:Esad Erbili
{{Short description|Ottoman sheikh and writer (1847–1931)}}
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| birth_date = 1847
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| occupation = Poet
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{{Sufism|Notable modern}}
Esad Erbili or Mehmed Esad Efendi (1847 – March 1931{{Verify source|date=October 2020}}) was a sheikh of the Naqshi-Khalidi Sufi order. At the beginning of World War I, he took a branch of the Naqshbandiyah school of thought to Istanbul.
Early years
Esad Erbili was born in Arbil (present-day Kurdistan Region) in 1847.Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, Kültür Bakanlığı, 1994, {{ISBN|978-975-7306-06-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dW9pAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Esad+Erbil%C3%AE,+faaliyetlerini+daha+farkl%C4%B1+bir+konumda+s%C3%BCrd%C3%BCrm%C3%BC%C5%9F%22 p. 37.] {{in lang|tr}} He was the 30th Chain of the Golden Silsila, entitled to the honorific title Sayyid on both his mother's and father's side. His father, Master M. Said, was the Sheikh of Khalidî Tekke in Arbil, while his grandfather, Master Hidayetullah, was a khalifa. After Erbili completed his education in Arbil and Deyr, he became affiliated with the Naqshi-Khalidi Sheikh Taha’l-Hariri at age 23. Five years later he was given the degree of the caliphate.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}
Career in Istanbul
Returning from Hajj after the death of Sheikh al-Hariri, Erbili came to Istanbul in 1875. He first stayed at the Besiraga Dargah in Salkimsogut,{{Cite journal|title=DARGĀH|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_dum_0917|access-date=2020-09-28|website=Encyclopédie de l’Islam|doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_dum_0917}} but when his followers and visitors increased, he left and settled in the muezzin room of a mosque in Bayezid-Parmakkapi. He taught the Divān of Hafez and Luccet-ul Asrar of Mawlana Jamii in the Fatih Mosque. Hodja Master Yekta and other scholars took notice of these lessons and affiliated themselves with him.{{Cite book|last=Bacik|first=Gokhan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiirDwAAQBAJ&q=Esad+Erbili+Arriving+in+Istanbul&pg=PA157|title=Islam and Muslim Resistance to Modernity in Turkey|date=2019-08-24|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-25901-3|language=en}}
In a short time, his reputation spread throughout Istanbul. The sultan's son-in-law, Darwish Pashazade Khalid Pasha, invited Erbili to the palace to learn Arabic and religious sciences from him. He was appointed to the rank of Majles-I Mashayih by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. In the meantime, he moved his house to one of the rooms over the Bayezid Mosque gates. He also appealed for a tekke. At that time, Kadirî Dargah was free, but its sheikh was required to have a Kadirî diploma. Erbili was appointed after receiving this diploma from one of the grandchildren of Abd el-Kader Gîlānî, Abdulhameed er-Refqanî.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}
Erbili was exiled to Arbil in 1900, but returned to Istanbul in 1910 to establish a dargah in Üsküdar.Yilmaz, H. Kamil:"Altin Silsile" ("Golden Chain"). Erkam Yayinlari (Istanbul). 1994. In 1914, he was appointed chairman of the Assembly of SheikhsBrian Silverstain, "Sufism and Modernity in Turkey: From the Authenticity of Experience to the Practice of Discipline," in M. van Bruinessen and J. Day Howell, eds. Sufism and the Modern in Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-85043-854-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Oj21I-zWWgIC&dq=%22those+with+Sufi+backgrounds%2C+such+as+Shaykh+Esad+Erbili%22&pg=PA47 p. 39.] (The Council of Islamic Teachers, or Meclis-i Meşâyıh) in Istanbul. He served in this role until the council was closed in 1915.
Menemen incident and death
As part of Atatürk's Reforms, the tekke in Istanbul was closed and Erbili was imprisoned along with his son, Mehmed, because they were suspected of involvement in the 1930 Menemen Incident. Erbili was initially sentenced to death, but the sentence was reduced to life in jail due to his old age.Touraj Atabaki, The State and the Subaltern: Modernization, Society and the State in Turkey and Iran, I.B.Tauris, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-84511-339-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6rgGbKh3spgC&dq=%22Sentenced+initially+to+death%2C+Es%27ad+Efendi+%27s+penalty%2C+because+of+his+age%2C+was+commuted+to+a+life+sentence.%22&pg=PA131 p. 131.] He died shortly afterward in a military hospital in Izmir.
Writings
- Kenzul-Irfan - A translation of and commentary on 100,000 hadith.
- Maktubat (Mektubat) Muhammad Esat Erbili: "Mektubat" ("Letters"). Erkam Yayinlari (Istanbul) - A collection of letters to his students.
- Divan - Turkish and Persian poetry.
- Risale-i Es'adiyye - Autobiography.
- Tevhid Risalesi Tercümesi - A commentary on Ibn Arabi's Kitab al-Tawhid.
- Fatiha-i Şerife Tercümesi - A tafsir (commentary) on the first chapter of the Qur'an.
Notes
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Category:19th-century writers from the Ottoman Empire
Category:Turkish-language writers
Category:Persian-language poets