:French ironclad Requin

{{main|Terrible-class ironclad}}

The Terrible class of barbette ships was designed in the late 1870s as part of a naval construction program that began under the post-Franco-Prussian War fleet plan of 1872. By 1877, the Italian fleet under Benedetto Brin had begun building powerful new ironclads of the {{sclass|Duilio|ironclad|5}} and {{sclass|Italia|ironclad|4}}es, which demanded a French response, beginning with the ironclad {{ship|French ironclad|Amiral Duperré||2}} of 1877. In addition, the oldest generation of French ironclads, built in the early-to-mid 1860s, were in poor condition and necessitated replacement. The Terrible class was intended to replace old monitors that had been built for coastal defense. Ships of the class were based on the {{sclass|Amiral Baudin|ironclad|1}}s, but reduced in size to allow them to operate in shallower waters. They nevertheless carried a larger main battery of two {{convert|42|cm|1|adj=on|sp=us}} guns.{{sfn|Ropp|pp=92, 97–98}}{{sfn|Roberts|p=84}}

After entering service, the Terrible-class ships were found to have very poor seakeeping as a result of their shallow draft and insufficient freeboard, even in the relatively sheltered waters of the Mediterranean Sea. The Navy had little use for the ships, and through the 1880s and 1890s, a series of French naval ministers sought to find a role for the vessels, along with another ten coastal-defense type ironclads built during that period. The ships frequently alternated between the Mediterranean Squadron and the Northern Squadron, the latter stationed in the English Channel, but neither location suited their poor handling.{{sfn|Ropp|p=180}}

File:Indomptable-Poyet-2.jpg

Terrible was {{cvt|88.25|m|ftin}} long overall, with a beam of {{cvt|17.78|m|ftin}} and an average draft of {{cvt|7.74|m|ftin}}. The vessel displaced {{convert|7767.2|t|lk=on|sp=us}} and had a relatively low freeboard. Her superstructure was minimal and consisted of a small conning tower. She was fitted with a pair of tripod masts equipped with spotting tops for her main battery guns. The ship's crew consisted of 373 officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Campbell|p=291}}{{sfn|Roberts|pp=83–84}}

Her propulsion machinery consisted of two compound steam engines that drove a pair of screw propellers. Steam was provided by twelve coal-burning fire-tube boilers that were vented through a pair of funnels that were placed side by side, just aft of the conning tower. The engines were rated to produce {{convert|6000|ihp|lk=on}} for a top speed of {{convert|14.5|to|15|kn}}. The ship had a storage capacity of {{cvt|394|t}} of coal, which allowed her to steam for {{convert|1678|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of about {{convert|11|kn}}.{{sfn|Campbell|p=291}}{{sfn|Roberts|p=84}}

Her main armament consisted of two Canon de 42 cm modèle 1875 22-caliber guns, one forward and one aft, mounted on the centerline in barbettes.{{sfn|Roberts|p=84}} They were the largest-bore guns ever carried by a French capital ship.{{sfn|Ropp|p=99}} These were supported by a secondary battery of four {{cvt|100|mm}} 26.2-cal. M1881 guns carried in individual pivot mounts with gun shields. For defense against torpedo boats, she carried two {{cvt|65|mm}} guns, two QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss quick-firing guns, one 47 mm Hotchkiss revolver cannon, and ten {{cvt|37|mm}} revolver cannon, all in individual mounts. Her armament was rounded out with four {{cvt|356|mm|0}} torpedo tubes in the hull above the waterline, two tubes per side.{{sfn|Campbell|p=291}}{{sfn|Roberts|p=84}}

The ship was protected with compound armor; her belt was {{cvt|500|mm|1}} thick amidships, where it protected the ship's propulsion machinery spaces and ammunition magazines. On either end of the central portion, the belt was reduced to {{cvt|300|mm|1}}, and it extended for the entire length of the hull. At even normal loading, the belt was nearly submerged entirely, reducing its effectiveness significantly. Her armor deck was {{cvt|80|mm}} layered on {{cvt|16|mm}} of hull plating, and it curved downward at the sides. The barbettes for the main battery were {{cvt|450|mm}} thick, layered on top of {{cvt|30|mm}} hull plating, and the tubular supports connecting them to the ammunition magazines were {{cvt|200|mm}}. They were fitted with {{cvt|17|mm|1}} hoods to protect the gun crews from shell fragments. Her conning tower armor was {{cvt|25|mm}} thick, as were the shields for the 100 mm guns.{{sfn|Campbell|p=291}}{{sfn|Roberts|p=84}}

Requin was extensively modernized between 1898 and 1892, having her armament and propulsion system completely replaced. Her old 420 mm guns were replaced with a pair of Canon de 274 modèle 1893/1896; these were 40-caliber M1893.96 guns that were mounted in fully enclosed, balanced turrets. Her secondary battery was replaced with quick-firing conversions of 100 mm guns, with an additional pair being installed. The light battery was also revised to ten 47 mm guns, and she carried four 37 mm autocannon for use aboard her boats. All four of her torpedo tubes were also removed. Her propulsion system was replaced with a pair of triple-expansion steam engines and twelve Niclausse boilers, which were the water-tube type. Coal storage was increased to {{cvt|480|t}}. Her new propulsion system produced {{cvt|6130|ihp}}.{{sfn|Roberts|p=86}} The heavy compound armor for the main battery barbettes was replaced with {{cvt|254|mm|0}} of new, stronger Harvey armor. As a result of these changes, her crew was reduced to 332 officers and men.{{sfn|Campbell|p=291}}{{sfn|Brassey & Leyland|p=24}}

File:French battleship Requin at anchor 2.jpg

The keel for Requin, the last member of the class to be built, was laid down on 15 November 1878 at the Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde shipyard in Lormont. She was launched on 13 June 1885, and installation of her propulsion machinery began on 15 December to 25 November 1886. The ship was then briefly placed in limited commission to be moved to the Arsenal de Rochefort on 18 December, still incomplete, before continuing on to Brest on the 23rd. There, she was decommissioned on 7 January 1887 and her guns and armor plate were installed. She was commissioned to begin sea trials on 1 December 1888, and her official acceptance trials were carried out between March and May 1889. She was pronounced complete in June, and on 9 July, she was placed in the 2nd category of reserve.{{sfn|Roberts|p=87}}

Requin was commissioned for her first period of active service on 1 March 1890 and was assigned to the Northern Squadron.{{sfn|Roberts|p=87}} During the fleet maneuvers later that year, Requin served in the 2nd Division of the 1st Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet. At the time, the division also included the ironclads {{ship|French ironclad|Marengo||2}} and {{ship|French ironclad|Furieux||2}}, the former serving as the squadron flagship for Vice Admiral Charles Duperré. The ships concentrated off Oran, French Algeria on 22 June and then proceeded to Brest, arriving there on 2 July for combined operations with the ships of the Northern Squadron. The exercises began four days later and concluded on 25 July, after which Requin and the rest of the Mediterranean Fleet returned to Toulon.{{sfn|Brassey 1891|pp=33–40}} Requin then returned to the Northern Squadron, where she remained for the next five years.{{sfn|Roberts|p=87}}

In 1891, a French squadron that included Requin and the ironclads Marengo, {{ship|French ironclad|Marceau||2}}, and Furieux, under the command of Admiral Alfred Gervais was sent to visit Kronstadt, Russia. The voyage, which began on 19 June, was to mark the signing of the Franco-Russian Alliance, which was to occur on 27 August. On the way, the ships visited a number of foreign ports, including Bergen and Larvik, Norway, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Stockholm, Sweden, before arriving in Kronstadt on 23 July. On the voyage back, which began on 4 August, the ships stopped in Finland and Norway before calling in Portsmouth, where Queen Victoria reviewed the ships. They reached Cherbourg on 27 August.{{sfn|Feron|pp=252–253}}{{sfn|Brassey 1892|p=7}} During a voyage from Saint-Malo to Brest in 1892, Requin took on significant amounts of water, demonstrating the poor seakeeping of her class; an estimated {{cvt|15|to|20|LT|t}} of water flooded her forward barbette, and her battery deck was thoroughly washed out. That year, she served as the flagship of the Northern Squadron, which at that time also included Furieux on active duty, with another three ironclads in reserve.{{sfn|Brassey 1893|pp=69–70}} In 1893, Requin participated in the fleet's maneuvers in the English Channel, serving in Squadron B, along with the ironclads {{ship|French ironclad|Suffren||2}} and {{ship|French ironclad|Fulminant||2}}.{{sfn|Thursfield|p=95}} She remained in the unit the following year, which was kept in commission for four months of the year. By that time, the unit consisted of Requin, Suffren, Furieux, and the ironclad {{ship|French ironclad|Victorieuse||2}}.{{sfn|Brassey 1895|p=50}}

Requin was relieved by the coastal defense ship {{ship|French ironclad|Valmy||2}} on 39 July 1895, and she was reduced to the 2nd category of reserve at Cherbourg on 8 August, where she was to undergo repairs. The decision was then made to embark on a major reconstruction of the ship, and she was decommissioned on 22 October 1897 for work to begin.{{sfn|Roberts|p=87}} Her armament was revised with new main and secondary guns and all of her torpedo tubes were removed. She also received new boilers and engines during the reconstruction.{{sfn|Campbell|p=291}}{{sfn|Weyl|p=30}}{{sfn|Leyland 1901|p=41}} Requin was recommissioned for sea trials on 19 October 1901, decommissioned at some point thereafter, and recommissioned for service on 22 April 1902. She briefly went to Toulon on 18 May,{{sfn|Roberts|p=87}} before resuming her assignment to the Northern Squadron later that year, where she was based in Cherbourg with the gunboat {{ship|French gunboat|Styx||2}} as harbor guard ships.{{sfn|Brassey 1902|p=48}} She remained in reserve status there for the next several years.{{sfn|Roberts|p=87}}

In 1906, she was attached to the Reserve Squadron in the Mediterranean Fleet for the annual maneuvers, along with her sister ships {{ship|French ironclad|Indomptable||2}}, {{ship|French ironclad|Caïman||2}}, the ironclad {{ship|French ironclad|Hoche||2}}, and the pre-dreadnought battleship {{ship|French battleship|Charles Martel||2}}.{{sfn|Leyland 1907|p=103}} On 2 October 1909, Requin was transferred back to Toulon and reclassified as a training ship, where she replaced the protected cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Descartes||2}} as a support vessel for the naval gunnery school aboard the old transport ship {{ship|French ship|Gironde||2}}. She served in this capacity for the next four years, before she was in turn replaced by the pre-dreadnought {{ship|French battleship|Charlemagne||2}} in 1913. Requin was thereafter placed in special reserve at Bizerte in French Tunisia on 15 October. In January 1914, she was re-designated as a coastal defense ship and work began to restore her to active service.{{sfn|Roberts|p=87}}

File:Terrible class line drawing post-refit.jpg

On 8 October 1914, shortly after the start of World War I, Requin was mobilized at Bizerte, with the mission of guarding the Suez Canal.{{sfn|Roberts|p=87}} She was stationed in Ismailia in December 1914 to help guard the canal from Ottoman attacks. In January 1915, some of the French and British cruisers in the canal zone were sent to patrol the southern Anatolian coast between Mersin and Smyrna, and Requin was moved further north to support them if necessary. Early that month, she was sent to join the patrol itself, but in mid-January, additional cruisers arrived to relieve Requin, which was sent back to the canal to resume guard duties. A berth was dredged in Lake Timsah in the Nile Delta for Requin, where she supported the ground forces defending the northern end of the canal.{{sfn|Corbett|pp=74, 79}}

Toward the end of the month, an Ottoman force approached the canal, prompting the French to send the protected cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|D'Entrecasteaux||2}} to join Requin in Lake Timsah. The attack came in stages in early February, and on the 3rd, Requin was heavily engaged in helping to repel the assault. She came under fire from Ottoman field artillery batteries, but she neutralized them with her forward 274 mm gun before they could score any hits. The Ottoman attack quickly broke down in the face of the heavy Anglo-French resistance. A small Ottoman force of around 400 men was detected reconnoitering Allied positions in late March, which prompted Requin to prepare for another attack, though no other Ottoman forces were in the area and the reconnaissance party was dispersed.{{sfn|Corbett|pp=112–117, 292}}

File:Le "Requin", navire décoré de la Croix de Guerre - photographie de presse - Agence Meurisse - btv1b9030681n (levels).jpg

In 1917, Requin was employed offensively, bombarding Ottoman positions along the coast of Ottoman Palestine to support Allied operations.{{sfn|Roberts|p=87}} During the Third Battle of Gaza in November, Requin again provided fire support to Allied forces. Aircraft from the British seaplane tender {{HMS|Raven II}} assisted the French gunners during a bombardment of Wadi el Hesi on 1 November.{{sfn|MacPherson|p=292}} Ottoman counter-battery fire damaged Requin, and she was later sent to Port Said for repairs that lasted into March 1918. She spent much of the rest of the conflict guarding the canal. Following the end of the war in November, she left Port Said on 17 December and returned to Toulon. Requin was thereafter employed as a gunnery training ship until July 1919, She was decommissioned on 1 August, though demobilization work lasted until 20 August. The ship was then stricken from the naval register on 21 June 1920, before being sold on 2 May 1921 to the ship breaking firm {{lang|fr|Societé du Matériel Naval du Midi}}.{{sfn|Roberts|p=87}}

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{{Terrible-class ironclads}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Requin}}

Category:Terrible-class ironclads

Category:1885 ships