_in-423232|website=finanza.com|title=Egp: Primo cooperative research & development agreement in Usa per impianto ibrido Stillwater|author=Flavia Scarano|date=4 August 2014|access-date=14 April 2015|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220235950/http://www.finanza.com/Finanza/Notizie_Italia/Italia/notizia/Egp_primo_Cooperative_Research__Development_Agreement_in-423232|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.zeroemission.eu/portal/news/topic/C.S.P./id/23458/Enel-Green-Power-ricerca-scientifica-su-impianti-ibrido-negli-USA|website=zeroemission.eu|title=Enel Green Power: ricerca scientifica su impianti ibrido negli USA|date=27 August 2014|access-date=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125090741/http://www.zeroemission.eu/portal/news/topic/C.S.P./id/23458/Enel-Green-Power-ricerca-scientifica-su-impianti-ibrido-negli-USA|archive-date=25 November 2015|url-status=dead}}
- the development of smart grids that increase efficiency and sustainability in the distribution of electricity, with the support of the European Community.{{cite web|url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/commenti-e-idee/2012-12-05/progetti-innovativi-illuminare-prossimi-063915.shtml?uuid=AbC2tE9G |website=ilSole24ore.com|title=Progetti innovativi per illuminare i prossimi cinquant'anni|author=Fulvio Conti|date=5 December 2012|access-date=14 April 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.it/index.php?p=article&a=1606|website=Technologyreview|title=Reti intelligenti per l'energia verde|author=Andrea Del Duce|date=3 June 2010|access-date=14 April 2015|archive-date=12 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712231654/http://www.technologyreview.it/index.php?p=article&a=1606|url-status=dead}}
Corporate organisation
Enel is headquartered in Rome and has been listed on the Borsa Italiana since 1999.
Enel and its subsidiaries produce and distribute electricity and gas in 29 countries{{cite web|url=https://www.utilitalia.it/notizia/ab43871b-a1e6-4d15-90dd-564dbad587b3|title=Enel si racconta alla mostra "Identitalia" del Mimit sul Made in Italy}} around Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Africa.{{cite web|url=http://www.enel.com/it-IT/doc/group/profile/enel_profilo_societario.pdf|title=Profilo societario|website=Enel|access-date=12 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425221620/http://www.enel.com/it-IT/doc/group/profile/enel_profilo_societario.pdf|archive-date=25 April 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/novembre/03/Enel_infuoca_Borsa_prezzo_resta_co_0_9911031485.shtml|website=Corriere.it|title=L' Enel infuoca la Borsa, ma il prezzo resta fermo|author=Nicola Saldutti|date=3 November 1999|access-date=14 April 2015}}
The company employs more than 60,000 people, has more than 61 million customers worldwide (54.9 million in the electricity market, and 6.2 million in the gas market) and a net installed generating capacity of 88 GW.{{cite web |title=ENEL SpA |url=https://www.assorisorse.org/chi-siamo/associate/enel-spa/}} Enel is the largest energy company in Europe by number of customers and the second by capacity, after EdF.{{cite web|url=http://www.borsaitaliana.it/borsa/azioni/profilo-societa-dettaglio.html?isin=IT0003128367&lang=it|website=Borsa Italiana|title=Enel|access-date=14 April 2015}}{{cite book|title=National Monopoly to Successful Multinational: the Case of Enel|page=58|author1=Massimo Bergami|author2=Pier Luigi Celli|author3=Giuseppe Soda|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|date=2012|isbn=978-1-137-03389-5}}{{cite web|url=http://www.power-technology.com/features/featurethe-top-10-biggest-power-companies-of-2014-4385942/|title=The top 10 biggest power companies of 2014|website=Power Technology|date=2 October 2014|access-date=14 April 2015}}
The Enel Group is organised in 5 business lines:
- Enel Green Power and Thermal Generation: electricity generation.
- Enel Grids: transport infrastructure and energy distribution.
- Global Energy and Commodity Management: provides Enel Group companies, as well as third parties, both with goods to be used in power plants and with optimisation services for energy production and distribution.{{cite web|title=Global trading - Business|url=http://www.enel.com/it-IT/group/about_us/business/global_trading/|website=Enel|access-date=14 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722225928/http://www.enel.com/it-IT/group/about_us/business/global_trading/|archive-date=22 July 2015}}
- Enel X Global Retail: provides value-added services.
- Enel X Way: created to facilitate the transition to electricity in public and private transportation by installing charging infrastructures.{{Cite web|url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/industria-finanza/2022/04/12/enel_x_way_si_accelera_la_diffusione_delle_colonnine_di_ricarica.html|title=Nasce Enel X Way che accelera sulla diffusione delle infrastrutture di ricarica - Quattroruote.it|date=12 April 2022 }}
Subsidiaries
{{needs expansion|Subsidiaries in Brazil are missing|date=April 2024}}
{{See also|Enel Green Power|Open Fiber}}
For trading on international markets, as well as for the procurement and sale of energy products including gas, Enel owns 100% of Enel Trade, which in turn owns 100% of Enel Trade Romania, Enel Trade Croatia, and Enel Trade Serbia.
Through Enel Trade, Enel also owns Nuove Energie, a company that specialises in the construction of regasification plants.{{cite web|url=http://www.milanofinanza.it/news/enel-perfezionata-l-acquisizione-di-nuove-energie-srl-200707061259133266|website=Milano Finanza|title= Enel, perfezionata l'acquisizione di Nuove Energie srl|date=6 July 2007|access-date=18 March 2015}}
In Italy, Enel owns companies that produce, distribute and resell electricity:{{cite web|url=http://annualreport2013.enel.com/sites/enel2013fin/files/allegati/en/subsidiaries_associates_and_significant_equity_investments.pdf|website=Enel|title=Subsidiaries, associates and other significant equity investments of the Enel Group at December 31, 2013|date=31 December 2013|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212324/http://annualreport2013.enel.com/sites/enel2013fin/files/allegati/en/subsidiaries_associates_and_significant_equity_investments.pdf|url-status=dead}}
- 100% of Enel Energia – which deals with the sale of electricity and natural gas on the free market and to end customers. Enel Energia also owns 100% of Enel.si, a company that offers renewable energy to end customers and franchises "Punto Enel Green Power".{{cite web|url=http://www.enelsi.it/it-IT/azienda/attivita/|website=Enel.si|title=Attività|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017054401/http://www.enelsi.it/it-IT/azienda/attivita/|url-status=dead}}
- 100% of e-distribuzione – for the distribution of electricity.{{cite web|url=http://www.enel.com/it-IT/doc/report2013/bilancio_civilistico_enel_spa_2013_it.pdf|website=Enel|title=Relazione e Bilancio di esercizio di Enel SpA al 31 dicembre 2013|date=31 December 2013|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221183118/http://www.enel.com/it-IT/doc/report2013/bilancio_civilistico_enel_spa_2013_it.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2015}}
- 100% of Enel Sole – which deals with public and artistic lighting.
In France, Enel owns 5% of the French energy exchange Powernext.{{cite web|url=https://www.enel.com/it-IT/group/worldwide/france/|website=Enel|title=Francia|date=30 September 2014|access-date=17 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402225547/https://www.enel.com/it-IT/group/worldwide/france/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}
In Spain, through its subsidiary Enel Iberia Srl (previously known as Enel Energy Europe{{cite web|url=http://www.enel.com/eWCM/salastampa/comunicati_eng/1663454-1_PDF-1.pdf|website=Enel|title=Enel: Board of Directors approves 2014 results|date=19 March 2015|access-date=19 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135223/http://www.enel.com/eWCM/salastampa/comunicati_eng/1663454-1_PDF-1.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015}}), Enel holds 70.1% of Endesa, acquired in 2009 with an initial stake of 92%.{{cite web|url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2014/11/05/enel-vende-22-spagnola-endesa-ricavo-previsto-26-36-miliardi/1193785/|title= Enel vende fino a 22% della spagnola Endesa. Ricavo previsto 2,6-3,6 miliardi|date=5 November 2014|access-date=17 March 2015|website=Il Fatto Quotidiano}}
The acquisition earned Enel the 2009 Platts Global Energy Award for "Deal of the Year".{{cite web|url=http://geaweb.platts.com/PastWinners|website=Platts Global Energy Awards|title= Past Winners|access-date=18 March 2015}}
Enel has been operating in Russia since 2004.{{cite book|title= Tra economia e politica: l'internazionalizzazione di Finmeccanica, Eni ed Enel|author1=Francesco Renda|author2=Roberto Ricciuti|publisher= Firenze University Press|date=2010|isbn= 978-88-6453-169-4|pages=81–85}}
It owns 56.4% of Enel Russia (formerly OGK-5) and 49.5% of the electricity supplier RusEnergoSbyt, through Enel Investment Holding BV.{{cite web|url=http://enel.ru/en/company/enel_group/enel_in_russia/|website=Enel|title=Enel in Russia|access-date=17 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=https://www.enel.com/it-IT/group/worldwide/russia/|website=Enel|title=Russia|date=30 September 2014|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113618/https://www.enel.com/it-IT/group/worldwide/russia/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}
In 2013, Rosneft, through NGK Itera, bought 40% of Enel's stake in Arctic Russia BV, a company which owned 19.6% of SeverEnergia.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rosneft-enel-deal-idUSBRE98N0HA20130924|website=Reuters|title= Rosneft buys Enel's stake in Russia gas firm for $1.8 billion|date=24 September 2013|access-date=17 March 2015}} In March 2022, Enel announced it will cease operations in Russia.{{cite web|url=https://tradasemplice.com/enel-abbandonera-operazioni-in-russia-ceo-a-bloomberg/|title=Enel abbandonerà operazioni in Russia - Ceo a Bloomberg|date=21 March 2022}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
In Argentina, Enel holds a 41% share of Empresa Distribuidora Sur SA.{{cite web|url=http://www.edesur.com.ar/masedesur/conoceedesur.aspx|website=Edesur|title=Conocé Edesur|access-date=18 March 2015|language=es|archive-date=20 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020191847/http://www.edesur.com.ar/masedesur/conoceedesur.aspx|url-status=dead}}
In Chile, Enel controls 61.99% of Empresa Electrica Panguipulli SA, 56.80% of Enel Américas SA, 61.4% of Distribución Chile SA, 57.9% of Generación Chile SA, 61.9% of Enel Green Power Chile Ltd, 61.9% of Enel Green Power del Sur SpA, and 58.0% of Gas Atacama Chile SA.{{cite web|url=http://www.finanza.com/Finanza/Notizie_Italia/Italia/notizia/Enel_si_riorganizza_in_Spagna_e_in_America_Latina-425139|website=Finanza.com|title=Enel si riorganizza in Spagna e in America Latina|date=12 September 2014|access-date=18 March 2015|author=Flavia Scarano|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831175047/http://www.finanza.com/Finanza/Notizie_Italia/Italia/notizia/Enel_si_riorganizza_in_Spagna_e_in_America_Latina-425139|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://it.finance.yahoo.com/notizie/enel-margine-lordo-semestre-calo-075903460.html|author= Giselda Vagnoni|website=Yahoo-Reuters|title= Enel riorganizza attività Spagna, Portogallo e America Latina, potrebbe scendere in Endesa|date=31 July 2014|access-date=18 March 2015}} In October 2023, it was announced Enel Chile had sold 416 MW of solar PV portfolio in Chile, to the multinational renewable energy producer, Sonnedix.{{Cite web |last=Jacobo |first=Jonathan Touriño |date=2023-10-25 |title=Sonnedix acquires 416MW Chilean solar PV plants from Enel |url=https://www.pv-tech.org/sonnedix-acquires-416mw-chilean-solar-pv-plants-from-enel/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=PV Tech |language=en-US}}
In Peru, through Enel Perù SAC, Enel controls 47.2% of Enel Distribución Perù SAA and 47.5% of Enel Generación Perú SA.{{cite web|url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2014-05-02/enel-controllata-enersis-cile-maggioranza-edegel-peru-200246.shtml?uuid=ABvqVMFB|website=Il Sole 24 Ore|title= Enel, alla controllata Enersis (Cile) la maggioranza di Edegel (Perù)|date=2 May 2014|access-date=18 March 2015|author=Laura Serafini}}
See also
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References
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