:Geography of Bhutan

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Bhutan is divided into 20 dzongkhags (districts), and further into 205 gewogs (village blocks). Gewogs are in turn divided into numerous thromdes (municipalities) for administration.{{Cn|date=May 2024}}

File:GangkharPuensum3.jpg

The Himalaya mountains of Bhutan dominate the north of the country, where peaks can easily reach {{convert|7000|m|ft|0}}; the highest point in Bhutan is Gangkhar Puensum, which has the distinction of being the highest unclimbed mountain in the world, at {{convert|7570|m|ft}}. Weather is extreme in the mountains: the high peaks have perpetual snow, and the lesser mountains and hewn gorges have high winds all year round, making them barren brown wind tunnels in summer, and frozen wastelands in winter. The blizzards generated in the north each winter often drift southward into the central highlands.

Below the rock and ice of the highest peaks lies an extensive arc of Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, which contain, in additions to grasslands, a wide variety of rhododendrons and herbaceous plants.

The highlands are the most populous part of the nation; the capital Thimphu lies in the western region. The region is characterised by its many rivers (flowing into India's Brahmaputra), its isolated valleys that house most of the population, and the expansive forests that cover seventy per cent of the nation. The highlands have Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests at higher elevations and Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests at lower elevations. Winters are cold, summer are hot; the rainy season is accompanied with high-frequency landslides.

The valleys of Bhutan are linked by a series of passes ("La" in Dzongkha). Between the Haa Valley and Paro Valley is the Chele La ({{convert|3780|m|ft|0}}). The Chele La is the highest pass crossed by a Bhutanese highway. The Lateral Road from Thimphu to Punakha crosses the Dochu La ({{convert|3116|m|ft|0}}), which features 108 chortens built to commemorate the expulsion of Assamese guerrillas. East of Wangdue Phodrang is the Pele La ({{convert|3390|m|ft|0}}). Continuing to the east along the main highway, other major passes include the Yotang La, Shertang La, Wangthang La, Thrumshing La and Kori La ({{convert|2298|m|ft|0}}).

The extreme southern strip of the nation consists mostly of Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests that grade into the tropical plains of the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands, more typical of India. It is largely agricultural land, producing mostly rice. Only two per cent of Bhutan is arable land, with most of it focused here.

Centuries of isolationism, a small population, and topographical extremes have led to Bhutan maintaining one of the most intact ecosystems in the world. The country ranks amongst the top ten countries in the world in terms of species density (species richness per unit area). Over fifty-five hundred varieties of plant life exist, including around 300 medicinal ones. More than 770 species of avifauna and more than 165 species of mammals are known to exist, including many rare and endangered species like the red panda, snow leopard, and golden langur.

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Bhutan, situated between India and China, is a potential Sino-Indian battleground; India currently has more political influence in the nation. This stems from two things: the fact that after the British granted sovereignty to their South Asian possessions, Bhutan, a protectorate, was never put under the administration of India, except for its Foreign Relation Policies under the Indo-Bhutan Treaty of 1949. The Indian Army patrols Bhutan's frontiers and has played a major role in the development of the country's road infrastructure. Additionally, the Government of India continues to provide approximately 60% of Bhutan's government finances.

The second reason comes from the aggression against Tibet by China from 1949 to 1959; the Tibetans have strong cultural, historical, and religious connections to Bhutan.

Bhutan controls several strategic mountain passes through the Himalayas, allowing travel between Tibet and Assam. These passes are also the only way into the kingdom, and, coupled with its centuries-old policies of isolationism, it has been called the "Mountain Fortress of the Gods." The heartland of Bhutan has never been successfully invaded; the British, while establishing a protectorate over the nation, did so with threats to the low-lying territories below the highlands.

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_BTN_present.svg

Bhutan's climate is as varied as its altitudes and, like India's, is affected by monsoons. Western Bhutan is particularly affected by monsoons that bring between 60 and 90 per cent of the region's rainfall. The climate is humid and subtropical in the southern plains and foothills, temperate in the inner Himalayan valleys of the southern and central regions, and cold in the north, with year-round snow on the main Himalayan summits.{{Country study|author=Robert L. Worden |country=Bhutan |section=Climate |abbr=bt |editor=Andrea Matles Savada |date=September 1991 |pd=yes}}

Temperatures vary according to elevation. Temperatures in Thimphu, located at {{convert|2200|m|ft|0}} above sea level in west-central Bhutan, range from approximately {{convert|15|to|26|C|F|1}} during the monsoon season of June through September but drop to between about {{convert|-4|and|16|C|F|1}} in January. Most of the central portion of the country experiences a cool, temperate climate year-round. In the south, a hot, humid climate helps maintain a fairly even temperature range of between {{convert|15|and|30|C|F}} year-round, although temperatures sometimes reach {{convert|40|°C}} in the valleys during the summer.

Annual precipitation ranges widely in various parts of the country. In the severe climate of the north, there is only about {{convert|40|mm|in|1}} of annual precipitation—primarily snow. In the temperate central regions, a yearly average of around {{convert|1000|mm|in|1}} is more common, and {{convert|7800|mm|in|1}} per year has been registered at some locations in the humid, subtropical south, ensuring the thick tropical forest, or savanna. Thimphu experiences dry winter months (December through February) and almost no precipitation until March, when rainfall averages {{convert|20|mm|in|2}} a month and increases steadily thereafter to a high of {{convert|220|mm|in|1}} in August for a total annual rainfall of nearly {{convert|650|mm|in|1}}.

Bhutan's generally dry spring starts in early March and lasts until mid-April. Summer weather commences in mid-April with occasional showers and continues through the pre-monsoon rains of late June. The summer monsoon lasts from late June through late September with heavy rains from the southwest. The monsoon weather, blocked from its northward progress by the Himalayas, brings heavy rains, high humidity, flash floods and landslides, and numerous misty, overcast days. Autumn, from late September or early October to late November, follows the rainy season. It is characterised by bright, sunny days and some early snowfalls at higher elevations. From late November until March, winter sets in, with frost throughout much of the country and snowfall common above elevations of {{convert|3000|m|ft|0}}. The winter northeast monsoon brings gale-force winds down through high mountain passes.

{{Weather box

|location = Thimphu-Simtokha (1996-2017)

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|width = auto

|collapsed = no

|Jan high C = 14.8

|Feb high C = 16.6

|Mar high C = 19.3

|Apr high C = 22.4

|May high C = 24.8

|Jun high C = 26.7

|Jul high C = 27.0

|Aug high C = 27.3

|Sep high C = 26.0

|Oct high C = 23.7

|Nov high C = 19.7

|Dec high C = 16.6

|year high C =

|Jan mean C = 6.3

|Feb mean C = 8.5

|Mar mean C = 11.6

|Apr mean C = 15.1

|May mean C = 18.2

|Jun mean C = 21.0

|Jul mean C = 21.8

|Aug mean C = 21.7

|Sep mean C = 20.3

|Oct mean C = 16.3

|Nov mean C = 11.5

|Dec mean C = 7.9

|year mean C =

|Jan low C = -2.2

|Feb low C = 0.3

|Mar low C = 3.8

|Apr low C = 7.9

|May low C = 11.6

|Jun low C = 15.3

|Jul low C = 16.5

|Aug low C = 16.1

|Sep low C = 14.6

|Oct low C = 9.0

|Nov low C = 3.2

|Dec low C = -0.8

|year low C = 8.0

|Jan record high C = 24.0

|Feb record high C = 25.0

|Mar record high C = 28.0

|Apr record high C = 30.0

|May record high C = 32.2

|Jun record high C = 32.0

|Jul record high C = 33.0

|Aug record high C = 32.5

|Sep record high C = 31.0

|Oct record high C = 31.0

|Nov record high C = 27.0

|Dec record high C = 24.0

|Jan record low C = -8.5

|Feb record low C = -7.0

|Mar record low C = -7.0

|Apr record low C = -2.0

|May record low C = 2.5

|Jun record low C = 8.0

|Jul record low C = 11.0

|Aug record low C = 9.0

|Sep record low C = 6.0

|Oct record low C = -3.0

|Nov record low C = -6.0

|Dec record low C = -7.5

|Jan rain mm = 6.3

|Feb rain mm = 9.2

|Mar rain mm = 20.4

|Apr rain mm = 29.9

|May rain mm = 49.8

|Jun rain mm = 97.7

|Jul rain mm = 152.8

|Aug rain mm = 120.8

|Sep rain mm = 73.9

|Oct rain mm = 43.1

|Nov rain mm = 1.2

|Dec rain mm = 3.7

|rain colour = green

|year rain mm = 608.9

|Jan humidity = 68.6

|Feb humidity = 62.6

|Mar humidity = 62.8

|Apr humidity = 60.2

|May humidity = 63.2

|Jun humidity = 67.0

|Jul humidity = 72.7

|Aug humidity = 72.2

|Sep humidity = 71.2

|Oct humidity = 66.6

|Nov humidity = 62.1

|Dec humidity = 64.0

|source 1 = National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology{{cite web

| url = https://www.nchm.gov.bt/attachment/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Climate%20Data%20Book%20of%20Bhutan%2C%202018.pdf

| title = Climate Data Book of Bhutan, 2018

| publisher = National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology

| accessdate = 13 July 2021

}}

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Phuntsholing (1996-2017)

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|width = auto

|collapsed = no

|Jan high C = 23.9

|Feb high C = 26.6

|Mar high C = 29.8

|Apr high C = 31.1

|May high C = 32.3

|Jun high C = 32.3

|Jul high C = 31.9

|Aug high C = 32.3

|Sep high C = 31.7

|Oct high C = 31.2

|Nov high C = 28.7

|Dec high C = 25.4

|year high C =

|Jan mean C = 18.6

|Feb mean C = 21.5

|Mar mean C = 24.2

|Apr mean C = 25.6

|May mean C = 27.0

|Jun mean C = 27.7

|Jul mean C = 27.8

|Aug mean C = 28.1

|Sep mean C = 27.4

|Oct mean C = 26.2

|Nov mean C = 23.3

|Dec mean C = 20.2

|year mean C =

|Jan low C = 13.4

|Feb low C = 16.3

|Mar low C = 18.5

|Apr low C = 20.1

|May low C = 21.7

|Jun low C = 23.1

|Jul low C = 23.7

|Aug low C = 23.8

|Sep low C = 23.1

|Oct low C = 21.1

|Nov low C = 17.9

|Dec low C = 15.0

|year low C =

|Jan record high C = 33.0

|Feb record high C = 33.8

|Mar record high C = 38.0

|Apr record high C = 37.0

|May record high C = 39.0

|Jun record high C = 38.0

|Jul record high C = 39.0

|Aug record high C = 40.0

|Sep record high C = 39.0

|Oct record high C = 38.0

|Nov record high C = 36.9

|Dec record high C = 35.0

|Jan record low C = 5.0

|Feb record low C = 9.0

|Mar record low C = 12.0

|Apr record low C = 14.3

|May record low C = 15.1

|Jun record low C = 16.0

|Jul record low C = 17.0

|Aug record low C = 19.0

|Sep record low C = 17.0

|Oct record low C = 14.0

|Nov record low C = 10.0

|Dec record low C = 7.5

|Jan rain mm = 17.3

|Feb rain mm = 31.1

|Mar rain mm = 80.2

|Apr rain mm = 216.5

|May rain mm = 380.3

|Jun rain mm = 807.2

|Jul rain mm = 962.6

|Aug rain mm = 779.1

|Sep rain mm = 492.6

|Oct rain mm = 162.9

|Nov rain mm = 13.2

|Dec rain mm = 10.4

|rain colour = green

|year rain mm =

|Jan humidity = 72.4

|Feb humidity = 71.3

|Mar humidity = 70.0

|Apr humidity = 74.7

|May humidity = 80.1

|Jun humidity = 83.8

|Jul humidity = 88.5

|Aug humidity = 87.1

|Sep humidity = 84.4

|Oct humidity = 75.6

|Nov humidity = 70.7

|Dec humidity = 72.4

|source 1 = National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology{{cite web

| url = https://www.nchm.gov.bt/attachment/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Climate%20Data%20Book%20of%20Bhutan%2C%202018.pdf

| title = Climate Data Book of Bhutan, 2018

| publisher = National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology

| accessdate = 13 July 2021

}}

}}

{{main|Glaciers of Bhutan}}

Glaciers in northern Bhutan, which covered about 10 per cent of the total surface area in the 1980s, are an important renewable source of water for Bhutan's rivers. Fed by fresh snow each winter and slow melting in the summer, the glaciers bring millions of litres of fresh water to Bhutan and downriver areas each year. Glacial melt adds to monsoon-swollen rivers, however, also contributes to flooding. Where glacial movement temporary blocks riverflows, downstream areas may be threatened by glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), also called jökulhlaups.{{Country study|author=Robert L. Worden |country=Bhutan |section=Glaciers |abbr=bt |editor=Andrea Matles Savada |date=September 1991 |pd=yes}}

Bhutan's glaciers are melting. A 2008 United Nations report suggested that due to rising temperatures, glaciers in Bhutan were retreating at a rate of {{Convert|30-40|m|4=-1}} per year, poised to make many lakes burst their banks and send millions of gallons of floodwater downstream. This among many other climate-related issues identified in the report prompted the regional association of government ministers to establish the Southeast Asia Regional Health Emergency Fund in Thimphu in September 2007. Similarly, the member nations of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) adopted bilateral agreements including measures on climate change and glaciers at its summit in April 2010.{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/summit-declaration-ready-for-adoption/ |title=Summit declaration ready for adoption |first=Sonam |last=Pelden |date=10 April 2010 |publisher=Bhutan Observer online |access-date=27 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120041637/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/summit-declaration-ready-for-adoption/ |archive-date=20 January 2011 }}

The 2008 UN report also indicated Himalayan glaciers would melt within 25 years,{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/himalayan-glaciers-not-retreating-says-new-report/ |title=Himalayan glaciers not retreating, says new report |first=Namgay |last=Tshering |date=29 January 2011 |publisher=Bhutan Observer online |access-date=27 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207213137/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/himalayan-glaciers-not-retreating-says-new-report/ |archive-date=7 February 2011 }} however Prime Minister Jigme Thinley expressed a more dim outlook in a press conference in late March 2010, stating, "Our glaciers are withdrawing very fast and we have reasons to worry that they may in fact disappear not in 2035, but even earlier."{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/looking-beyond-hydropower/ |title=Looking beyond hydropower |date=2 April 2010 |first=Sonam |last=Pelden |publisher=Bhutan Observer online |access-date=27 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003050052/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/looking-beyond-hydropower/ |archive-date=3 October 2011 }}

The new inventory "Bhutan Glacial Inventory 2018" includes 700 glaciers covering total area of {{Convert|629.55|±|0.02|km2|abbr=on}} in the northern frontiers of Bhutan. Glacier area covers 1.64% of the total land cover in Bhutan.{{Cite web|url=http://www.nchm.gov.bt/home/pageMenu/32|title=National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology|website=nchm.gov.bt|access-date=2019-07-28}}

{{main|Lakes of Bhutan}}

Bhutan is home to at least 59 natural mountain lakes as well as some 2,674 glacial lakes; about 25 of these glacial lakes are potential GLOF hazards.{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/managing-health-disaster/ |title=Managing health disaster |date=19 January 2008 |first=Badan |last=Tirwa |publisher=Bhutan Observer online |location=Thimphu |access-date=27 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120120112/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/managing-health-disaster/ |archive-date=20 January 2011 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/thorthormi-water-level-brought-down-43-cm/ |title=Thorthormi water level brought down 43 cm |first=Sonam |last=Pelden |publisher=Bhutan Observer online |date=3 September 2010 |access-date=27 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119113517/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/thorthormi-water-level-brought-down-43-cm/ |archive-date=19 January 2011 }}

Non-glacial lakes in Bhutan cover a total of about {{convert|4250|ha|sqmi}}. Most are located above an altitude of {{convert|3500|m|ft}}, and most have no permanent human settlements nearby, though many are used for grazing yaks and may have scattered temporary settlements.{{cite book|title=International Encyclopaedia of Himalayas|first=Ramesh Chandra |last=Bisht |date=January 2008 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-265-3 |pages=34–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWblUfYqGK4C}}{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/L8853E/L8853E02.htm |publisher=United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization |title=Survey of the Waters of Bhutan – Physiography and Fisheries Potential |date=December 1978 |access-date=26 November 2011}}

{{further|List of rivers of Bhutan}}

File:Glacial lakes, Bhutan.jpg. Glacial lakes have been rapidly forming on the surface of the debris-covered glaciers in this region during the last few decades.]]

Bhutan has four major river systems: the Drangme Chhu; the Puna Tsang Chhu, also called the Sankosh; the Wang Chhu; and the Amo Chhu. Each flows swiftly out of the Himalayas, southerly through the Dooars to join the Brahmaputra River in India, and thence through Bangladesh where the Brahmaputra (or Jamuna in Bangladesh) joins the mighty Ganges (or Padma in Bangladesh) to flow into the Bay of Bengal. The largest river system, the Drangme Chhu, flows southwesterly from India's state of Arunachal Pradesh and has three major branches: the Drangme Chhu, Mangde Chhu, and Bumthang Chhu. These branches form the Drangme Chhu basin, which spreads over most of eastern Bhutan and drains the Tongsa and Bumthang valleys. In the Duars, where eight tributaries join it, the Drangme Chhu is called the Manas Chhu. The {{Convert|320|km|4=-long|adj=mid}} Puna Tsang Chhu rises in northwestern Bhutan as the Mo Chhu and Pho Chhu, which are fed by the snows from the Great Himalayan Range. They flow southerly to Punakha, where they join to form the Puna Tsang Chhu, which flows southerly into India's state of West Bengal. The tributaries of the {{Convert|370|km|4=-long|adj=mid}} Wang Chhu rise in Tibet. The Wang Chhu itself flows southeasterly through west-central Bhutan, drains the Ha, Paro, and Thimphu valleys, and continues into the Duars, where it enters West Bengal as the Raigye Chhu. The smallest river system, the Torsa Chhu, known as the Amo Chhu in its northern reaches, also flows out of Tibet into the Chumbi Valley and swiftly through western Bhutan before broadening near Phuntsholing and then flowing into India.{{Country study|author=Robert L. Worden |country=Bhutan |section=River Systems |abbr=bt |editor=Andrea Matles Savada |date=September 1991 |pd=yes}}

{{main|Valleys of Bhutan}}

Bhutan's valleys are carved into the Himalaya by its rivers, fed by glacial melt and monsoon rains. Much of the Bhutanese population is concentrated in valleys and lowlands, separated by rugged southward spurs of the Inner Himalaya.{{country study|country=Bhutan |abbr=bt |editor=Savada, Andrea Matles |date=1991 |section=The Land |author=Worden, Robert L. |pd=yes}}{{country study|country=Bhutan |abbr=bt |editor=Savada, Andrea Matles |date=1991 |section=Population – Size, Structure, and Settlement Patterns |author=Worden, Robert L. |pd=yes}}{{cite book|title=Sikhim & Bhutan: Twenty-One Years on the North-East Frontier, 1887-1908 |first=John Claude |last=White |publisher=E. Arnold |year=1909 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279230/page/n21 3]–6 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279230 |access-date=15 October 2011}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHAnAtNrUQoC |title=Bhutan: Ways of Knowing |first1=Frank |last1=Rennie |first2=Robin |last2=Mason |publisher=IAP |page=58 |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59311-734-4 |access-date=10 August 2011}}{{cite book |title=Bhutan Foreign Policy and Government Guide |volume=20 |series=World Foreign Policy and Government Library |author=Global Investment and Business Center |publisher=International Business Publications |year=2000 |isbn=0-7397-3719-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EWuvGysPSIC |access-date=15 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite book|title=Bhutan |first1=Lindsay |last1=Brown |first2=Stan |last2=Armington |edition=3 |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74059-529-2 |pages=62, 105, 108, 113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-L8NUlW_QgC |access-date=25 November 2011}}{{rp|72, 84, 91}} Despite modernization and development of transport in Bhutan, including a national highway system, travel from one valley to the next remains difficult.{{country study|country=Bhutan |abbr=bt |editor=Savada, Andrea Matles |date=1991 |section=Transportation and Communications – Roads |author=Worden, Robert L. |pd=yes}} Western valleys are bound to the east by the Black Mountains in central Bhutan, which form a watershed between two major river systems, the Mo Chhu (Sankosh River) and the Drangme Chhu. Central valleys are separated from the east by the Donga Range.{{country study|country=Bhutan |abbr=bt |editor=Savada, Andrea Matles |date=1991 |section=River Systems |author=Worden, Robert L. |pd=yes}}{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Women in South Asia: Bhutan |volume=7 |series=Encyclopaedia of Women in South Asia |first=Bachchan |last=Kumar |publisher=Gyan |year=2004 |isbn=81-7835-194-3 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89gPZeNyFyIC |access-date=15 October 2011}} The more isolated mountain valleys protect several tiny, distinct cultural and linguistic groups.{{cite book |title=Bhutan |series=Country Guides |publisher=Lonely Planet |first1=Lindsay |last1=Brown |first2=Stan |last2=Armington |edition=3 |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74059-529-2 |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/shop_pickandmix/previews/bhutan-3-eastern-bhutan-preview.pdf |pages=182–183 |access-date=15 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607073544/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/shop_pickandmix/previews/bhutan-3-eastern-bhutan-preview.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2011 }}

In Bhutan forest cover is around 71% of the total land area, equivalent to 2,725,080 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 2,506,720 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 2,704,260 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 20,820 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 15% was reported to be primary forest (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 41% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under public ownership.{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023}}{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Bhutan |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BTN/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Bhutan topics}}

{{GeoSouthAsia}}

{{Geography of Asia}}

{{Asia topic|Climate of}}

{{Coord|27|30|N|90|30|E|type:country|display=title}}

{{Use British English|date=August 2010}}

bn:ভুটান#ভূগোল